A&p 2 Chapter 14

Front 1

blood

Back 1

a liquid connective tissue composed of plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%)

Front 2

formed elements

Back 2

99% are red blood cells and less than 1% white blood cells

Front 3

blood temperature and pH

Back 3

average 38 C or 100.4 F and 7.35-7.45 pH

Front 4

blood volume

Back 4

5-6 L about 8% of a persons total body weight

Front 5

blood transportation

Back 5

-blood transports oxygen from lungs to cells throughout the body and carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs.
-it carries nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract to body cells, heat and waste products away from cells and hormones from endocrine glands to other body cells

Front 6

blood regulation

Back 6

-blood helps regulate pH of the body fluid and keep it near 7.4
-blood transports heat and regulates body temperature

Front 7

blood osmotic pressure

Back 7

mainly maintained by protein also influences amount of fluid in the tissue and cells

Front 8

blood protection

Back 8

-contains platelets and clotting factors that protect against blood loss from an injury
-carries WBCs, antibodies and other proteins like interferon and complements, which protect against pathogens

Front 9

water in plasma

Back 9

91.5% of plasma is water

Front 10

protein in plasma

Back 10

7% of protein in plasma

Front 11

divisions of plasma protein

Back 11

albumins
globulins
fibronogen

Front 12

albumins

Back 12

account for 54% of plasma protein and helps maintain blood osmotic pressure

Front 13

globulins

Back 13

account for 38% of plasma proteins
-antibodies and immunoglobulins which are produced during immune response

Front 14

fibronogen

Back 14

makes up 7% of plasma proteins and is key protein in formation of blood clots

Front 15

other plasma solutes

Back 15

electrolytes
nutrients
gases
regulatory substances
-enzymes
-hormones
-vitamins
-waste products

Front 16

formed elements

Back 16

red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets

Front 17

hemopoeisis

Back 17

-process of formed elements formation
-after birth hemopoiesis takes place in red bone marrow in long bones

Front 18

all blood cells come from

Back 18

pluripotent stem cell

Front 19

pluripotent stem cells generate 2 other types of stem cells

Back 19

myeloid stem cells
lymphoid stem cells

Front 20

myeloid stem cells

Back 20

differentiate into "blast" cells from which RBCs, platelets, granular leukocytes and monocytes develop

Front 21

lymphoid stem cells

Back 21

begin their development in red bone marrow but complete in lymphatic tissues
-they differentiate into precursor cells from which the T and B lymphocytes develop

Front 22

structure of RBCs

Back 22

known an erythrocytes and are biconcave disks averaging 8um in diameter

Front 23

hemoglobin

Back 23

main component responsible for red color of blood

Front 24

mature RBCs

Back 24

have no nucleus

Front 25

glycolipids and glycoproteins on the surfaces of RBCs are responsible for

Back 25

the blood typing of ABO and Rh

Front 26

hemes in hemoglobin

Back 26

can bind and transport the oxygen from lungs to tissue cells

Front 27

the function of hemes can be blocked by carbon monoxide

Back 27

and cause carboxyhemoglobinemia

Front 28

number of RBCs

Back 28

average about 4.5-5 million

Front 29

lower than normal RBCs

Back 29

anemia

Front 30

higher than normal RBCs

Back 30

erythrocytosis

Front 31

RBCs live

Back 31

about 120 days

Front 32

RBCs are phagocytized

Back 32

by macrophages in the spleen, liver and red bone marrow

Front 33

the recycle of RBCs hemoglobin, non-iron protein of heme is converted into

Back 33

bilirubin

Front 34

bilirubin

Back 34

yellow in color and secreted by liver into bile

Front 35

jaundice

Back 35

a yellowish coloration of skin, sclera and mucous membranes due to bilirubin in body

Front 36

jaundice can been seen in 4 cases

Back 36

-neonatal jaundice-due to immature liver function
-hepatocytic jaundice- bile tract obstruction
-obstructive jaundice- stool is white and yellow face and sclera
-hemolytic jaundice

Front 37

erythropoeisis

Back 37

formation of new RBCs

Front 38

erythropoetin

Back 38

hormone made in kidneys in response to decrease in oxygen supply

Front 39

a precursor cell near the end of erythropoeisis

Back 39

reticulocyte; reflects bone marrow activity

Front 40

leukocytes

Back 40

WBCs that have a nucleus and are classified as either granular or agranular

Front 41

granular leukocytes

Back 41

neutrophils: pale lilac
eosinophils: bright pink
basophils: large dark blue

Front 42

angranular leukocytes

Back 42

lymphocytes
monocytes

Front 43

functions of WBCs

Back 43

main defense system in body used to destroy pathogens

Front 44

monocytes migrate into infected tissues and develop into

Back 44

macrophages

Front 45

combat the effects of allergic reaction, phagocytize antigen-antibody complex and destroy some parasites

Back 45

eosinophils

Front 46

defense against allergic and inflammatory reactions

Back 46

basophils

Front 47

become plasma cells, active in the production of circulating antibodies against to the pathogens

Back 47

B cells

Front 48

attack viruses, cancer cells and transplanted tissue cells

Back 48

T cells

Front 49

attack a wide variety of infectious microbes and certain spontaneously arising tumor cells

Back 49

nature killer cells

Front 50

normal range of WBCs

Back 50

5,000-10,000 mm

Front 51

smallest formed element

Back 51

platelets or thrombocytes

Front 52

thrombocytes come from

Back 52

megakaryocytes

Front 53

megakaryocytes

Back 53

splinter into 2,000-3,000 fragments in the red bone marrow then enter the blood stream

Front 54

number and life span of platelets

Back 54

150,000-400,000 mm3 and life span of 5-9 days

Front 55

help stop blood loss by forming plug and releasing chemicals that promote clotting

Back 55

platelets

Front 56

a sequence of responses that stop bleeding when blood vessels are injured

Back 56

hemostasis

Front 57

process of hemostasis

Back 57

1.vascular spasm
2. platelet plug formation
3. clotting

Front 58

when a blood vessel is damaged, the smooth muscle in its wall contracts immediately, which reduces blood loss for several minutes to several hours, this is called

Back 58

vascular spasm

Front 59

the activated platelets become sticky and adhere to the defect to form a temp. plug. The granules of platelets release chemicals, which activate nearby platelets and sustain the vascular spasm

Back 59

platelet plug formation

Front 60

steps of clotting

Back 60

1. substances released from damaged tissues result in the formation of prothrombinase
2. prothrombinase converts prothrombin to thrombin *calcium is need in this step
3. thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin

Front 61

forms a network of threads that entraps plasma and blood cells to form a clot

Back 61

fibrin

Front 62

used in reducing the risk of thrombosis such as heart attack and stroke

Back 62

aspirin- it inhibits vascular spasm and platelet aggregation

Front 63

used as tissue plasminogen activator

Back 63

streptokinase

Front 64

plasmin can dissolve the clot by digesting fibrin threads, this is called

Back 64

fibrinolysis

Front 65

both body tissues and blood contain substances that can activate plasminogen to

Back 65

plasmin

Front 66

when clot is formed, _____ is incorporated into the clot

Back 66

plasminogen

Front 67

drugs that inhibit clotting and are called coagulants

Back 67

coumadin
heparin
warfarin

Front 68

produced by mast cells and basophils, inhibit the conversion of prothrombin and thrombin

Back 68

heparin

Front 69

acts as antagonist to vitamin K and thus blocks synthesis of 4 clotting factors

Back 69

warfarin

Front 70

produced by bacteria in Li; required for synthesis of prothrombin and thrombin; medicine used to stop bleeding

Back 70

vitamin K

Front 71

hyperfunction of clotting system may cause thrombosis such as

Back 71

myocardial infarction
cerebral thrombosis

Front 72

deficiency of clotting factors causes bleeding disease such as

Back 72

hemophilia