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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ethnography
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the way we learn about a people through immersive fieldwork
-the product of fieldwork |
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four fields
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-archaeology - material remains
-bio/physical - evolution, bio/culture -linguistic - language/culture -cultural - social/cultural similarities, organizes nature |
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culture
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-key word
-essence, unite/define, characteristics -defines, separates, unites -changes in the definition itself -cultivation: development -process to product |
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German Romanticism
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-all cultures are equal
-marked a shift in how we see differences (not better or worse) -variation -spirit |
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“Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by humans as members of a society.” – EB Tylor, 1871
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You can acquire any habits, but the essence of culture is not the practice itself, but understanding WHY they are practiced
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it doesnt matter what we share
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variation
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armchair anthropology
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professionals gathered documents from explorers, missionaries, etc., used these to propose theories about other cultures
a. Issues: i. Bias (purpose of documents) ii. Not living amongst the people (separate settlements) iii. Not just scientific aims, not specifically anthropological iv. Communication, interpretation |
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Malinowski
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-father of Brit. anthro
-New Guinea, Trobriand Islands, Kula trading -i. Real scientific aims ii. Living alone among the culture iii. Collecting and analyzing data -matrilineal |
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body of culture
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-skeleton: framework/anatomy
-flesh/blood: real behavior, immersion -spirit: subjectivity - become part of the people |
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explicit v. tacit
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nothing is written down, nothing is directly explained, must be experienced
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etic v. emic
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emic: meaningful, from their POV
-etic: your POV -strive for EMIC: understand their POV |
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Boas
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-father of Am. anthro
-pluralism *cultures -empiricism -no alternating sounds, only perceptions (NA can look at us as primitive) -movement in space: language -grammar shows us how people see the world, shows what is important -phonetic apperception (cant hear differences) -differential threshold (smallest diff you can hear) -gram. categories -Baffin Land, eskimos -legends, maps, words for snow |
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Sapire-Wharf Hypothesis
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the language you speak shapes your experience of the world
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metaphor (Basso)
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Apache, place names
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Time and Space
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-Bali
-water temples -perfection never lasts -art in life -masks |
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The body
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-Mauss: an instrument/machine/technology, unspoken habits define a culture
-Martin: egg and sperm, gender roles, giving culture to something neutral |
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production/consumption
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a. Economy, family, society, social status
b. How do they eat c. Quantity/quality: social indications d. Symbolism, rituals, ceremonies, feasts e. Identity/Culture: “you are what you eat” – associate places with food f. Vegetarianism, vegan, etc. |
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acquisition over time
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-food collectors: moving around
-Neolithic rev: agriculture, fertile crescent, sedentism (settle down), hierarchy -industrialization: class system, urban/rural, more food and less work, mechanization |
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20th century characteristics
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-extreme inequality
-green rev -Bali: meaningful process involving social/ec aspects |
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green rev.
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technology applied to agriculture, conflicts over it
i. Benefits: Inc. production, ended starvation and poverty for many, necessary for general progress/modernization ii. Negatives: bad impact on environment/public health, widened gap btw. Rural populations, inc. gender inequality, “science is better than indigenous knowledge” iii. Green – oppose red (communism) |
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economic system
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an organized arrangement for producing, distributing, and consuming goods
-dif. wants/needs, what motivates us |
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Mauss: gifts/exchange
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-each system is an extreme system of exchange/gifts
-no free gifts: binding (universal) -must help societal bonds |
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Polynesian gifts
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i. Tonga: immovable, fixed property
ii. Oloa: movable iii. Mana: magical/spiritual, religious force of an object/creature iv. Hau: spirit of things |
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gifts/commodities
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1) Gift = inalienable (ownership cannot be transferred), the original owner is always attached to it
2) Purpose: create social ties, become interchangeable (souls/things) Commodity = alienable (ownership can be transferred) 3) Guilt, owing, debt (attached to something), contract, holding accountable/responsible 4) Obligations of the Gift: to give, receive, and reciprocate 5) Rejecting is bad, rejecting social ties (etiquette) |
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total social fact
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i. Juridical
ii. Religious iii. Economic iv. Social v. Aesthetic vi. Etc. |
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interplay
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i. Individual/society
ii. Freedom and obligation iii. Self interest and concern for others |
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Morocco
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-spectacle of fearsome
-cultures working together/melding -crossroads, Fes, two separate areas -Islam, Arabic -shame, hypocrisy |
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Guinea Bissau
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-rice
-ceremonies |
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Gable
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-Lauje: center of the world, poverty as a virtue, humbleness, sharing, Muslim/Indonesia
-Manjaco: gender roles, selfish, less pleasant, -tourism/pictures/morals |
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Pritchard
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-time and space
-Nuer -cattle -no word for time -seasons: dry/wet : tot/mai (jiom/Rwil) -dont have to conform to time -time is related to space/time -kinship -specific laws -year: largest unit |
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Sobo
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-jamaica/fat
-social status |
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cultures (first reading)
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-complexity
-created culture -basic unity -layers/levels of man -consensus gentium -basic needs -systematic relationships ****culture was an ingredient in evolution -man created itself: we are cultural artifacts |
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culture by contrast
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-centralized authority
-CONTRAST -process/cultivation -structuralization -inference/interpretation |
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Mauss
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-body principles: learned ways
-gender roles -variations with age -transmission of habits -efficiency -birth, infancy, adolescence, adulthood -aspects of daily life |
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personality
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-enculturation
-self awareness -names -orientation (object, temporal:time, spatial:moving objects, normative:values -MASK = persona -individualism: rituals, idealistic dreams, independence, super achievement |
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personhood
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what makes you a person (start/stop)
-persona (physical you: canvas, personality: paint) -fits: can't tell you're wearing it |
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Hindu personhood
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-group is priority
-reincarnation -caste: born into social group -karma/dharma: fate/destiny -sociocentric: focus on community |
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African personhood
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-ancestral spirits
-children: partial persons; process -animals: kin -no dualism; physical/spiritual states blend |
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Melanesian personhood
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-gradually gained through culture
-continues after death until all debts are paid -relations |
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Ojubwa: NA
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-ancestors/spirits
-everything is a person: power and influences |
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Euro/America
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-egocentric
-enlightenment -person - mind/conciousness -I think therefore I am -autonomous: your life, your fault, etc |
