Ap Bio Genetics And Cells

Front 1

What does cell need to do before it can divide?

Back 1

the genome (chromosomes) must be copied

Front 2

What is mitosis?

Back 2

the process by which somatic cells divide, forming two daughter cells, that contain the same diploid number of chromosomes.

Front 3

chromosomes consist of?

Back 3

two sister chromatids that are attched by a centromere

Front 4

mitosis is the divison of what?

Back 4

the nucleus

Front 5

what is cytokinesis?

Back 5

the division of the cell's cytoplasm.

Front 6

What happens to the chromosomes during the cell cycle?

Back 6

they are doubled, then mitosis reduces them back to a diploid of 46 chromosomes.

Front 7

What is meiosis?

Back 7

the daughter cell of the has half the chromosomes (23). happens in the ovaries and testies and makes gametes

Front 8

what is the mitotic phase?

Back 8

it is 10% of the cell cycle that consist of mitosis and cytokinesis.

Front 9

what is interphase?

Back 9

90% of the cell cycle, consisting of G1 phase, s phase, and G2 phase.

Front 10

how does interphase prepare for division?

Back 10

-increases in volume

-duplicates cell organelles

-replicates histones,and other protein associated with DNA

Front 11

Prophase

Back 11

chromatin becomes tightly coiled. the nucleoli disappear, and mitotic spindle of microtubules extend from the centrosomes and form in the cytoplasm.

Front 12

Prometaphase

Back 12

nuclear envelope begins to fragment. Spindle begin to attach to chromosomes. Chromsomes have further condensed. each two chromatids from a chromosome now has kinetochore at its centromere region.

Front 13

metaphase

Back 13

centrioles have now migrated to poles in the cells. Chromosomes line up at equator. All kinetochores have attached to a microtubule.

Front 14

what is a spindle?

Back 14

all microtubules together.

Front 15

Anaphase

Back 15

sister chromatids begin to seperate and pull apart. at the end, both ends have an equal amount set of chromatids.

Front 16

Telophase

Back 16

nuclear envelope re-forms around chromatids at both ends.the chromatid fibers become less dense in the chromosomes. cytokinesis begins, and forms 2 new cells.

Front 17

what is a cleavage furrow?

Back 17

this pinches off as two new cells are being made.

Front 18

what do kinetochores to microtubules?

Back 18

they are equipped with proteins that walk up microtubules, breaking off tublin subunits as they go. theis shortens the microtubules and effectively reels in the chromatids.

Front 19

what does the cell cycle contol system do?

Back 19

moves the cell through stages by a number of checkpoints, which tells a cell to conintue dividing or stop.

Front 20

why is the G1 phase checkpoint the most important checkpoint?

Back 20

because this is the check point the go-ahead check point and will most liekly finish the cycle once the check point gets the okay.

Front 21

what is G0?

Back 21

this is the non-dividing checkpoint for when G1 does not have permission.

Front 22

kinases

Back 22

proteins that control the cell cycle.

Front 23

when are the only time the kinases activate?

Back 23

when they are connected to a cyclin protein.

Front 24

what is the name for the kinases that only activate with cyclin proteins?

Back 24

cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk)

Front 25

how is the activity of cyclin and Cdk through the cell cycle?

Back 25

their levels simultaneously rise and fall.

Front 26

Maturation-promoting factor or MPF

Back 26

it is a Cdk that triggers the cell to go from G2 phase into M phase.

Front 27

compare mitosis to meiosis

Back 27

-mitosis has two 46 chromsome dught cells and meiosis has 23.

- mitosis is made to make identical cells, and meiosis is meant to pass on genetic information to offspring.

Front 28

Heredity

Back 28

the tranmission of traits from one generation to the next

Front 29

Genetics

Back 29

the study of heredity and variation

Front 30

Variation

Back 30

genetic differences between siblings and other members of the same species.

Front 31

Genes

Back 31

are segments of DNA, and the basic unit of heredity that are transmitted from one generation to the next.

Front 32

gametes

Back 32

reproductive cell that transmitt genes from one generation to the next

Front 33

locus

Back 33

the location of a gene on the chromosome

Front 34

Asexual reproduction

Back 34

a form of reproduction in which a single parent is involved in passing on all it's genes to its offspring

Front 35

Sexual reproduction

Back 35

two individuals contribute genes to their offspring. causes greater genetic variation.

Front 36

life cycle

Back 36

the generation-to-generation sequence of stages in reproductive history of an organism.

Front 37

somatic cells

Back 37

any cells in the body that are not gametes

Front 38

karyotype

Back 38

to a picture of a set of chromosomes, arranged in pairs of homologous from largest to smallest

Front 39

homologous chromosomes

Back 39

are chromosome that carry the genes that control the same trait.

Front 40

what are the human sex chromosomes

Back 40

X and Y

Front 41

autosomes

Back 41

nonsex chromosomes

Front 42

haploid cells

Back 42

gametes that carry half the chromosomes of a diploid cell

Front 43

fertilization

Back 43

a combination of a sperm and a egg cell. one haploid gamete from each parent fuse.

Front 44

zygote

Back 44

the results of fertilization

Front 45

diploid

Back 45

a zygote and all somatic cell of an organism are these.
also known as 2n

Front 46

Meiosis

Back 46

the process by which, in course of gamete production, the chromosomes id halved so haploid gametes are formed.

Front 47

what is the sexual life cycle for humans and most animals?

Back 47

meiosis occurs during gamete production and the diploid zygote divdes by mitosis; making a diploid multicellular organism.

Front 48

what sexual life cycle does plant, some protists and aglae?

Back 48

after gametes fuse to form the diploid zygote, meiosis occurs to prduce haploid cells. these cells divde by mitosis, forming a haploid, multicellular organism.