A&p 1

Front 1

A collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS is called?

Back 1

Ganglion

Front 2

In the reflex arc, which component represents a muscle or gland?

Back 2

Effector

Front 3

How many pairs of cranial nerves do humans have?

Back 3

12

Front 4

In an autonomic reflex, which component conveys the impulse from the CNS to the autonomic ganglion?

Back 4

Efferent preganglionic neuron

Front 5

Which of the following is not plexus of the spinal nerves?

Back 5

Chorid

Front 6

Dopamine is a hormone that is release by which brain region?

Back 6

Basal Ganglia

Front 7

What it the function of the corpus collasum?

Back 7

Connect the two brain hemispheres and send information back and fourth

Front 8

An occlusion in the chorid plexus would interfere with an individuals ability to?

Back 8

Form cerebospinal fluid

Front 9

The typical resting membrane potential measure is?

Back 9

-70mV

Front 10

Which structure does not belong - Pons Midbrain Thalmus or Medulla Oblangata?

Back 10

Thalmus

Front 11

What is the white matter in the cerebellum called?

Back 11

Arbor Vitae

Front 12

Which of the following is most closely associated with the diencephalon?

Back 12

Thalmus

Front 13

The portion of the brain continuous with the spinal cord is the?

Back 13

Medulla Oblangata

Front 14

The large tract of white matter that connects the two cerebral hemispheres os the brain is the?

Back 14

Corrpus collasum

Front 15

The cerebral aqueduct links the?

Back 15

3rd and 4th ventricle

Front 16

The basal nuclei is?

Back 16

Located in the crebrum, consists mainly of grey matter, includes the caudate nucleus

Front 17

On the inner surface of a resting neurons cell membrane there is an accumulation of ________ ions?

Back 17

Potassium

Front 18

Loss of the sense of smell might be do to injury of which cranial nerve?

Back 18

1

Front 19

Parts such as mucles and glands are capable of responding to nerve impulses which are called?

Back 19

Effectors

Front 20

The hypothalmus is part of the?

Back 20

Diencephalon

Front 21

Which of the following is now associated with CSF?

Back 21

Cervical Plexus

Front 22

The outermost layter of the meninges is the?

Back 22

Dura mater

Front 23

Which of the following would have its cell body located in a ganglion?

Back 23

Afferent neuron

Front 24

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

Back 24

31

Front 25

Which of the following would be true regarding neurons?

Back 25

The axon of a motor neuron extends from the cell body towards the effector

Front 26

Action potentials are conducted more rapidly in?

Back 26

Large diameter axons than small diameter

Front 27

The sodiaum potassium pump operates by pumping ________ out and ________ in?

Back 27

Sodium ; Potassium

Front 28

Neuron cell bodies are located in?

Back 28

Gray matter of the spinal cord

Front 29

Stimuli are recieved by a __________ of a neuron which then conducts the impulse to the cell body of the neuron.

Back 29

Dendrite

Front 30

The area of the spinal cord radiating inferiorly from the conus medullaris is called the ________ because of its resemblance to a horses tail

Back 30

Cauda equina

Front 31

Which of the following is not a component of the brainstem?

Back 31

Forebrain

Front 32

Warneckes area plays a crucial role in?

Back 32

Language comprehension

Front 33

A massive sodium infulx into the neuron causes?

Back 33

Depolarization

Front 34

The membrane that surrounds the brain and the spinal cord is called?

Back 34

Meninges

Front 35

Motor cortex is located in which area of the cortex?

Back 35

Frontal lobe

Front 36

Which of the following organelles is responsible for the appearance of nissle bodies in a neuron cell body?

Back 36

Rough ER

Front 37

Neurotransmitters bind to specific ________ on the neuron cell surface

Back 37

Receptors

Front 38

Most nerves contain afferent and efferent fibers and thus carry both motor and sensory nerves

Back 38

Most nerves contain afferent and efferent fibers and thus carry both motor and sensory nerves

Front 39

Perineum is the connective tissue layer?

Back 39

Surrounding the fascicle of axons in the PNS

Front 40

The PNS includes?

Back 40

Somatic nervous system

Front 41

For any given neuron all action potentials are the same intensity referred to as the ____________ principle?

Back 41

All or nothing

Front 42

The system that controls smooth muscle and gland activity is the?

Back 42

Autonomic nervous system

Front 43

Neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles that are located primarily in specialized portions of the?

Back 43

Axon

Front 44

An action potential at the synaptic knob causes _________ to fuse with the membrane and release _________ into the synaptic cleft.

Back 44

Vesicles ; Neurotransmitters

Front 45

An inhibitory neuron could affect the neuron with which it synapses by?

Back 45

Produing an IPSP within the neruron, hyperpolarizing the neuron, increasing potassium efflux from the neuron

Front 46

the threshold potential of a neuron is approximately ______?

Back 46

-55 mV

Front 47

At the axon terminal, voltage gated ________ channels open in response of the arriving action potential.

Back 47

Calcium

Front 48

Which of the following is true of the sympathetic nervous system?

Back 48

It uses different neurotransmitters at the ganglion and at the synaptic cleft

Front 49

Th large extension from the neuronal cell bodies that transmit the action potential is called the _______?

Back 49

Axon

Front 50

The effector pathway of the autonomic nervous system generally contains ________?

Back 50

Two neurons

Front 51

All preganglionic autonomic neurons secrete?

Back 51

Acetylcholine

Front 52

Post ganglionic sympathetic neurons are considered to be?

Back 52

Adrenergic

Front 53

A sympathetic preganglionic fiber is _________ and releases _________?

Back 53

Cholenergic ; Acytylcholine

Front 54

The refactory period of an action potential ensures that?

Back 54

The action potential goes in one direction

Front 55

What does Broca's area control?

Back 55

Speech

Front 56

The primary motor areas of the brain are located in the?

Back 56

Gyrus of the frontal lobe

Front 57

The complex network of tiny islands of gray matter within the brain that acts as a filter for incoming sensory impulses is the?

Back 57

Reticular formation

Front 58

The basal ganglia consists of?

Back 58

The globus pallidus, caudate nucleus and putamen

Front 59

The two lobes of the cerebrum or seperated by the?

Back 59

Longitudinal fissure

Front 60

Huntingtons disease which is characterized by uncontrolled movements and anger/rage outburst, results from a disorder in the?

Back 60

Basal nuclei

Front 61

In a person that is unconscious or comatose, it is safe to assume that there is damage to the?

Back 61

Reticular formation

Front 62

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by ________ and it funtions to________?

Back 62

Chorids plexuses in the ventricles ; Protect the brain from blows to the skull

Front 63

Most CSF is secreted in the?

Back 63

Lateral ventricles

Front 64

An example of monosynaptic reflex would be?

Back 64

Knee jerk reflex

Front 65

The spinothalamic tract conducts impulses?

Back 65

Up the spinal cord to the thalamus

Front 66

Afferent (sensory) fibers?

Back 66

Carry sensory information and enter the spinal cord through the dorsal root

Front 67

_____ ions pass through the membrane less readily than _____ ions?

Back 67

Sodium ; Potassium

Front 68

Hyperpolarizing a cell takes it _________ from threshold?

Back 68

Further from

Front 69

The process of transmitting a nerve impulse from one neuron to another involves?

Back 69

Nerve impulse stimulating presynaptic axons to release a neurotransmitter into a synaptic cleft

Front 70

When an action potential passes over the surface of the axon terminal, the contents of the vesicle (neurotransmitter) are released in response to the influx of?

Back 70

Calcium ions

Front 71

In the repolarization phase of an action potential _______ channels close and _______ channels open?

Back 71

Sodium ; Potassium

Front 72

What happens at the maximum depolarization (+30mV)?

Back 72

Potassium channels open

Front 73

If the resting membrane potential becomes more positive, the membrane is said to be?

Back 73

Depolarizing

Front 74

Threshold achieved by the added effects of two stimuli is called?

Back 74

Summation

Front 75

Which one of the following is caused by the opening of potassium channels on a synaptic neuron?

Back 75

Inhibitory post synaptic potential

Front 76

The cytoplasmic extensions that, together with the cell body, provides the main receptive surfaces of neurons are?

Back 76

Dendrites

Front 77

Saltatory conduction?

Back 77

Is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated fiber

Front 78

Myeline apears _______ and ________ is the color w/o myeline?

Back 78

White ; Gray

Front 79

What produces myelin in the brain and spinal cord?

Back 79

Oligodendrocytes

Front 80

Most of the neurons in the brain and spinal cord are?

Back 80

Multipolar

Front 81

the most rapid nerve impulses are conducted on fibers that are?

Back 81

Thick and myelinated

Front 82

The spinal cord begins where nervous tissue leaves the cranium called __________ and tapers to a point called ___________ before ending?

Back 82

Foramen magnum ; Conus medullaris

Front 83

What are three ascending tracts (sensory impulses) and their functions?

Back 83

Fasciculus gracilis- touch, pressure and body movement
Spinothalamic- pain, temp, touch and pressure from various regions to brain
Spinocerebellar- coordination of muscle movement from lower limbs to the cerebellum.

Front 84

What are three descending tracts (motor impulses) and their functions?

Back 84

Corticospinal- voluntary movement from brain to skeletal muscle
Reticulospinal- maintenance of muscle tone and activity of sweat glands
Rubrospinal- muscular coordination and maintenance of posture

Front 85

The division of the motor NS? Function?

Back 85

Somatic NS- conscious activites
Autonomic NS- subconscious activities

Front 86

Neurons

Back 86

Structure and function unit in the NS, react to changes

Front 87

Neuroglial cells

Back 87

Supporting cells, phagocytosis/nourishing

Front 88

Dendrites

Back 88

Receive input from their surroundings, carry impulses to cell body

Front 89

Schwann cells

Back 89

Produce myeline sheath

Front 90

Interneurons aka?

Back 90

Association neurons ; ling neurons in the CNS

Front 91

Astrocytes

Back 91

Star shaped cells that regulate the environment around the neurons

Front 92

RMP is more negative (-90mV)?

Back 92

Hyperpolarization

Front 93

RMP is more positive (-50mV)?

Back 93

Depolarization ; -50 = threshold

Front 94

Recovery of RMP back to -70mV?

Back 94

Repolarization

Front 95

Cranial nerves - Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet AH

Back 95

1- Olfactory: Sense of smell
2- Optic: Sense of vision
3- Oculomotor: Eye movement
4- Trochlear: Eye movement (smallest)
5- Trigeminal: Mixed nerve (largest) teeth gum lip jaw
6- Abducens: Eye movement
7- Facial: Mixed nerve tast facial expression
8- Vestibulocochlear: Sense of quilibrium/hearing
9- Glosspharyngeal: Mixed pharynx/swallowing
10- Vagus: Mixed speech swallowing
11- Accessory: motor to pharynx, larynx, neck and back
12- Hypoglossal: Tongue movement

Front 96

Spinal nerves: Cutting The Lumbar So Crucial

Back 96

Cervical nerves- 8 C1-C8
Thoracic nerves- 12 T1-T12
Lumbar nerves- 5 L1-L5
Sacral nerves- 5 S1-S5
Coccygeal nerves- 1 C0

Front 97

Area of the skin that sensory nerves of a particular spinal nerve innervates?

Back 97

Dermatome

Front 98

Three different plexuses?

Back 98

Cervical- First 4 cervical nerves
Brachial- Lower 4 cervical nerves and first 11 thoracic nerves
Lumbosacral- Last thoracic nerve, lumbar, sacral coccygeal

Front 99

Two divisions of autonomic NS?

Back 99

Sympathetic- Fight or Flight
Parasympathetic- Resting and digesting

Front 100

All autonomic transmitters except postganglionic sympathetic fibers are ________ and release ________?

Back 100

Cholenergic ; Acetylcholine

Front 101

The only autonomic fiber _________ is ________ and releases________?

Back 101

Postganglionic sympathetic ; adrenergic ; norepinephrine