Ap Biology - Plants

Front 1

Multicellular or Single celled?

Back 1

Multicellular

Front 2

Eukaryotes or Prokaryotes?

Back 2

Eukaryotic

Front 3

What the cell wall is made of?

Back 3

Cellulose

Front 4

Photsynthesis (basically)

Back 4

Convert light energy into chemical energy using chloroplasts

Front 5

Plants get water by what process?

Back 5

Capillary Action

Front 6

3 major groups of plants

Back 6

nonvascular, seedless vascular, and seeded vascular

Front 7

Bryophytes

Back 7

most primitive plants: lack stems, roots, and leaves (transport vessels) - must absorb water by diffusion- lack lignin- need a moist habitat- and are usually small

Front 8

Tracheophytes

Back 8

have vascular tissues- enables them to thrive on land by facillitating the transport and storage of water and nutrients- have transport vessels (xylem and phloem)

Front 9

2 types of vascular tissue in tracheophytes

Back 9

xylem and phloem

Front 10

xylem

Back 10

the tissue that conducts water and minerals up a plant through its roots- 2 types long, thin tracheids and short, thick vessel elements- both dead at maturity

Front 11

Root Hairs

Back 11

increase surface area for absorption and are located in outer layer of root

Front 12

Jobs of the roots

Back 12

anchor plant to soil, absorb water, and absorb minerals and nutrients

Front 13

Function of Phloem Vessels

Back 13

carry nutrients throughout the plant

Front 14

Components of Phloem Vessels

Back 14

sieve tube elements and companion cells

Front 15

sieve tube elements

Back 15

cells that actually carry nutrients in a plant (part of phloem) have companion cells that help load sugars into plant but dont actually carry nutrients

Front 16

companion cells

Back 16

lend support to sieve tube elements

Front 17

Vascular Tissues : What does what

Back 17

Xylem - carries water and minerals
Phloem- carries nutrients
Root Hairs - carry water and increase surface area for absorption
roots- also anchor plants to soil

Front 18

2 types of Tracheophytes

Back 18

Gymnosperms
and
Angiosperms

(both are seeded plants)

Front 19

Gymnosperms

Back 19

woody plants, oldest plants, perennial (age determined by tree rings), contain unenclosed seeds (like a cone)

Front 20

perennial

Back 20

live year after year

Front 21

Tree Rings

Back 21

composed of dead xylem and represent trees annual growth - used to determine age

Front 22

Angiosperms

Back 22

widely varied , flowering plants, enclosed seeds located within a nut or fruit, some are woody others more supple

Front 23

2 types of angiosperms

Back 23

Monocots and Dicots

Front 24

Monocots

Back 24

Have a single cotyledon and are known to have leaves with parallel veins (long, tapering blade with sheath encircling stem) and flower parts in multiples of 3 (orchids and lillies) - scattered vascular bundles and fibrous root system

Front 25

Cotyledon

Back 25

Embryonic seed leaf

Front 26

Dicot

Back 26

have 2 cotyledons, have broad leaves with netted veins (expanded blade and petiole), and flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5, vascular bundles in circle, and taproot system

Front 27

Alternation of generations

Back 27

plants spend part of their lives as haploids and part of their lives as diploids

Front 28

Gametophyte

Back 28

haploid plant that produces haploid gametes

Front 29

Sporophyte

Back 29

diploid plant produced by combination of haploid gametes and produce haploid spores by meiosis

Front 30

Life cycle of plants

Back 30

circular cycle: gametophyte- sperm or egg (antheridium or archegoium) - fertilization -zygote- mitosis- embryo -sporophyte -spore mother cells - meiosis - spore - mitosis - start again

Front 31

Dominant stages

Back 31

Bryophytes ( gametophyte stage)
Tracheophytes (sporophyte stage)

Front 32

Meristems

Back 32

actively dividing cells that are unspecialized and make plants grow

Front 33

primary growth

Back 33

increases length of plant

Front 34

Apical meristems

Back 34

Tissues that cause primary growth and are located in the tips of roots and stems

Front 35

Secondary growth

Back 35

increases the width/ girth of a plant

Front 36

lateral meristems

Back 36

dividing cells that cause 2ndary growth and are located on the side of stems and roots

Front 37

vascular cambium

Back 37

type of lateral meristems that produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem to replace the primary xylem and primary phloem

Front 38

cork cambium

Back 38

type of lateral meristems that produces tissue of outer bark

Front 39

lenticels

Back 39

allow for gas exchange through the bark

Front 40

Regions of a growing root

Back 40

root tip, elongation region, and maturation region

Front 41

What part of the plant has : an epidermis, a cortex, and a stele?

Back 41

The root

Front 42

cortex

Back 42

middle region of root that stores starch and other minerals (includes the apoplast and symplast_

Front 43

stele

Back 43

inner cylinder of root that has xylems and phloems

Front 44

Apoplast

Back 44

Part of cortex that has porous cell walls through which minerals and water may enter cortex

Front 45

Symplast

Back 45

plasmodesmata of the cortex through which minerals and water may enter cortex

Front 46

endodermis

Back 46

inner layer of the cortex - opposite of epidermis

Front 47

endodermal cells

Back 47

tightly packed cells that regulate the selective passage of water and minerals into vascular tissues (in the endodermis)

Front 48

casparian strip

Back 48

located in walls of endodermal cells- a belt made of suberin that blocks the movement of water and minerals between the endodermal cells

Front 49

suberin

Back 49

fatty tissue that makes up casparian strip

Front 50

Functions of leaves

Back 50

contains chloroplasts for photosynthesis, can be modified to form spines (good as a protection mechanism), can be adapted for water storage (fleshy leaves allow plants to survive particularly harsh environments where water supply is limited), can be modified to trap prey (insectivorous plants)

Front 51

insectivorous plants

Back 51

grow in soils that are deficient in nutrients (especially nitrogen) so they eat insects
2 types:
-tiny hairs that trigger the leaves to snap shut
- a slippery slope that trap the insect and it slips into water and enzymes where the enzymes digest it

Front 52

organs of a flower

Back 52

stamen, pistil, sepals, and petals

Front 53

stamen

Back 53

male parts of the flower - consists of anther and filament

Front 54

anther

Back 54

structure that produces microspores and releases them into the air

Front 55

microspores

Back 55

pollen grains that are the male gametophyte (sperm cells)

Front 56

filament

Back 56

thin stalk that holds up the anther

Front 57

Pistil

Back 57

female parts of the flower -consists of the stigma, style, and ovary

Front 58

stigma

Back 58

sticky potion of pistil that catches the microspores

Front 59

style

Back 59

tubelike structure that connects the stigma with the ovary

Front 60

ovary

Back 60

where fertilization occurs, contains ovules - turns into fruit once it is fertilized

Front 61

Ovules

Back 61

contain plants female equivalent of gametophytes

Front 62

megaspores

Back 62

female gametes of plants - undergo meiosis and produce 8 female nuclei (including the egg nucleus, and 2 polar nuclei)

Front 63

sepals

Back 63

the green, leaf like structures that cover and protect the flower

Front 64

petals

Back 64

attract potential pollinators

Front 65

double fertilization

Back 65

happens in flowering plants- a pollen grain lands on the stigma, it germinates and grows a pollen tube down the style and meets the ovary- pollen grain then divides into two sperm nuclei- 1 sperm nucleus fuses with an egg nucleus and creates a 2n zygote which turns into a plant- the other sperm nucleus fuses with 2 polar nuclei to form a 3n endosperm which serves as food for the plant embryo

Front 66

epicotyl

Back 66

part at tip of plant that becomes the stem and leaves

Front 67

hypocytl

Back 67

stem below cotyledons that becomes roots of plant

Front 68

radicle

Back 68

when plants develop roots early the embryonic root becomes known as such

Front 69

photoperiodism

Back 69

plants flower in response to changes in the amount of daylight and darkness

Front 70

short-day plants

Back 70

require long periods of darkness to flower - usually bloom in late summer or fall

Front 71

long day plants

Back 71

need short periods of darkness to bloom - usually bloom in late spring and summer

Front 72

day- neutral plants

Back 72

dont flower according to daylight changes but in accordance with other things like water or temp.

Front 73

phytochrome

Back 73

pigment ( 2 proteins) that acts as light receptor for photoperiodism - in short day plants it inhibits flowering and in long day plants it induces flowering- red light and far red light

Front 74

vegetative propagation

Back 74

flowering plants reproduce asexually

Front 75

what parts of the plant can produce another plant?

Back 75

tubers, runner, and bulbs

Front 76

bulbs

Back 76

ie onions - short stems underground reproduce via vegetative propagation

Front 77

runners

Back 77

ie strawberries - horizontal stems above ground reproduce via vegetative propagation

Front 78

tubers

Back 78

ie potatoes - underground stems that reproduce via vegetative propagation

Front 79

grafting

Back 79

a type of asexual reproduction in flowering plants - cut a stem and attach it to a closely related plant - ie seedless oranges

Front 80

phototropism

Back 80

plants movement towards light

Front 81

gravitropism

Back 81

the tendency to grow toward or away from the earth (up and down) - stems = negative and roots = positive

Front 82

tropism

Back 82

a turning response to a stimulus (initiated by hormones)

Front 83

thigmotropism

Back 83

how plants respond to touch

Front 84

auxins

Back 84

plant hormones (located at tip of plant) promote plant growth (fruit and cell elongation) and phototropism

Front 85

abscisic acid

Back 85

inhibits leaf abscission and promotes bud and seed dormancy

Front 86

ethylene

Back 86

induces leaf abscission and promotes fruit ripening

Front 87

cytokinins

Back 87

promote cell division and differention

Front 88

gibberellins

Back 88

promote stem elongation (especially in dwarf plants)

Front 89

Red Light

Back 89

Turns on germination- changes the type of phytocrome from pr to pfr (activates)

Front 90

Far Red Light

Back 90

Turns off generation- changes phytocrome from pfr to pr (inactivates)

Front 91

critical point

Back 91

amount of darkness needed for growth

Front 92

maize defense

Back 92

wounding or chemical in saliva- signal transduction pathway- synthesis and release of volatile attractants- recruitment of parasitoid wasps that lay eggs in the caterpillar effectively killing the caterpiller

Front 93

FOcus on This

Back 93

Questions at end of chapters! (txtbook)

Front 94

What makes up most of the mass of organic materials of a plant comes from?

Back 94

carbon dioxide

Front 95

Why are micronutrients needed in very small amounts?

Back 95

Because most function as cofactors of enzymes

Front 96

Humus

Back 96

Decomposing organic material found in topsoil

Front 97

starch

Back 97

store plants surplus carbs

Front 98

lignin

Back 98

tissue that helps support a tall plant

Front 99

homospores

Back 99

only produce one type of spore which will develop into a bisexual gametophyte

Front 100

ferns

Back 100

seedless tracheophytes

Front 101

heterosporous

Back 101

produce both megaspores(f) and microspores(m)

Front 102

stomates

Back 102

open to exchange photosynthetic gases and close to minimize water loss

Front 103

cutin

Back 103

waxy coating on leaves that helps prevent water loss

Front 104

gametangia

Back 104

gametes and zygotes form these- a protective jacket of cells that prevent drying out

Front 105

sporopollenin

Back 105

tough polymer that is resistant to most environmental damage and protects plants -found in walls of spores and pollen

Front 106

primary growth

Back 106

elongation of the plant down into the soil and up into the air

Front 107

protoderm

Back 107

meristem that becomes epidermis

Front 108

ground meristem

Back 108

meristem that becomes cortex

Front 109

procambium

Back 109

meristem that becomes primary xylem and phloem

Front 110

dermal tissue

Back 110

covers and protects the plant - includes endodermis and epidermis and modified cells (guard cells, root hairs etc)