Ap Bio Chapter 9 (Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy) Vocabulary

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fermentation

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a catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chan and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid

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cellular respiration

Back 2

the most prevalent and efficient catabolic pahtway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel

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redox reaction

Back 3

a chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction

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reducing agent

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the electron donor in a redox reaction

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oxidizing agent

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the electron acceptor in a redox reaction

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NAD+

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nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in all cells that helps enzymes transfer electrons during the redox reactions of metabolism

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electron transport chain

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a sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that suttle electrons during the redox reactinos that release energy used to make ATP

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glycolysis

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the splitting of glucose into pyruvate; the one metabolic pathway that occurs in all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or aerobic respiration

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Krebs cycle

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a chemical cycle involving 8 steps that completes the metabolic breakdonw of glucose molecusles to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion; the 2nd major stage in cellular respiration

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oxidative phosphorylation

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the production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain

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substrate-level phosphorylation

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the formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism

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acetyl CoA (acetyl conenzyme A)

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the entry compound for the Drebs cycle in cellular respiration; formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme

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ATP synthase

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a cluster of several membrane proteins found in the mitochondrial crista (and bacterial plasma membrane) that function in chemosmosis with adjacent electron transport chans, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP; provide a port through which hydrogen ions diffuse into the matrix of a mitrochondrion

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chemiosmosis

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An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis

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proton-motive force

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The potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across biological membranes during chemiosmosis

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alcohol ferementation

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the conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol

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lactic acid ferementation

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the conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide

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aerobic

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Containing oxygen; referring to an organism, enviornment, or cellular process that requires oxygen

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anaerobic

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Lacking oxygen; referring to an organism, enviornment, or cellular process that lacks oxygen and may be poisoned by it.

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facultative anaerobe

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an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present bu that switches to fermentation under anaerobic conditions

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beta oxidation

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A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments which enter the Krebs cycle as acetyl CoA.

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oxidation

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the loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction

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reduction

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the addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction