Ap

Front 1

ABAB (reversal) design  

Back 1

type of experimental design in which an intervention is introduced, withdrawn, and then reinstated, and the behavior of a participant is examined on and off the treatment

Front 2

abstinence violation effect  

Back 2

what happens when a person attempting to abstain from alcohol use ingests alcohol and then endures conflict and guilt by making an internal attribution to explain why he or she drank, thereby making him or her more likely to continue drinking in order to cope with the self-blame and guilt

Front 3

acculturation  

Back 3

extent to which a person identifies with his or her group of origin and its culture or with the mainstream dominant culture

Front 4

acute stress disorder  

Back 4

disorder similar to posttraumatic stress disorder but occurs within one month of exposure to the stressor and does not last more than four weeks; often involves dissociative symptoms

Front 5

adjustment disorder  

Back 5

stress-related disorder that involves emotional and behavioral symptoms (depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and/or antisocial behaviors) that arise within three months of the onset of a stressor

Front 6

adoption study  

Back 6

study of the heritability of a disorder by finding adopted people with a disorder and then determining the prevalence of the disorder among their biological and adoptive relatives, in order to separate out contributing genetic and environmental factors

Front 7

affective flattening  

Back 7

negative symptom of schizophrenia that consists of a severe reduction or the complete absence of affective responses to the environment

Front 8

agnosia  

Back 8

impaired ability to recognize objects or people

Front 9

agranulocytosis  

Back 9

condition characterized by a deficiency of granulocytes, which are substances produced by the bone marrow and fight infection; 1 to 2 percent of people who take clozapine develop this condition

Front 10

akathesis  

Back 10

agitation caused by neuroleptic drugs

Front 11

akinesia  

Back 11

condition marked by slowed motor activity, a monotonous voice, and an expressionless face, resulting from taking neuroleptic drugs

Front 12

alcohol abuse  

Back 12

diagnosis given to someone who uses alcohol in dangerous situations, fails to meet obligations at work or at home due to alcohol use, and has recurrent legal or social problems as a result of alcohol use

Front 13

alcohol dependence  

Back 13

diagnosis given to someone who has a physiological tolerance to alcohol, spends a lot of time intoxicated or in withdrawal, or continues to drink despite significant legal, social, medical, or occupational problems that result from alcohol (often referred to as alcoholism)

Front 14

alcohol-induced dementia  

Back 14

loss of intellectual abilities due to prolonged alcohol abuse, including memory, abstract thinking, judgment, and problem solving, often accompanied by changes in personality, such as increases in paranoia

Front 15

alcohol-induced persisting amnesic disorder  

Back 15

permanent cognitive disorder caused by damage to the central nervous system due to prolonged alcohol abuse, consisting of Wernicke's encephalopathy and Korsakoff's psychosis

Front 16

ALI rule  

Back 16

legal principle stating that a person is not responsible for criminal conduct if he or she lacks the capacity to appreciate the criminality (wrongfulness) of the act or to conform his or her conduct to the requirements of the law as a result of mental disease

Front 17

alogia  

Back 17

deficit in both the quantity of speech and the quality of its expression

Front 18

alternate form reliability  

Back 18

extent to which a measure yields consistent results when presented in different forms

Front 19

altruistic suicide  

Back 19

suicide committed by people who believe that taking their own lives will benefit society

Front 20

Alzheimer's disease  

Back 20

progressive neurological disease that is the most common cause of dementia

Front 21

amenorrhea  

Back 21

cessation of the menses

Front 22

American Psychiatric Association definition of insanity  

Back 22

definition of insanity stating that people cannot be held responsible for their conduct if, at the time they commit crimes, as the result of mental disease or mental retardation they are unable to appreciate the wrongfulness of their conduct

Front 23

amnesia  

Back 23

impairment in the ability to learn new information or to recall previously learned information or past events

Front 24

amphetamines  

Back 24

stimulant drugs that can produce symptoms of euphoria, selfconfidence, alertness, agitation, paranoia, perceptual illusions, and depression

Front 25

amyloid  

Back 25

class of proteins that can accumulate between cells in areas of the brain critical to memory and cognitive functioning

Front 26

anal stage  

Back 26

according to Freud, psychosexual stage that occurs between the ages of 18 months and 3 years; the focus of gratification is the anus, and children are interested in toilet activities; parents can cause children to be fixated in this stage by being too harsh and critical during toilet training

Front 27

analogue study  

Back 27

study that creates conditions in the laboratory meant to represent conditions in the real world

Front 28

animal studies  

Back 28

studies that attempt to test theories of psychopathology using animals

Front 29

anomic suicide  

Back 29

suicide committed by people who experience a severe disorientation and role confusion because of a large change in their relationship to society

Front 30

anorexia nervosa  

Back 30

eating disorder in which people fail to maintain body weights that are normal for their ages and heights and suffer from fears of becoming fat, distorted body images, and amenorrhea

Front 31

antagonist drugs  

Back 31

drugs that block or change the effects of an addictive drug, reducing desire for the drug

Front 32

antianxiety drugs  

Back 32

drugs used to treat anxiety, insomnia, and other psychological symptoms

Front 33

antidepressants  

Back 33

drugs used to treat the symptoms of depression, such as sad mood, negative thinking, and disturbances of sleep and appetite; three common types are monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclics, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Front 34

antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)  

Back 34

pervasive pattern of criminal, impulsive, callous, and/or ruthless behavior, predicated upon disregard for the rights of others and an absence of respect for social norms

Front 35

anxious-fearful personality disorders  

Back 35

category including avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders, which are characterized by a chronic sense of anxiety or fearfulness and behaviors intended to ward off feared situations

Front 36

aphasia  

Back 36

impaired ability to produce and comprehend language

Front 37

apraxia  

Back 37

impaired ability to initiate common voluntary behaviors

Front 38

arousal  

Back 38

phase in the sexual response cycle, psychological experience of arousal and pleasure as well as physiological changes, such as the tensing of muscles and enlargement of blood vessels and tissues (also called the excitement phase)

Front 39

Asperger's disorder  

Back 39

pervasive developmental disorder characterized by deficits in social skills and activities; similar to autism but does not include deficits in language or cognitive skills

Front 40

assertive community treatment programs  

Back 40

system of treatment that provides comprehensive services to people with schizophrenia, employing the expertise of medical professionals, social workers, and psychologists to meet the variety of patients' needs 24 hours per day

Front 41

assessment  

Back 41

process of gathering information about a person's symptoms and their possible causes

Front 42

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)  

Back 42

syndrome marked by deficits in controlling attention, inhibiting impulses, and organizing behavior to accomplish long-term goals

Front 43

atypical antipsychotics  

Back 43

drugs that seem to be even more effective in treating schizophrenia than phenothiazines without the same neurological side effects; they bind to a different type of dopamine receptor than other neuroleptic drugs

Front 44

auditory hallucination  

Back 44

auditory perception of a phenomenon that is not real, such as hearing a voice when one is alone

Front 45

autism  

Back 45

childhood disorder marked by deficits in social interaction (such as a lack of interest in one's family or other children), communication (such as failing to modulate one's voice to signify emotional expression), and activities and interests (such as engaging in bizarre, repetitive behaviors)

Front 46

aversion therapy  

Back 46

treatment that involves the pairing of unpleasant stimuli with deviant or maladaptive sources of pleasure in order to induce an aversive reaction to the formerly pleasurable stimulus

Front 47

aversive classical conditioning  

Back 47

pairing of alcohol with a substance (such as disulfiram) that will interact with it to cause nausea or vomiting in order to make alcohol itself a conditioned stimulus to be avoided

Front 48

avoidant personality disorder  

Back 48

pervasive anxiety, sense of inadequacy, and fear of being criticized that lead to the avoidance of most social interactions with others and to restraint and nervousness in social interactions

Front 49

avolition  

Back 49

inability to persist at common goal-directed activities

Front 50

barbiturates  

Back 50

drugs used to treat anxiety and insomnia that work by suppressing the central nervous system and decreasing the activity level of certain neurons

Front 51

behavior genetics  

Back 51

study of the processes by which genes affect behavior and the extent to which personality and abnormality are genetically inherited

Front 52

behavioral assessment  

Back 52

in behavior therapies, the therapist's assessment of the clients' adaptive and maladaptive behaviors and the triggers for these behaviors

Front 53

behavioral assignments  

Back 53

'homework' given to clients to practice new behaviors or gather new information between therapy sessions

Front 54

behavioral inhibition  

Back 54

set of behavioral traits including shyness, fearfulness, irritability, cautiousness, and introversion; behaviorally inhibited children tend to avoid or withdraw from novel situations, are clingy with parents, and become excessively aroused when exposed to unfamiliar situations

Front 55

behavioral observation  

Back 55

method for assessing the frequency of a client's behaviors and the specific situations in which they occur

Front 56

behavioral theories  

Back 56

theories that focus on an individual's history of reinforcements and punishments as causes for abnormal behavior

Front 57

behaviorism  

Back 57

study of the impact of reinforcements and punishments on behavior

Front 58

bell and pad method  

Back 58

treatment for enuresis in which a pad placed under a sleeping child to detect traces of urine sets off a bell when urine is detected, awakening the child to condition him or her to wake up and use the bathroom before urinating

Front 59

binge-eating disorder  

Back 59

eating disorder in which people compulsively overeat either continuously or on discrete binges but do not behave in ways to compensate for the overeating

Front 60

bingeing  

Back 60

eating a large amount of food in one sitting

Front 61

binge/purge  

Back 61

type of anorexia nervosa type of anorexia nervosa in which periodic bingeing or purging behaviors occur along with behaviors that meet the criteria for anorexia nervosa

Front 62

biofeedback  

Back 62

group of techniques designed to help people change bodily processes by learning to identify signs that the processes are going awry and then learning ways of controlling the processes

Front 63

biological approach  

Back 63

view that biological factors cause and should be used to treat abnormality

Front 64

biological theories  

Back 64

theories of abnormality that focus on biological causes of abnormal behaviors

Front 65

blackout  

Back 65

amnesia for events that occurred during intoxication

Front 66

borderline personality disorder  

Back 66

syndrome characterized by rapidly shifting and unstable mood, self-concept, and interpersonal relationships, as well as impulsive behavior and transient dissociative states

Front 67

bulimia nervosa  

Back 67

eating disorder in which people engage in bingeing and behave in ways to prevent weight gain from the binges, such as self-induced vomiting, excessive exercise, and abuse of purging drugs (such as laxatives)

Front 68

butyrophenone  

Back 68

class of drug that can reduce psychotic symptoms; includes haloperidol (Haldol)

Front 69

caffeine  

Back 69

chemical compound with stimulant effects

Front 70

cannabis  

Back 70

substance that causes feelings of well-being, perceptual distortions, and paranoid thinking

Front 71

case studies  

Back 71

in-depth analyses of individuals

Front 72

castration anxiety  

Back 72

according to Freud, boys' fear that their fathers will retaliate against them by castrating them; this fear serves as motivation for them to put aside their desires for their mothers and to aspire to become like their fathers

Front 73

cataplexy  

Back 73

episodes of sudden loss of muscle tone lasting from a few seconds to minutes

Front 74

catatonia  

Back 74

group of disorganized behaviors that reflect an extreme lack of responsiveness to the outside world

Front 75

catatonic excitement  

Back 75

state of constant agitation and excitability

Front 76

catatonic schizophrenia  

Back 76

type of schizophrenia in which people show a variety of motor behaviors and ways of speaking that suggest almost complete unresponsiveness to their environment

Front 77

catharsis  

Back 77

expression of emotions connected to memories and conflicts, which, according to Freud, leads to the release of energy used to keep these memories in the unconscious

Front 78

cerebral cortex  

Back 78

part of the brain that regulates complex activities, such as speech and analytical thinking

Front 79

cerebrovascular disease  

Back 79

disease that occurs when the blood supply to the brain is blocked, causing tissue damage to the brain

Front 80

childhood disintegrative disorder  

Back 80

pervasive developmental disorder in which children develop normally at first but later show permanent loss of basic skills in social interactions, language, and/or movement

Front 81

chlorpromazine  

Back 81

antipsychotic drug

Front 82

civil commitment  

Back 82

forcing of a person into a mental-health facility against his or her will

Front 83

classical conditioning  

Back 83

form of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response, thereby making the neutral stimulus itself sufficient to elicit the same response

Front 84

classification system  

Back 84

set of syndromes and the rules for determining whether an individual's symptoms are part of one of these syndromes

Front 85

client-centered therapy (CCT)  

Back 85

Carl Rogers' form of psychotherapy, which consists of an equal relationship between therapist and client as the client searches for his or her inner self, receiving unconditional positive regard and an empathic understanding from the therapist

Front 86

cocaine  

Back 86

central nervous system stimulant that causes a rush of positive feelings initially but that can lead to impulsiveness, agitation, and anxiety and can cause withdrawal symptoms of exhaustion and depression

Front 87

cognitions  

Back 87

thoughts or beliefs

Front 88

cognitive disorders  

Back 88

dementia, delirium, or amnesia characterized by impairments in cognition (such as deficits in memory, language, or planning) and caused by a medical condition or by substance intoxication or withdrawal

Front 89

cognitive theories  

Back 89

theories that focus on belief systems and ways of thinking as the causes of abnormal behavior

Front 90

cognitive therapies  

Back 90

therapeutic approaches that focus on changing people's maladaptive thought patterns

Front 91

community mental-health centers  

Back 91

clinics that provide mental-health care based in the community through teams of social workers, therapists, and physicians who coordinate care

Front 92

community mental-health movement  

Back 92

movement launched in 1963 that attempted to provide coordinated mental-health services to people in community-based treatment centers.

Front 93

computerized tomography (CT)  

Back 93

method of analyzing brain structure by passing narrow X-ray beams through a person's head from several angles to produce measurements from which a computer can construct an image of the brain

Front 94

concordance rate  

Back 94

probability that both twins will develop a disorder if one twin has the disorder

Front 95

concurrent validity  

Back 95

extent to which a test yields the same results as other measures of the same phenomenon

Front 96

conditioned response (CR)  

Back 96

in classical conditioning, response that first followed a natural stimulus but that now follows a conditioned stimulus

Front 97

conditioned stimulus (CS)  

Back 97

in classical conditioning, previously neutral stimulus that, when paired with a natural stimulus, becomes sufficient to elicit a response

Front 98

conditions of worth  

Back 98

external standards some people feel they must meet in order to be acceptable

Front 99

conduct disorder  

Back 99

syndrome marked by chronic disregard for the rights of others, including specific behaviors, such as stealing, lying, and engaging in acts of violence

Front 100

conscious  

Back 100

mental contents and processes of which we are actively aware

Front 101

construct validity  

Back 101

extent to which a test measures only what it is intended to measure

Front 102

content validity  

Back 102

extent to which a measure assesses all the important aspects of a phenomenon that it purports to measure

Front 103

context  

Back 103

environment and circumstances in which a behavior occurs

Front 104

continuous reinforcement schedule  

Back 104

system of behavior modification in which certain behaviors are always rewarded or punished, leading to rapid learning of desired responses

Front 105

continuous variable  

Back 105

factor that is measured along a continuum (such as 0–100) rather than falling into a discrete category (such as "diagnosed with depression")

Front 106

control group  

Back 106

in an experimental study, group of subjects whose experience resembles that of the experimental group in all ways, except that they do not receive the key manipulation

Front 107

control theory  

Back 107

cognitive theory that explains people's variance in behavior in certain domains in terms of their beliefs that they can or cannot effectively control situations in that domain

Front 108

coronary heart disease (CHD)  

Back 108

chronic illness that is a leading cause of death in the United States, occurring when the blood vessels that supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients are narrowed or closed by plaque, resulting in a myocardial infarction (heart attack) when closed completely

Front 109

correlation coefficient  

Back 109

statistic used to indicate the degree of relationship between two variables

Front 110

correlational studies  

Back 110

method in which researchers assess only the relationship between two variables and do not manipulate one variable to determine its effects on another variable

Front 111

covert sensitization therapy  

Back 111

pairing of mental images of alcohol with other images of highly unpleasant consequences resulting from its use in order to create an aversive reaction to the sight and smell of alcohol and reduce drinking

Front 112

crisis intervention  

Back 112

program that helps people who are highly suicidal and refers them to mental-health professionals

Front 113

cross-sectional  

Back 113

type of research examining people at one point in time but not following them over time

Front 114

cue exposure and response prevention  

Back 114

therapy to reduce relapse among alcoholics by tempting them with stimuli that induce cravings to drink while preventing them from actually drinking, allowing them to habituate to the cravings and reduce temptation

Front 115

cultural relativism  

Back 115

view that norms among cultures set the standard for what counts as normal behavior, which implies that abnormal behavior can only be defined relative to these norms; no universal definition of abnormality is therefore possible; only definitions of abnormality relative to a specific culture are possible

Front 116

dangerousness to others  

Back 116

legal criterion for involuntary commitment that is met when a person would pose a threat or danger to other people if not incarcerated

Front 117

dangerousness to self  

Back 117

legal criterion for involuntary commitment that is met when a person is imminently suicidal or a danger to him- or herself as judged by a mental-health professional

Front 118

day treatment centers  

Back 118

centers where people with mental-health problems can obtain treatment all day, including occupational and rehabilitative therapies, but live at home at night

Front 119

death darers  

Back 119

individuals who are ambivalent about dying and take actions that increase their chances of death but that do not guarantee they will die

Front 120

death ignorers  

Back 120

individuals who intend to end their lives but do not believe this means the end of their existence

Front 121

death initiators  

Back 121

individuals who intend to die but believe that they are simply speeding up an inevitable death

Front 122

death seekers  

Back 122

individuals who clearly and explicitly seek to end their lives

Front 123

defense mechanisms  

Back 123

strategies the ego uses to disguise or transform unconscious wishes

Front 124

degradation  

Back 124

process in which a receiving neuron releases an enzyme into the synapse, breaking down neurotransmitters into other biochemicals

Front 125

deinstitutionalization  

Back 125

movement in which thousands of mental patients were released from mental institutions; a result of the patients' rights movement, which was aimed at stopping the dehumanizing of mental patients and at restoring their basic legal rights

Front 126

delirium  

Back 126

cognitive disorder that is acute and usually transient, including disorientation and memory loss

Front 127

delirium tremens (DTs)  

Back 127

symptoms that result during severe alcohol withdrawal, including hallucinations, delusions, agitation, and disorientation

Front 128

delusion of reference  

Back 128

false belief that external events, such as people's actions or natural disasters, relate somehow to oneself

Front 129

delusions of thought  

Back 129

insertion beliefs that one's thoughts are being controlled by outside forces

Front 130

demand characteristics  

Back 130

factors in an experiment that suggest to participants how the experimenter would like them to behave

Front 131

dementia  

Back 131

cognitive disorder in which a gradual and usually permanent decline of intellectual functioning occurs; can be caused by a medical condition, substance intoxication, or withdrawal

Front 132

dementia praecox  

Back 132

historical name for schizophrenia

Front 133

dependent personality disorder  

Back 133

pervasive selflessness, a need to be cared for, and fear of rejection, which lead to total dependence on and submission to others

Front 134

dependent variable  

Back 134

factor that an experimenter seeks to predict

Front 135

depletion syndrome  

Back 135

set of symptoms shown by depressed older people, consisting of loss of interest, loss of energy, hopelessness, helplessness, and psychomotor retardation

Front 136

desensitization  

Back 136

treatment used to reduce anxiety by rendering a previously threatening stimulus innocuous by repeated and guided exposure to the stimulus under nonthreatening circumstances

Front 137

detoxification  

Back 137

first step in treatment for substance-related disorders, in which a person stops using the substance and allows it to exit the body fully

Front 138

developmental coordination disorder  

Back 138

disorder involving deficits in the ability to walk, run, or hold on to objects

Front 139

diagnosis  

Back 139

label given to a set of symptoms that tend to occur together

Front 140

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)  

Back 140

official manual for diagnosing mental disorders in the United States, containing a list of specific criteria for each disorder, how long a person's symptoms must be present to qualify for a diagnosis, and requirements that the symptoms interfere with daily functioning in order to be called disorders

Front 141

dialectical behavior therapy  

Back 141

cognitive behavioral intervention aimed at teaching problem-solving skills, interpersonal skills, and skills at managing negative emotions

Front 142

dichotomous thinking  

Back 142

inflexible way of thinking in which everything is viewed in either/or terms

Front 143

differential diagnosis  

Back 143

determination of which of two or more possible diagnoses is most appropriate for a client

Front 144

discomfort  

Back 144

criterion for abnormality that suggests that only behaviors that cause a person great distress should be labeled as abnormal

Front 145

disease model  

Back 145

view that alcoholism (or another drug addiction) is an incurable physical disease, like epilepsy or diabetes, and that only total abstinence can control it

Front 146

disorder of written expression  

Back 146

developmental disorder involving deficits in the ability to write disorganized schizophrenia syndrome marked by incoherence in cognition, speech, and behavior as well as flat or inappropriate affect (also called hebephrenic schizophrenia)

Front 147

dissociation  

Back 147

process whereby different facets of an individual's sense of self, memories, or consciousness become split off from one another

Front 148

dissociative amnesia  

Back 148

loss of memory for important facts about a person's own life and personal identity, usually including the awareness of this memory loss

Front 149

dissociative symptoms  

Back 149

symptoms suggesting that facets of the individual's sense of self, memories, or consciousness have become split off from one another

Front 150

disulfiram  

Back 150

drug that produces an aversive physical reaction to alcohol and is used to encourage abstinence; commonly referred to as Antabuse

Front 151

dizygotic (DZ) twins  

Back 151

twins who average only 50 percent of their genes in common because they developed from two separate fertilized eggs

Front 152

double-blind experiment  

Back 152

study in which both the researchers and the participants are unaware of which experimental condition the participants are in, in order to prevent demand effects

Front 153

dramatic-emotional personality disorders  

Back 153

category including antisocial, borderline, narcissistic, and histrionic personality disorders, which are characterized by dramatic and impulsive behaviors that are maladaptive and dangerous

Front 154

drug addicts  

Back 154

people who are physically dependent on substances and who suffer from withdrawal when not taking the substances

Front 155

Durham rule  

Back 155

legal principle stating that the presence of a mental disorder is sufficient to absolve a criminal of responsibility for a crime

Front 156

dyspareunia  

Back 156

genital pain associated with sexual intercourse

Front 157

dyssomnias  

Back 157

primary sleep disorders that involve abnormalities in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep

Front 158

echolalia  

Back 158

communication abnormality in which an individual simply repeats back what he or she hears rather than generating his or her own speech

Front 159

echopraxia  

Back 159

repetitive imitation of another person's movements

Front 160

effectiveness  

Back 160

in therapy outcome research, how well a therapy works in real-world settings

Front 161

efficacy  

Back 161

in therapy outcome research, how well a therapy works in highly controlled settings with a narrowly defined group of people

Front 162

ego  

Back 162

part of the psyche that channels libido acceptable to the superego and within the constraints of reality

Front 163

egoistic suicide  

Back 163

suicide committed by people who feel alienated from others and lack social support

Front 164

electra complex  

Back 164

Freud's theory that girls realize during the phallic stage that they don't have a penis and are horrified at the discovery; they realize that their mothers also don't have penises and disdain females for this deficit; an attraction for the father ensues, following the belief that he can provide a penis

Front 165

elimination disorders  

Back 165

disorders in which a child shows frequent, uncontrolled urination or defecation far beyond the age at which children usually develop control over these functions

Front 166

encopresis  

Back 166

diagnosis given to children who are at least 4 years old and who defecate inappropriately at least once a month for 3 months

Front 167

endocrine system  

Back 167

system of glands that produces many different hormones

Front 168

enlarged ventricles  

Back 168

fluid-filled spaces in the brain that are larger than normal and suggest atrophy or deterioration in other brain tissue

Front 169

enmeshed families  

Back 169

families in which there is extreme interdependence in family interactions, so that the boundaries between the identities of individual members are weak and easily crossed

Front 170

enuresis  

Back 170

diagnosis given to children over 5 years of age who wet the bed or their clothes at least twice a week for 3 months

Front 171

epidemiology  

Back 171

study of the frequency and distribution of a disorder, or a group of disorders, in a population

Front 172

euthanasia  

Back 172

killing of another person as an act of mercy

Front 173

excessive reassurance seeking  

Back 173

constantly looking for assurances from others that one is accepted and loved

Front 174

executive functions  

Back 174

functions of the brain that involve the ability to sustain concentration; use abstract reasoning and concept formation; anticipate, plan, program; initiate purposeful behavior; self-monitor; and shift from maladaptive patterns of behavior to more adaptive ones

Front 175

exhibitionism  

Back 175

obtainment of sexual gratification by exposing one's genitals to involuntary observers

Front 176

existential anxiety  

Back 176

universal human fear of the limits and responsibilities of one's existence

Front 177

experimental group  

Back 177

in an experimental study, group of participants that receives the key manipulation

Front 178

experimental studies  

Back 178

studies in which the independent variables are directly manipulated and the effects on the dependent variable are examined

Front 179

expressed emotion  

Back 179

family interaction style in which families are overinvolved with each other, are overprotective of the disturbed family member, voice selfsacrificing attitudes to the disturbed family member, and simultaneously are critical, hostile, and resentful of this member

Front 180

expressive language disorder  

Back 180

disorder involving deficits in the ability to express oneself through language

Front 181

external validity  

Back 181

extent to which a study's results can be generalized to phenomena in real life

Front 182

extinction  

Back 182

abolition of a learned behavior

Front 183

eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)  

Back 183

highly controversial therapy for trauma survivors in which a client attends to the image of the trauma, thoughts about the trauma, and the physical sensations of anxiety aroused by the trauma while the therapist quickly moves a finger back and forth in front of the client's eyes to elicit a series of repeated, rapid, jerky, side-to-side eye movements ("saccades")

Front 184

face validity  

Back 184

extent to which a test seems to measure a phenomenon on face value, or intuition

Front 185

family history study  

Back 185

study of the heritability of a disorder involving identifying people with the disorder and people without the disorder and then determining the disorder's frequency within each person's family

Front 186

family systems theories  

Back 186

theories that see the family as a complex system that works to maintain the status quo

Front 187

family systems therapy  

Back 187

psychotherapy that focuses on the family, rather than the individual, as the source of problems; family therapists challenge communication styles, disrupt pathological family dynamics, and challenge defensive conceptions in order to harmonize relationships among all members and within each member

Front 188

female orgasmic disorder  

Back 188

in women, recurrent delay in or absence of orgasm after having reached the excitement phase of the sexual response cycle (also called anorgasmia)

Front 189

female sexual arousal disorder  

Back 189

in women, recurrent inability to attain or maintain the swelling-lubrication response of sexual excitement

Front 190

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)  

Back 190

syndrome that occurs when a mother abuses alcohol during pregnancy, causing the baby to have lowered IQ, increased risk for mental retardation, distractibility, and difficulties with learning from experience

Front 191

fetishism  

Back 191

paraphilia in which a person uses inanimate objects as the preferred or exclusive source of sexual arousal

Front 192

fight-or-flight response  

Back 192

physiological changes in the human body that occur in response to a perceived threat, including the secretion of glucose, endorphins, and hormones as well as the elevation of heart rate, metabolism, blood pressure, breathing, and muscle tension

Front 193

five-factor model  

Back 193

personality theory that posits that any individual's personality is organized along five broad dimensions of personality: neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness

Front 194

flooding (implosive therapy)  

Back 194

behavioral technique in which a client is intensively exposed to a feared object until the anxiety diminishes

Front 195

formal thought disorder  

Back 195

state of highly disorganized thinking (also known as loosening of associations)

Front 196

free association  

Back 196

method of uncovering unconscious conflicts in which the client is taught to talk about whatever comes to mind, without censoring any thoughts

Front 197

frotteurism  

Back 197

obtainment of sexual gratification by rubbing one's genitals against or fondling the body parts of a nonconsenting person

Front 198

gender identity  

Back 198

one's perception of oneself as male or female

Front 199

gender identity disorder (GID)  

Back 199

condition in which a person believes that he or she was born with the wrong sex's genitals and is fundamentally a person of the opposite sex

Front 200

gender roles  

Back 200

according to Freud, what society considers to be the appropriate behaviors for males or females

Front 201

general adaptation syndrome  

Back 201

physiological changes that occur when an organism reacts to stress; includes the stages of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Front 202

general paresis  

Back 202

disease that leads to paralysis, insanity, and eventually death; discovery of this disease helped establish a connection between biological diseases and mental disorders

Front 203

generalizability  

Back 203

extent to which the results of a study generalize to, or inform us about, people other than those who were studied

Front 204

genital stage  

Back 204

psychosexual stage that occurs around the age of 12, when children's sex drives reemerge; if a child has successfully resolved the phallic stage, interest in sex turns toward heterosexual relationships

Front 205

global assumptions  

Back 205

fundamental beliefs that encompass all types of situations

Front 206

grandiose delusions  

Back 206

elevated thinking about the self, ideas of omnipotence, and the taking of credit for occurrences not personally facilitated

Front 207

grave disability legal  

Back 207

criterion for involuntary commitment that is met when a person is so incapacitated by a mental disorder that he or she cannot care for his or her own basic needs, such as for food, clothing, or shelter, and his or her survival is threatened as a result

Front 208

group comparison study  

Back 208

study that compares two or more distinct groups on a variable of interest

Front 209

group therapy therapy  

Back 209

conducted with groups of people rather than one on one between a therapist and client

Front 210

guided mastery techniques  

Back 210

interventions designed to increase health-promoting behaviors by providing explicit information about how to engage in these behaviors as well as opportunities to engage in these behaviors in increasingly challenging situations

Front 211

guilty but mentally ill (GBMI)  

Back 211

verdict that requires a convicted criminal to serve the full sentence designated for his or her crime, with the expectation that he or she will also receive treatment for mental illness

Front 212

halfway houses  

Back 212

organizations that offer people with long-term mental-health problems a structured, supportive environment in which to live while they reestablish a job and ties to their friends and family

Front 213

hallucinogens  

Back 213

substances, including LSD and MDMA, that produce perceptual illusions and distortions even in small doses

Front 214

harm-reduction model  

Back 214

approach to treating substance use disorders that views alcohol use as normative behavior and focuses education on the immediate risks of the excessive use of alcohol (such as alcohol-related accidents) and on the payoffs of moderation (such as avoidance of hangovers)

Front 215

health psychology  

Back 215

study of the effects of psychological factors on health

Front 216

histrionic personality disorder  

Back 216

syndrome marked by rapidly shifting moods, unstable relationships, and an intense need for attention and approval, which is sought by means of overly dramatic behavior, seductiveness, and dependence

Front 217

hopelessness  

Back 217

sense that the future is bleak and there is no way of making it more positive

Front 218

hormon  

Back 218

chemical that carries messages throughout the body, potentially affecting a person's moods, levels of energy, and reactions to stress

Front 219

human laboratory  

Back 219

study experimental study involving human participants

Front 220

humanistic theories  

Back 220

views that people strive to develop their innate potential for goodness and self-actualization; abnormality arises as a result of societal pressures to conform to unchosen dictates that clash with a person's selfactualization needs and from an inability to satisfy more basic needs, such as hunger

Front 221

humanistic therapy (person-centered therapy)  

Back 221

type of therapy in which the goal is to help the client discover his or her place in the world and to accomplish self-actualization through self-exploration; based on the assumption that the natural tendency for humans is toward growth

Front 222

hypertension  

Back 222

condition in which the blood supply through the blood vessels is excessive and can lead to deterioration of the cell tissue and hardening of the arterial walls

Front 223

hypoactive sexual desire disorder  

Back 223

condition in which a person's desire for sex is diminished to the point that it causes him or her significant distress or interpersonal difficulties and is not due to transient life circumstances or another sexual dysfunction

Front 224

hypothalamus  

Back 224

component of the brain that regulates eating, drinking, sex, and basic emotions; abnormal behaviors involving any of these activities may be the result of dysfunction in the hypothalamus

Front 225

hypothesis  

Back 225

testable statement about two or more variables and the relationship between them

Front 226

id  

Back 226

according to Freud, most primitive part of the unconscious; consists of drives and impulses seeking immediate gratification

Front 227

immune system  

Back 227

system that protects the body from disease-causing microorganisms and affects our susceptibility to diseases

Front 228

impulsivity  

Back 228

difficulty in controlling behaviors; acting without thinking first

Front 229

in vivo exposure  

Back 229

technique of behavior therapy in which clients are encouraged to experience directly the stimuli that they fear

Front 230

incidence number  

Back 230

of new cases of a specific disorder that develop during a specific period of time

Front 231

incompetent to stand trial  

Back 231

legal status of an individual who lacks a rational understanding of the charges against him or her, an understanding of the proceedings of his or her trial, or the ability to participate in his or her own defense

Front 232

independent variable  

Back 232

factor that is manipulated by an experimenter or used to predict the dependent variable

Front 233

informed consent  

Back 233

procedure (often legally required prior to treatment administration) in which a patient receives a full and understandable explanation of the treatment being offered and makes a decision about whether to accept or refuse the treatment

Front 234

inhalants  

Back 234

solvents, such as gasoline, glue, or paint thinner, that one inhales to produce a high and that can cause permanent central nervous system damage as well as liver and kidney disease

Front 235

insanity  

Back 235

legal term denoting a state of mental incapacitation during the time a crime was committed

Front 236

insanity defense  

Back 236

defense used by people accused of a crime in which they state that they cannot be held responsible for their illegal acts because they were mentally incapacitated at the time of the act

Front 237

Insanity Defense Reform Act 1984  

Back 237

law, affecting all federal courts and about half of the state courts, that finds a person not guilty by reason of insanity if it is shown that, as a result of mental disease or mental retardation, the accused was unable to appreciate the wrongfulness of his or her conduct at the time of the offense

Front 238

insomnia  

Back 238

type of dyssomnia that involves difficulty in initiating or maintaining sleep; chronically nonrestorative sleep

Front 239

integrationist  

Back 239

approach approach to psychopathology that emphasizes how biological, psychological, and social factors interact and influence each other to produce and maintain mental-health problems

Front 240

intelligence  

Back 240

tests tests that assess a person's intellectual strengths and weaknesses

Front 241

internal reliability  

Back 241

extent to which a measure yields similar results among its different parts as it measures a single phenomenon

Front 242

internal validity  

Back 242

extent to which all factors that could extraneously affect a study's results are controlled within a laboratory study

Front 243

interpersonal therapy (IPT)  

Back 243

more structured, short-term version of psychodynamic therapies

Front 244

interrater reliability  

Back 244

extent to which an observational measure yields similar results across different judges (also called interjudge reliability)

Front 245

introject  

Back 245

to internalize moral standards because following them makes one feel good and reduces anxiety

Front 246

irresistible impulse rule  

Back 246

legal principle stating that even a person who knowingly performs a wrongful act can be absolved of responsibility if he or she was driven by an irresistible impulse to perform the act or had a diminished capacity to resist performing the act

Front 247

Korsakoff's psychosis  

Back 247

alcohol-induced permanent cognitive disorder involving deficiencies in one's ability to recall both recent and distant events

Front 248

latency stage  

Back 248

according to Freud, period of psychosexual development, following the phallic stage, in which libidinal drives are quelled and children's energy turns toward the development of skills and interests and toward becoming fully socialized to the world; the opposite sex is avoided

Front 249

libido  

Back 249

according to Freud, psychical energy derived from physiological drives

Front 250

longitudinal  

Back 250

type of research evaluating the same group(s) of people for an extended period of time

Front 251

lymphocytes  

Back 251

immune system cells that attack viruses

Front 252

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)  

Back 252

method of measuring both brain structure and brain function through the construction of a magnetic field that affects hydrogen atoms in the brain, emitting signals that a computer then records and uses to produce a threedimensional image of the brain

Front 253

maladaptive  

Back 253

in reference to behaviors, causing people who have the behaviors physical or emotional harm, preventing them from functioning in daily life, and/or indicating that they have lost touch with reality and/or cannot control their thoughts and behavior (also called dysfunctional)

Front 254

male erectile disorder  

Back 254

in men, recurrent inability to attain or maintain an erection until the completion of sexual activity

Front 255

male orgasmic disorder  

Back 255

in men, recurrent delay in or absence of orgasm following the excitement phase of the sexual response cycle

Front 256

managed care  

Back 256

health care system in which all necessary services for an individual patient are supposed to be coordinated by a primary care provider; the goals are to coordinate services for an existing medical problem and to prevent future medical problems before they arise

Front 257

mania  

Back 257

state of persistently elevated mood, feelings of grandiosity, overenthusiasm, racing thoughts, rapid speech, and impulsive actions

Front 258

mathematics disorder  

Back 258

developmental disorder involving deficits in the ability to learn mathematics

Front 259

mental hygiene movement  

Back 259

movement to treat mental patients more humanely and to view mental disorders as medical diseases

Front 260

mental illness  

Back 260

phrase used to refer to a physical illness that causes severe abnormal thoughts, behaviors, and feelings

Front 261

mental retardation  

Back 261

developmental disorder marked by significantly subaverage intellectual functioning, as well as deficits (relative to other children) in life skill areas, such as communication, self-care, work, and interpersonal relationships

Front 262

mentally ill  

Back 262

legal description of an individual who purportedly suffers from a mental illness, which is analogous (in this view) to suffering from a medical disease

Front 263

mesmerism  

Back 263

treatment for hysterical patients based on the idea that magnetic fluids in the patients' bodies are affected by the magnetic forces of other people and objects; the patients' magnetic forces are thought to be realigned by the practitioner through his or her own magnetic force

Front 264

mesolimbic pathway  

Back 264

subcortical part of the brain involved in cognition and emotion

Front 265

meta-analysis  

Back 265

statistical technique for summarizing the results across several studies

Front 266

methadone  

Back 266

opioid that is less potent and longer-lasting than heroin; taken by heroin users to decrease their cravings and help them cope with negative withdrawal symptoms

Front 267

methadone maintenance programs  

Back 267

treatments for heroin abusers that provide doses of methadone to replace heroin use and that seek eventually to wean addicted people from the methadone itself

Front 268

mixed receptive-expressive language  

Back 268

disorder disorder involving deficits in the ability to express oneself through language and to understand the language of others

Front 269

M'Naghten rule  

Back 269

legal principle stating that, in order to claim a defense of insanity, accused persons must have been burdened by such a defect of reason, from disease of the mind, as not to know the nature and quality of the act they were doing or, if they did know it, that they did not know what they were doing what was wrong

Front 270

monozygotic (MZ)  

Back 270

twins twins who share 100 percent of their genes, because they developed from a single fertilized egg

Front 271

moral treatment  

Back 271

type of treatment delivered in mental hospitals in which patients were treated with respect and dignity and were encouraged to exercise self-control

Front 272

myotonia  

Back 272

in the sexual response cycle, muscular tension in the body, which culminates in contractions during orgasm

Front 273

naloxone drug  

Back 273

that blocks the positive effects of heroin and can lead to a decreased desire to use it

Front 274

naltrexone  

Back 274

drug that blocks the positive effects of alcohol and heroin and can lead to a decreased desire to drink or use substances

Front 275

narcissistic personality disorder  

Back 275

syndrome marked by grandiose thoughts and feelings of one's own worth as well as an obliviousness to others' needs and an exploitive, arrogant demeanor

Front 276

narcolepsy  

Back 276

type of dyssomnia that involves irresistible attacks of sleep

Front 277

need for treatment  

Back 277

legal criterion operationalized as a signed certificate by two physicians stating that a person requires treatment but will not agree to it voluntarily; formerly a sufficient cause to hospitalize the person involuntarily and force him or her to undergo treatment

Front 278

negative symptoms  

Back 278

in schizophrenia, deficits in functioning that indicate the absence of a capacity present in normal people, such as affective flattening (also called Type II symptoms)

Front 279

neurofibrillary tangles  

Back 279

twists or tangles of filaments within nerve cells, especially prominent in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, common in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients

Front 280

neuroleptic  

Back 280

drug used to treat psychotic symptoms

Front 281

neuropsychological tests  

Back 281

tests of cognitive, sensory, and/or motor skills that attempt to differentiate people with deficits in these areas from normal subjects

Front 282

neurotic paradox  

Back 282

psychoanalytic term for a condition in which an individual's way of coping with unconscious concerns creates even more problems in that individual's life

Front 283

neurotransmitters  

Back 283

biochemicals, released from a sending neuron, that transmit messages to a receiving neuron in the brain and nervous system

Front 284

nicotine  

Back 284

alkaloid found in tobacco; operates on both the central and peripheral nervous systems, resulting in the release of biochemicals, including dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and the endogenous opioids

Front 285

nonpurging type of bulimia nervosa  

Back 285

type of bulimia nervosa in which bingeing is followed by excessive exercise or fasting to control weight gain

Front 286

null hypothesis  

Back 286

alternative to a primary hypothesis, stating that there is no relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable

Front 287

object relations  

Back 287

view held by a group of modern psychodynamic theorists that one develops a self-concept and appraisals of others in a four-stage process during childhood and retains them throughout adulthood; psychopathology consists of an incomplete progression through these stages or an acquisition of poor self and other concepts

Front 288

observational learning  

Back 288

learning that occurs when a person observes the rewards and punishments of another's behavior and then behaves in accordance with the same rewards and punishments

Front 289

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder  

Back 289

pervasive rigidity in one's activities and interpersonal relationships; includes qualities such as emotional constriction, extreme perfectionism, and anxiety resulting from even slight disruptions in one's routine ways

Front 290

odd-eccentric personality disorders  

Back 290

disorders, including paranoid, schizotypal, and schizoid personality disorders, marked by chronic odd and/or inappropriate behavior with mild features of psychosis and/or paranoia

Front 291

oedipus complex  

Back 291

according to Freud, major conflict of male sexual development, during which boys are sexually attracted to their mothers and hate their fathers as rivals

Front 292

operant conditioning  

Back 292

form of learning in which behaviors lead to consequences that either reinforce or punish the organism, leading to an increased or a decreased probability of a future response

Front 293

operationalization  

Back 293

specific manner in which one measures or manipulates variables in a study

Front 294

opioids substances  

Back 294

including morphine and heroin, that produce euphoria followed by a tranquil state; in severe intoxication, can lead to unconsciousness, coma, and seizures; can cause withdrawal symptoms of emotional distress, severe nausea, sweating, diarrhea, and fever

Front 295

oppositional defiant disorder  

Back 295

syndrome of chronic misbehavior in childhood marked by belligerence, irritability, and defiance, although not to the extent found in a diagnosis of conduct disorder

Front 296

oral stage  

Back 296

according to Freud, earliest psychosexual stage, lasting for the first 18 months of life; libidinal impulses are best satisfied through the stimulation of the mouth area, including actions such as feeding or sucking; major issues of concern are dependence and the reliability of others

Front 297

orgasm  

Back 297

discharge of neuromuscular tension built up during sexual activity; in men, entails rhythmic contractions of the prostate, seminal vesicles, vas deferens, and penis and seminal discharge; in women, entails contractions of the orgasmic platform and uterus

Front 298

palialia  

Back 298

continuous repetition of sounds and words

Front 299

paranoid personality disorder  

Back 299

chronic and pervasive mistrust and suspicion of other people that are unwarranted and maladaptive

Front 300

paranoid schizophrenia  

Back 300

syndrome marked by delusions and hallucinations that involve themes of persecution and grandiosity

Front 301

paraphilias  

Back 301

atypical sexual activities that involve one of the following: (1) nonhuman objects, (2) nonconsenting adults, (3) the suffering or humiliation of oneself or one's partner, or (4) children

Front 302

parasomnias  

Back 302

primary sleep disorders that involve abnormal behavioral and physiological events occurring during sleep

Front 303

partial reinforcement schedule  

Back 303

form of behavior modification in which a behavior is rewarded or punished only some of the time

Front 304

patients' rights movement  

Back 304

movement to ensure that mental patients retain their basic rights and to remove them from institutions and care for them in the community

Front 305

pedophilia  

Back 305

adult obtainment of sexual gratification by engaging in sexual activities with young children

Front 306

penis envy  

Back 306

according to Freud, wish to have the male sex organ

Front 307

performance anxiety  

Back 307

anxiety over sexual performance that interferes with sexual functioning

Front 308

perinatal hypoxia  

Back 308

oxygen deprivation during labor and delivery; an obstetrical complication that may be especially important in neurological development

Front 309

persecutory delusion  

Back 309

false, persistent belief that one is being pursued by other people

Front 310

personality  

Back 310

habitual and enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that make each person unique

Front 311

personality disorder  

Back 311

chronic pattern of maladaptive cognition, emotion, and behavior that begins in adolescence or early adulthood and continues into later adulthood

Front 312

personality inventories  

Back 312

questionnaires that assess people's typical ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving; used to obtain information about people's wellbeing, self-concept, attitudes, and beliefs

Front 313

pervasive developmental disorders  

Back 313

disorders characterized by severe and persisting impairment in several areas of development

Front 314

phallic stage  

Back 314

according to Freud, psychosexual stage that occurs between the ages of 3 and 6: the focus of pleasure is the genitals; important conflicts of sexual development emerge this time, differing for boys and girls

Front 315

phenothiazines drugs  

Back 315

that reduce the functional level of dopamine in the brain and tend to reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia

Front 316

phenylcyclidine (PCP)  

Back 316

substance that produces euphoria, slowed reaction times, and involuntary movements at low doses; disorganized thinking, feelings of unreality, and hostility at intermediate doses; and amnesia, analgesia, respiratory problems, and changes in body temperature at high doses

Front 317

phonological disorder  

Back 317

disorder involving the use of speech sounds inappropriate for one's age or dialect

Front 318

pituitary  

Back 318

major endocrine gland that lies partly on the outgrowth of the brain and just below the hypothalamus; produces the largest number of different hormones and controls the secretions of other endocrine glands

Front 319

placebo control group  

Back 319

in a therapy outcome study, group of people whose treatment is an inactive substance (to compare with the effects of a drug) or a nontheory-based therapy providing social support (to compare with the effects of psychotherapy)

Front 320

plaques  

Back 320

deposits of amyloid protein that accumulate in the extracellular spaces of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and other forebrain structures in people with Alzheimer's disease

Front 321

plateau phase  

Back 321

in the sexual response cycle, period between arousal and orgasm, during which excitement remains high but stable

Front 322

pleasure principle  

Back 322

drive to maximize pleasure and minimize pain as quickly as possible

Front 323

polygenic  

Back 323

combination of many genes, each of which makes a small contribution to an inherited trait

Front 324

positive symptoms  

Back 324

in schizophrenia, hallucinations, delusions, and disorganization in thought and behavior (also called Type I symptoms)

Front 325

positron-emission tomography (PET)  

Back 325

method of localizing and measuring brain activity by detecting photons that result from the metabolization of an injected isotope

Front 326

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)  

Back 326

anxiety disorder characterized by (1) repeated mental images of experiencing a traumatic event, (2) emotional numbing and detachment, and (3) hypervigilance and chronic arousal

Front 327

preconscious  

Back 327

according to Freud, area of the psyche that contains material from the unconscious before it reaches the conscious mind

Front 328

predictive validity  

Back 328

extent to which a measure accurately forecasts how a person will think, act, and feel in the future

Front 329

predisposition  

Back 329

tendency to develop a disorder that must interact with other biological, psychological, or environmental factors for the disorder to develop

Front 330

prefrontal cortex  

Back 330

region at the front of the brain important in language, emotional expression, the planning and producing of new ideas, and the mediation of social interactions

Front 331

prefrontal lobotomy  

Back 331

type of psychosurgery in which the frontal lobes of the brain are severed from the lower centers of the brain in people suffering from psychosis

Front 332

premature ejaculation  

Back 332

man's inability to delay ejaculation after minimal sexual stimulation or until one wishes to ejaculate, causing significant distress or interpersonal problems

Front 333

prevalence  

Back 333

proportion of the population that has a specific disorder at a given point or period in time

Front 334

primary prevention  

Back 334

cessation of the development of psychological disorders before they start

Front 335

primary process thinking  

Back 335

wish fulfillment, or fantasies, humans use to conjure up desired objects or actions; an example is a hungry infant's imagining its mother's breast when she is not present

Front 336

prodromal symptoms  

Back 336

in schizophrenia, milder symptoms prior to an acute phase of the disorder, during which behaviors are unusual and peculiar but not yet psychotic or completely disorganized

Front 337

projective test  

Back 337

presentation of an ambiguous stimulus, such as an inkblot, to a client, who then projects unconscious motives and issues onto the stimulus in his or her interpretation of its content

Front 338

prototypes  

Back 338

images of the self and others in relation to the self formed from experiences with family during childhood

Front 339

psychic epidemics  

Back 339

phenomena in which large numbers of people begin to engage in unusual behaviors that appear to have a psychological origin

Front 340

psychoanalysis  

Back 340

form of treatment for psychopathology involving alleviating unconscious conflicts driving psychological symptoms by helping people gain insight into their conflicts and finding ways of resolving these conflicts

Front 341

psychodynamic theories  

Back 341

theories developed by Freud's followers but usually differing somewhat from Freud's original theories

Front 342

psychological approach  

Back 342

approach to abnormality that focuses on personality, behavior, and ways of thinking as possible causes of abnormality

Front 343

sychological theories  

Back 343

theories that view mental disorders as caused by psychological processes, such as beliefs, thinking styles, and coping styles

Front 344

psychopathology  

Back 344

symptoms that cause mental, emotional, and/or physical pain

Front 345

psychopathy  

Back 345

set of broad personality traits including superficial charm, a grandiose sense of self-worth, a tendency toward boredom and need for stimulation, pathological lying, an ability to be conning and manipulative, and a lack of remorse

Front 346

psychosexual  

Back 346

stages according to Freud, tages in the developmental process children pass through; in each stage, sex drives are focused on the stimulation of certain areas of the body and particular psychological issues can arouse anxiety

Front 347

psychosis  

Back 347

state involving a loss of contact with reality as well as an inability to differentiate between reality and one's subjective state

Front 348

psychosomatic  

Back 348

disorders syndromes marked by identifiable physical illness or defect caused at least partly by psychological factors

Front 349

psychosurgery  

Back 349

rare treatment for mental disorders in which a neurosurgeon attempts to destroy small areas of the brain thought to be involved in a patient's symptoms

Front 350

psychotherapy  

Back 350

treatment for abnormality that consists of a therapist and client discussing the client's symptoms and their causes; the therapist's theoretical orientation determines the foci of conversations with the client

Front 351

purging type of bulimia nervosa  

Back 351

type of bulimia nervosa in which bingeing is followed by the use of self-induced vomiting or purging medications to control weight gain

Front 352

random assignment assignment  

Back 352

of participants in an experiment to groups based on a random process

Front 353

reading disorder  

Back 353

developmental disorder involving deficits in reading ability

Front 354

reality principle  

Back 354

idea that the ego seeks to satisfy one's needs within the realities of society's rules, rather than following the abandon of the pleasure principle

Front 355

receptor  

Back 355

molecules on the membranes of neurons to which neurotransmitters bind

Front 356

reflection  

Back 356

method of responding in which a therapist expresses his or her attempt to understand what the client is experiencing and trying to communicate

Front 357

relapse prevention programs  

Back 357

treatments that seek to offset continued alcohol use by identifying high-risk situations for those attempting to stop or cut down on drinking and teaching them either to avoid those situations or to use assertiveness skills when in them, while viewing setbacks as temporary

Front 358

reliability  

Back 358

degree of consistency in a measurement—that is, the extent to which it yields accurate measurements of a phenomenon across several trials, across different populations, and in different forms

Front 359

replication  

Back 359

repetition of the same results from study to study

Front 360

repression  

Back 360

defense mechanism in which the ego pushes anxiety-provoking material back into the unconscious

Front 361

residual schizophrenia  

Back 361

diagnosis made when a person has already experienced a single acute phase of schizophrenia but currently has milder and less debilitating symptoms

Front 362

residual symptoms  

Back 362

in schizophrenia, milder symptoms following an acute phase of the disorder, during which behaviors are unusual and peculiar but not psychotic or completely disorganized

Front 363

resistance  

Back 363

in psychodynamic therapy, when a client finds it difficult or impossible to address certain material, the client's resistance signals an unconscious conflict, which the therapist then tries to interpret

Front 364

resolution  

Back 364

in the sexual response cycle, state of deep relaxation following orgasm in which a man loses his erection and a woman's orgasmic platform subsides

Front 365

response shaping  

Back 365

technique used in behavior therapy in which a person's behavior problems are changed to desirable behaviors through operant conditioning

Front 366

restricting type of anorexia nervosa  

Back 366

type of anorexia nervosa in which weight gain is prevented by refusing to eat

Front 367

Rett's disorder  

Back 367

pervasive developmental disorder in which children develop normally at first but later show permanent loss of basic skills in social interactions, language, and/or movement

Front 368

reuptake  

Back 368

process in which a sending neuron reabsorbs some of the neurotransmitter in the synapse, decreasing the amount left in the synapse

Front 369

right to refuse treatment  

Back 369

right, although not recognized by all states, of involuntarily committed people to refuse drugs or other treatment

Front 370

right to treatment  

Back 370

fundamental right of involuntarily committed people to active treatment for their disorders rather than shelter alone

Front 371

risk factors  

Back 371

conditions or variables associated with a higher risk of having a disorder

Front 372

role-play  

Back 372

technique used in behavioral therapy in which the client and the therapist take on the roles of people involved with the client's maladaptive behaviors; the therapist observes the client's behavior in the role-play to assess what aspects of that behavior need to change

Front 373

sadomasochism  

Back 373

pattern of sexual rituals between a sexually sadistic "giver" and a sexually masochistic "receiver"

Front 374

sample  

Back 374

group of people taken from a population of interest to participate in a study

Front 375

schizoid personality disorder  

Back 375

syndrome marked by a chronic lack of interest in and avoidance of interpersonal relationships as well as emotional coldness in interactions with others

Front 376

schizophrenia  

Back 376

disorder consisting of unreal or disorganized thoughts and perceptions as well as verbal, cognitive, and behavioral deficits

Front 377

schizotypal personality disorder  

Back 377

chronic pattern of inhibited or inappropriate emotion and social behavior as well as aberrant cognitions and disorganized speech

Front 378

scientific method systematic method  

Back 378

of obtaining and evaluating information relevant to a problem

Front 379

secondary prevention  

Back 379

detection of psychological disorders in their earliest stages and treatment designed to reduce their development

Front 380

secondary process thinking rational  

Back 380

deliberation, as opposed to the irrational thought of primary process thinking

Front 381

self-actualization  

Back 381

fulfillment of one's potential for love, creativity, and meaning

Front 382

self-efficacy beliefs  

Back 382

beliefs that one can engage in the behaviors necessary to overcome a situation

Front 383

self-help groups  

Back 383

groups that form to help the members deal with a common problem

Front 384

self-monitoring  

Back 384

method of assessment in which a client records the number of times per day that he or she engages in a specific behavior and the conditions surrounding the behavior

Front 385

sensate focus therapy  

Back 385

treatment for sexual dysfunction in which partners alternate between giving and receiving stimulation in a relaxed, openly communicative atmosphere, in order to reduce performance anxiety and concern over achieving orgasm by learning each partner's sexual fulfillment needs

Front 386

separation anxiety disorder  

Back 386

syndrome of childhood and adolescence marked by the presence of abnormal fear or worry over becoming separated from one's caregiver(s) as well as clinging behaviors in the presence of the caregiver(s)

Front 387

set point  

Back 387

natural body weight determined by a person's metabolic rate, diet, and genetics

Front 388

sexual aversion disorder  

Back 388

condition in which a person actively avoids sexual activities and experiences sex as unpleasant or anxiety-provoking

Front 389

sexual desire  

Back 389

in the sexual response cycle, an urge or inclination to engage in sexual activity

Front 390

sexual dysfunctions  

Back 390

problems in experiencing sexual arousal or carrying through with sexual acts to the point of sexual arousal

Front 391

sexual masochism  

Back 391

sexual gratification obtained through experiencing pain and humiliation at the hands of one's partner

Front 392

sexual orientation  

Back 392

one's preference for partners of the same or opposite sex with respect to attraction and sexual desire

Front 393

sexual sadism  

Back 393

sexual gratification obtained through inflicting pain and humiliation on one's partner

Front 394

single-case experimental design  

Back 394

experimental design in which an individual or a small number of individuals is studied intensively; the individual is put through some sort of manipulation or intervention, and his or her behavior is examined before and after this manipulation to determine the effects

Front 395

sleep apnea  

Back 395

repeated episodes of upperairway obstruction during sleep; people with sleep apnea typically snore loudly, go silent and do not breathe for several seconds at a time, then gasp for air

Front 396

sleep restriction therapy  

Back 396

treatment for insomnia that involves initially restricting the amount of time that people with insomnia can try to sleep at night

Front 397

smooth pursuit eye movement  

Back 397

task in which individuals are asked to keep their head still and track a moving object (sometimes referred to as eye tracking); some people with schizophrenia show deficits on this task

Front 398

social approach  

Back 398

approach to abnormality that focuses on interpersonal relationships, culture, society, and the environment as possible causes of abnormality

Front 399

social learning theory  

Back 399

theory that people learn behaviors by imitating and observing others and by learning about the rewards and punishments that follow behaviors

Front 400

social selection  

Back 400

explanation of the effects of the symptoms of schizophrenia on a person's life and the resulting tendency to drift downward in social class, as compared with the person's family of origin

Front 401

social skills training  

Back 401

technique often used in behavior therapy to help people with problems in interacting and communicating with others

Front 402

social structural theories  

Back 402

theories that focus on environmental and societal demands as causes of abnormal behavior

Front 403

somatic hallucinations  

Back 403

perceptions that something is happening inside one's body—for example, that worms are eating one's intestines

Front 404

splitting  

Back 404

in object relations theory, phenomenon wherein a person splits conceptions of self and others into either all-good or all-bad categories, neglecting to recognize people's mixed qualities

Front 405

squeeze technique  

Back 405

sex therapy technique used for premature ejaculation; the man's partner stimulates him to an erection, and then when he signals that ejaculation is imminent, the partner applies a firm but gentle squeeze to his penis, either at the glands or at the base, for three or four seconds, the goal of this technique is for the man to learn to identify the point of ejaculatory inevitability and to control his arousal level at the point

Front 406

statistical significance  

Back 406

likelihood that a study's results have occurred only by chance

Front 407

stimulus-control therapy  

Back 407

behavioral intervention for insomnia that involves a set of instructions designed to reduce behaviors that might interfere with sleep and to regulate sleep wake schedules

Front 408

stop-start technique  

Back 408

sex therapy technique used for premature ejaculation; the man or his partner stimulates his penis until he is about to ejaculate; the man then relaxes and concentrates on the sensations in his body until his level of arousal declines; the goal of this technique is for the man to learn to identify the point of ejaculatory inevitability and to control his arousal level at that point

Front 409

stress  

Back 409

experience of events that we perceive as endangering our physical or psychological well-being

Front 410

stress-management interventions  

Back 410

strategies that teach clients to overcome the problems in their lives that are increasing their stress

Front 411

stroke  

Back 411

sudden damage to the brain due to blockage of blood flow or hemorrhaging

Front 412

structured interview  

Back 412

meeting between a clinician and a client or a client's associate(s) in which the clinician asks questions that are standardized, written in advance, and asked of every client

Front 413

stuttering  

Back 413

significant problem in speech fluency, often including frequent repetitions of sounds or syllables

Front 414

subintentional deaths  

Back 414

acts in which individuals indirectly contribute to their own deaths

Front 415

substance  

Back 415

naturally occurring or synthetically produced product that alters perceptions, thoughts, emotions, and behaviors when ingested, smoked, or injected

Front 416

substance abuse  

Back 416

diagnosis given when a person's recurrent substance use leads to significant harmful consequences, as manifested by a failure to fulfill obligations at work, school, or home, the use of substances in physically hazardous situations, legal problems, and continued use despite social and legal problems

Front 417

substance dependence  

Back 417

diagnosis given when a person's substance use leads to physiological dependence or significant impairment or distress, as manifested by an inability to use the substance in moderation; a decline in social, occupational, or recreational activities; or the spending of large amounts of time obtaining substances or recovering from their effects

Front 418

substance intoxication  

Back 418

experience of significantly maladaptive behavioral and psychological symptoms due to the effect of a substance on the central nervous system that develops during or shortly after use of the substance

Front 419

substance withdrawal  

Back 419

experience of clinically significant distress in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning due to the cessation or reduction of substance use

Front 420

substance-induced sexual dysfunction  

Back 420

problems in sexual functioning caused by substance use

Front 421

substance-related disorder  

Back 421

inability to use a substance in moderation and/or the intentional use of a substance to change one's thoughts, feelings, and/or behaviors, leading to impairment in work, academic, personal, or social endeavors

Front 422

suicide  

Back 422

purposeful taking of one's own life

Front 423

suicide cluster  

Back 423

when two or more suicides or attempted suicides nonrandomly occur closely together in space or time

Front 424

suicide contagion  

Back 424

phenomenon in which the suicide of a well-known person is linked to the acceptance of suicide by people who closely identify with that individual

Front 425

suicide hot lines  

Back 425

organizations in which suicide crisis intervention is done over the phone

Front 426

superego  

Back 426

part of the unconscious that consists of absolute moral standards internalized from one's parents during childhood and from one's culture

Front 427

supernatural theories  

Back 427

theories that see mental disorders as the result of supernatural forces, such as divine intervention, curses, demonic possession, and/or personal sins; mental disorders can be cured through religious rituals, exorcisms, confessions, and/or death

Front 428

symptom questionnaire  

Back 428

questionnaire that assesses what symptoms a person is experiencing

Front 429

synapse  

Back 429

space between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron into which neurotransmitters are first released (also known as the synaptic gap)

Front 430

syndrome  

Back 430

set of symptoms that tend to occur together

Front 431

tactile hallucinations  

Back 431

perceptions that something is happening to the outside of one's body—for example, that bugs are crawling up one's back

Front 432

tardive dyskinesia  

Back 432

neurological disorder marked by involuntary movements of the tongue, face, mouth, or jaw, resulting from taking neuroleptic drugs

Front 433

test-retest reliability  

Back 433

index of how consistent the results of a test are over time

Front 434

theory  

Back 434

set of assumptions about the likely causes of abnormality and appropriate treatments

Front 435

therapeutic alliance  

Back 435

during therapy, the therapist is empathetic and supportive of the client in order to create a relationship of trust with the client and to encourage the exploration of difficult issues

Front 436

therapy outcome study  

Back 436

experimental study that assesses the effects of an intervention designed to reduce psychopathology in an experimental group, while performing no intervention or a different type of intervention on another group

Front 437

third variable problem  

Back 437

possibility that variables not measured in a study are the real cause of the relationship between the variables measured in the study

Front 438

thought-stopping techniques  

Back 438

strategies that involve finding ways to stop intrusive thoughts

Front 439

token economy  

Back 439

application of operant conditioning in which patients receive tokens for exhibiting desired behaviors that are exchangeable for privileges and rewards; these tokens are withheld when a patient exhibits unwanted behaviors

Front 440

tolerance  

Back 440

condition of experiencing less and less effect from the same dose of a substance

Front 441

transference  

Back 441

in psychodynamic therapies, the client's reaction to the therapist as if the therapist were an important person in his or her early development; the client's feelings and beliefs about this other person are transferred onto the therapist

Front 442

transsexuals  

Back 442

people who experience chronic discomfort with their gender and genitals as well as a desire to be rid of their genitals and to live as a member of the opposite sex

Front 443

transvestism  

Back 443

paraphilia in which a heterosexual man dresses in women's clothing as his primary means of becoming sexually aroused

Front 444

trephination  

Back 444

procedure in which holes were drilled in the skulls of people displaying abnormal behavior to allow evil spirits to depart their bodies; performed in the Stone Age

Front 445

twin studies  

Back 445

studies of the heritability of a disorder by comparing concordance rates between monozygotic and dizygotic twins

Front 446

type A behavior pattern  

Back 446

personality pattern characterized by time urgency, hostility, and competitiveness

Front 447

unconditional positive regard  

Back 447

essential part of humanistic therapy; the therapist expresses that he or she accepts the client, no matter how unattractive, disturbed, or difficult the client is

Front 448

unconditioned response (UR)  

Back 448

in classical conditioning, response that naturally follows when a certain stimulus appears, such as a dog salivating when it smells food

Front 449

unconditioned stimulus (US)  

Back 449

in classical conditioning, stimulus that naturally elicits a reaction, as food elicits salivation in dogs

Front 450

unconscious  

Back 450

area of the psyche where memories, wishes, and needs are stored and where conflicts among the id, ego, and superego are played out

Front 451

undifferentiated schizophrenia  

Back 451

diagnosis made when a person experiences schizophrenic symptoms, such as delusions and hallucinations, but does not meet criteria for paranoid, disorganized, or catatonic schizophrenia

Front 452

unstructured interview  

Back 452

meeting between a clinician and a client or a client's associate(s) that consists of open-ended, general questions that are particular to each person interviewed

Front 453

unusualness  

Back 453

criterion for abnormality that suggests that abnormal behaviors are rare or unexpected

Front 454

vaginismus  

Back 454

in women, involuntary contractions of the muscles surrounding the outer third of the vagina that interfere with penetration and sexual functioning

Front 455

validity  

Back 455

degree of correspondence between a measurement and the phenomenon under study

Front 456

variable  

Back 456

measurable factor or characteristic that can vary within an individual, between individuals, or both

Front 457

vascular dementia  

Back 457

second most common type of dementia, associated with symptoms of cerebrovascular disease (tissue damage in the brain due to a blockage of blood flow)

Front 458

vasocongestion  

Back 458

in the sexual response cycle, the filling of blood vessels and tissues with blood, leading to erection of the penis in males and enlargement of the clitoris, swelling of the labia, and vaginal moistening in women (also called engorgement)

Front 459

visual hallucination  

Back 459

visual perception of something that is not actually present

Front 460

voyeurism  

Back 460

obtainment of sexual arousal by compulsively and secretly watching another person undressing, bathing, engaging in sex, or being naked

Front 461

vulnerability-stress models  

Back 461

comprehensive models of the many factors that lead some people to develop a given mental disorder

Front 462

wait list control group  

Back 462

in a therapy outcome study, group of people that functions as a control group while an experimental group receives an intervention and then receives the intervention itself after a waiting period

Front 463

Wernicke's encephalopathy  

Back 463

alcoholinduced permanent cognitive disorder involving mental disorientation, confusion, and, in severe states, coma

Front 464

word salad  

Back 464

speech that is so disorganized that a listener cannot comprehend it

Front 465

working memory  

Back 465

ability to hold information in memory and manipulate it

Front 466

working through  

Back 466

method used in psychodynamic therapies in which the client repeatedly goes over and over painful memories and difficult issues as a way to understand and accept them