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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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G1 |
First growth. Metabolic process at a normal rate. Duration variable. Synthesis of enzymes related to DNA replication. |
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G0 |
Quiscent state. For non proliferate cells. Can occur for damaged cells as apoptosis alternative. Can be temporary or permanent. |
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S Phase |
All chromosomes replicated. Chromosome consists of 2 sister chromatids in chromatin form. |
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G2 |
Second growth face. Reproduction of some organelles. High microtubule production. Two centrosomes cluster around each other. Cells grow in size. |
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G1/S checkpoint |
Arrives at the end of g1, before s phase. Decides whether to kill cell, divide, delay, or enter quiscent. |
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M Checkpoint |
Determines whether all of the sister chromatids are correctly attached to spindle before cell enters anaphase. |
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G2 checkpoint |
Ensures all chromosomes have been replicated and that the replicated DNA is fine before mitsosis. |
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6 Cancer Variables |
Unltimeted growth, turning off tumor suppressor, turning off suicide genes, turning on cell maintenance genes, turning on blood vessel growth, turning off touch sensors. |
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4 Stimuli That Cause Cancer |
Genetics, smoking, extended uv exposure, and pollution. |
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Gene |
A unit of heredity transferred from parent to offspring and held to determine some characteristic of offspring. |
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Allele |
One or more alternative forms of a gene that arises by mutation and are found at the same locus. |
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Genotype |
The genetic constitution of an individual organism. |
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Phenotype |
The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotypes with the environment. |
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Mendel Idea 1 |
Alternative versions of Gene's account for variation in life |
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Mendel idea 2 |
For each character, an organism inherits two alleles from each parent. |
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Mendels third |
If two alleles at a locus differ, the one determines the organisms appearance, and other has no noticeable effect. |
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Mendels fourth |
Law of segregation. Two alleles for an inheritable trait separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes. |
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Pleiotropy |
One gene has multiple phenotypic effects. |
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Epistasis |
A gene at one location alters the phenotype expression of a gene at a second locus. |
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DNA Replication |
DNA unwinds, and is stabilized by proteins. This forms a replication fork. On the 5' to 3' side, DNA polymerase 3 is going to begin copying. Primers place temporary RNA to signal where to begin and end, only for polymerase 1 to come replace them with DNA later. Okazaki fragments form on the lagging end where DNA Polymerase 3 and 1 struggled to do the reverse side. Bases are lost on the 5' side, which causes chromosomes to shrink. This is why Telomers exist as protective sequences at the end of chromosomes. |
