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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Language?
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• a learned, structured system of rapidly fading sounds transmitted and received by the audio visual/vocal tract for the purpose of communication.
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What is Sociolinguistics?
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• how variations in speech identities reflect different cultural identities.
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What are the 4 distinct characteristics humans have different from other creatures?
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• Semanticity - learned tie between vocalizations and the real world.
• Displacement - can talk about things not happening at that very moment: "displace" self from present. • Productivity - can discuss new things (not heard before, doesn't exist) and communicate effectively • Duality of Pattern - a structured, meaningless system of sounds (phoenetics) is used to structure a meaningful system of communication (morphophonemics & Syntax) |
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What are Phones?
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• Language sounds
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What is the Sapir-Wharf Hypothesis?
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• The structure of language, structures though
• Language habits predispose certain choices of interpretation • "Thought rides the rails of Language" |
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What are morphemes?
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• Linguistic utterances that represent an idea.
ex.) Cat - 1 morpheme Cats - 2 morphemes |
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What is Syntax?
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• Rules for structuring morphemes.
• Meaning of language is not in morphemes, but in syntax. - When learning another language teachers drill students in grammar. This is because if you don't know the structure of a language you can not use the words and communicate meaning. |
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What are Phonemes?
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• Minimal meaningful contrastive sounds.
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What is Phonemics?
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• The study of phonemes
Phonemics vs. Phoenetics = inside out vs. outside in |
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What is Phoenetics?
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• The study of language sounds as sounds
Phoenetics vs. Phonemics = outside in vs. inside out |
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What are allophones?
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• Sounds produced differently but heard as the same sounds
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What occurs in tandem with dense population settlements?
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• In order to sustain dense settlements, must have high food volume. For this reason cannot allow other peoples to infringe on crops.
- Relying on production of food for bulk of diet. If others take advantage of your own labor, you and your people will go hungry. • Leads to an increase in violence, territorialism, and abilities to become anonymous within a society. |
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What negative impact has food production had on humanity?
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• Foragers were almost immune to disease/warfare
• Food production intensifies illness and warfare. • Food producers lead to increase in disease • Wage labor => malnourishment |
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If so many problems with food production...why do it?
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• Greater food security
• Greater food volume - greater food volume is attractive b/c it prevents institutionalized infanticide |
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Why is infanticed practiced among foragers?
How is it phased out with food production? |
• Practiced as a means of population control, as foraging depends on having a low-density population.
• Higher food volume means wasting fewer infants, but the child is more likely to be malnourished due to less food variety. • With food production, more infants can be used as food laborers |
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What is the Neolithic Revolution?
Why did the Neolithic Revolution occur? |
• The first agricultural revolution - the transition from hunting and gathering communities and bands, to agriculture and settlement
• Two basic explanations: - Push Theories - imbalances in population and resources (needs) - Pull Theories - Human desires (wants) |
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What is the Push Theory?
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• Imbalances in population and resources (needs)
• Climate changes in some areas trigger resource reduction -people's response: store seeds, store other foods, weeding • Contribution: foragers are well-fed = population growth. Higher population = higher demand and groups start to impose on other's territory as population goes up resources go down. * people did this so that they could continue foraging...not start farming |
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What is the Pull Theory?
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• Human desires (wants)
• Contributions: drive to maximize resource collection ex.) try to obtain both plants and animals located in different areas |
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What does Egalitarian mean in Anthropological terms?
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• People have equal access to resources. Food and labor cannot be deprived to anyone. Does not mean that all are equal.
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What is the Subsistence Strategies Continuum?
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• Gives us a way to comparatively talk about diversity of systems in the world
• Foragers – Horticulturalists – Agriculturalists – Industrialists • There is no evolutionary scheme • Though there are ideal types, there is no top to bottom and the continuum cannot be ranked |
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Describe Foragers
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1) Egalitarian - equal access to strategic resources. food and labor cannot be denied.
2) Low population density / small population. 25 - 50 people 3) Bilateral descent - trace origins through both parents 4) Typically have uncentralized political organizations 5) 1 calorie spent = 3 calories back |
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describe Horticulturalists.
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1) Egalitarian
2) relatively low population density / small population. 250 - 500 people 3) semi permanent villages 4) lineal descent systems - trace through either parents...not both 5) rarely centralized politics 6) 1 calorie spent = 15-30 back. effective not efficient • Slash existing vegetation down, burn it, dig through ash, and plant. • No draft animals - all human labor • Well suited to forest edge environments • b/c of rich soil, weeds are hard to contain so eventually begin investing more labor than what is returned so shift plots and start over • Eventually forest will reclaim land and can rework it later |
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describe Agriculturalists
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1) Draft animals, plow, and irrigation
- land put into permanent production, allows permanent settlement - Plow - effective use of labor. re-enrich soil by turn nutrient back into earth. - Draft animals - allows more land to be worked, increases efficiency - land must eventually lie fallow, but still permanent 2) Permanent villages, towns, cities - direct result of increased volume of food production 3) Lineal Descent Systems 4) (generally speaking) non egalitarian - socially speaking there is either class or rank. unequal distribution 5) centralized political organization - goes hand in hand with rank + class 6) (generally characterized) dense population/ large society 7) 1 calorie spent = 50 calories back - Putting energy in staples. Not as broad variety and diversity in diet - quantity ≠ quality |
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describe Industrialists.
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1) Mechanized production: agriculture + industry
2) No egalitarian society. always find states. 3) Very dense / large population 4) 1 calorie spent = 5000 calories back • Don't have to invest as much energy BUT is energy wasteful. • Has some characteristics of agriculturalists but intensified |
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WHat are the basic building blocks of analysis of Social Organization?
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• Basic building blocks of analysis: Status and Role
• We all have multiple statuses and roles, which can lead to instances of role confusion. |
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What is status?
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• A position in society
- a garbage collector has as much status as a neurosurgeon • Value free term (not to be confused with prestige) |
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What is Role?
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• What you do b/c of status
• dynamic aspect of status • rights, duties, and responsibilities associated with a status |
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What are the 2 frames for discussing status?
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• Ascribed - involuntary (not born with) i.e. being middle aged
• Achieved - Voluntary or competitively attained |
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Descent Group Organization
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• members belong to a kin group b/c they trace descent to a common ancestor
• any publicly recognized social entity such that being a member of the group is determined by descent from an apical ancestor • Most common form of kinship • We don't have b/c being distantly related to someone does not make them kin, and does not make you owe them anything or imply any obligation • Genetics do not determine this |
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What are the two most common forms of descent group organization?
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• Patrilineal - descent is traced through males
• Matrilineal - descent is traced through females. (resource control defaults to mother's brother) |
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What is bilateral descent?
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• tracing descent equally through both parents
• deceptive b/c it isn't lineal even if it feels like it. • trace kinship side to side • brother and sister may not have the same effective kin ( not dependent on blood relation - kindred) then consider meaningful. • maximal kin gives maximal mobility • most common with societies that require geographic mobility • minimize kin connection in industrial societies • urban - patrilineal bonds shrink |
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What is the Iroquios Terminology system / Bifurcate - merging system?
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• merging same sex siblings and dependents
logic: anyone in previous generation providing resources is mother/father • Can employ large family for labor - can create a much larger family than aware of - the more hands in labor, the more food you get. • Pater - who assumes the role of father • Genitor - who is the biological father |
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what is moiety of descent group?
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• two and only two descent groups
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what is descent group exogamy?
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• marry out of descent group ( 1's can't marry 1's)
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What are the two types of descent groups?
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• Lineages and Clans
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describe lineages.
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• The apical ancestor is known - "demonstrative descent"
• corporate groups - control resources - assumption of perpetuality (there will always be lineages that control resources) • units of practicality • composed of households - typically co-residential |
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describe clans.
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• Suggestive descent, or totemic affiliation
- can't demonstrate descent, just know you have it. - totems can designate clan membership - occurs b/c human memory is limited • Ceremonial groups • units of integration - bring into a broader scale of society • composed of lineages - typically more geographically dispersed |
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What are the 3 major types of marriage?
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• note: marriage has a cultural explanation, not a biological one
1) monogamy - 1 husband, 1 wife 2) polygyny - 1 husband, multiple wives 3) polyandry - 1 wife, multiple husbands |
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what are the 3 types of post-marital residence?
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• neolocal post-marital residence - couple wants their own home
• virilocal post-marital residence - wives move into husband's family • uxorilocal post-marital residence - husbands move into wives family |
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what is bride wealth?
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• "at" marriage, the man's family transfers some item of "wealth" to the women's family
•Reasons: - Productive - unless utterly confined to domestic realm, any labor put in effort of food production is going to feed the family (lose a productive resource when young marries) - reproductive - grows the labor force. the more hands working fields, the more food production. (reproductive potential is lost in lineage) • Society's reasoning: lineage should not give up these valued resources. • imbedded to recognize contributions of women, not demean them • Admits all children to be housed in the man's lineage • If no children, families resort to sororal polygyny – sisters married to the same husband b/c the husband's family receives no benefits, thus the bride wealth must be payed back |
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What are conjugal families?
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• formed on basis of marital ties between spouses
a) Nuclear family b) Compound nuclear family |
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What are extended families?
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• Formed on basis of both marital ties and descent.
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Incest Taboo
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• Taboo comes from the Polynesian word Tabu which means something to be avoided.
• No society does not have incest taboo (only exceptions on incest) • This is a cultural institution - animalia avoid incest |
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Why is genetic variability important?
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• The more variability in the genetic base, the more opportunity to change with surroundings
• Animalia by and large avoid incest and will even expel young from group to ensure the gene pool is large |
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What are the 3 main theories for the source of the Incest Taboo?
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1) Biological degeneration Theory - products of incestuous unions are "bodily injurious"
2) Role Conflict Theory - intimacy of being raised in a family makes us want to have sex with family. "familiarity breeds attempt" 3) Avoidance Theory - |
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what is the Biological Degeneration Theory?
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• The products of incestuous unions are "bodily injurious" - damaging
• Suggests that early cultures saw the damaging effects of in-breeding and consciously developed an incest taboo - incredibly unlikely that this is the source of incest taboo. - vast majority of incestuous births are normal. - we do not carry many recessive genes. - we don't look at minority and make observations causily - early cultures with no written record wouldn't see the cause and effect b/c it would take several generations to comparatively observe. |
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What is the Role Conflict Theory?
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• The intimacy of being raised in a family makes us want to have sex with family. "familiarity breeds attempt"
• no basic nuclear family used as a socializing structure - highly variant roles across the world (ex. involvement of parents in raising child depend on cultures; some cultures the father is removed almost entirely from raising child) |
