Anthropology Final Exam

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Pre-primates associated with Paleocene

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Plesiadapiforms

> NOT primates

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Primates associated with Eocene

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Adapids & Omomyids

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Primates associated with Oligocene

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Propliopthecines & Parapithecines

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Primates associated with Miocene

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Proconulines & Sivapithecines

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Primates associated with Pliocene

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Ardipithecus -> Australopithecus

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Plesiadapiforms

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Paleocene (65-55 mya)

NOT primates
> longer snout
> NO postorbital bar
> eyes on side of head
> smaller brain
> claws, not nails
> NON-prehensile hands and feet

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Adapids & Omomyids

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Eocene (55-34 mya)

FIRST primates
> eyes facing forward
> postorbital bar
> relatively short snout
> nails
> prehensile hands and feet

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Location of Eocene primate fossils

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North America and Europe
> two continents connected by Greenland

LATE Eocene: Asia and North Africa

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Environment of Eocene primate fossils

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Tropical and sub-tropical

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Phylogeny of Adapids

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ancestral to lemurs and lorises

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Pylogeny of Omomyids

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ancestral to torises, traisers AND anthropoids

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Behavior and Diet of Eocene primates

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Adapids & Omomyids

>ALL arboreal quadrupeds
>absence of toothcomb

>some nocturnal, other diurnal
>some insectivores, other frugivores or folivores

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When were the first anthropoids found? What are the lineages?

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Oligocene (34-23 mya)
> 35-33 mya

Propliopithecines & Parapithecines

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Propliopithecines

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Oligocene anthropoids

Propliopithecus & Aegyptopithecus

2,1,2,3/2,1,2,3 (same as catarrhines)
> ancestral to Old World Monkeys and hominoids

> 12-18 lbs

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Parapithecines

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Oligocene (34-23mya)

Parapithecus & Apidium

2,1,3,3/2,1,3,3
> ancestral to New World Monkeys

> 2-6 pounds

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Behavior and Diet of Oligocene Primates

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Propliopithecines & Parapithecines

Diet: frugivory
Diurnal, Arboreal Quadrupeds

> sexual dimorphism in canine size suggest a polygynous organization

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When were the first hominoids found in fossil record?

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23 mya

Miocene (23-5 mya)

> based on Y-5 cusp pattern on inner molars

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When did maximum diversity of ape species occur?

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Miocene (23-5 mya)

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When did ape and hominoid lineages diverge?

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late Miocene (9-6 mya)

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Where are Miocene primate fossils found?

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hominoids

Africa- Early Miocene (23-16 mya)

Africa, Europe, & Asia (after 16 mya)
> Africa was separated from Europe & Asia by Tethys Sea
> 16 mya- Arabian plate provided corridor b/w Africa and Asia

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Miocene hominoids found in Africa

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(1) Proconsul
(2) Afropithecus
(3) Kenyapithecus

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Miocene hominoids found in Europe

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(1) Dryopithecus

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Miocene hominoids found in Asia

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(1) Sivapithecus

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Classification of Miocene hominoids based on Dentition

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Proconulines
> Proconsul (Af) & Dryopithecus (E)

smaller molars (v. larger)
thinner enamel (v. thicker)
thin gracile mandible (v. robust)

(compared to Sivapithecines)
> Sivapithecus (As), Kenyapithecus (Af), Afropithecus (Af)

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Implication of dental difference between Miocene hominoids

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Proconsulines (small molars, thinner enamel, gracile mandible)
>soft fruit

vs.

Sivapithecines (large, thick, robust)
> nuts & seeds

>>> due to ecological changes in Middle Miocene (tropical forest -> varied: t.forest, woodland, grassland)

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Which Miocene hominoid is believed to be ancestral to Pongo?

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Sivapithecus

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Which is considered the earliest hominoid? Why?

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Proconsul

> because of Y-5 cusp pattern

> arboreal quadruped (monkey-like postcranium)

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Gigantopithecus

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8-6 mya to 500,000 ya

Found in: Pakistan, India, China, Vietnam (Asia)

Dental: small incisors & canines; large molars w/ thick enamel- bamboo?

> 500-600 lbs
> likely terrestrially adapted

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Body Characteristics of Pliocene Primates

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Ardipithecus & Australopithecus

>bipedalism
>small canine size

Australopithecines
> sagittal crest

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What is the earliest evidence of hominids being bipedal?

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4 mya

Au. Anamensis

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Name of earliest stone tools? Date?

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Oldowan tools (2.6 mya)

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What type of environment were early hominid species associated with?

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Mostly savanna
> some woodland

> context in which bipedality emerged

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In which hominid did the sagittal crest arise?

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Australopithecus

> however earliest Homo do not have crest

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Hypotheses on Selective Advantage of Bipedality

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(1) increase in visual range
(2) free the hands to carry Oldowan tools
(3) Free hands to carry digging implements
(4) Free hands to harvest small fruits
(5) Free hands to carry food

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Provisioning Theory

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Theory regarding the selective advantage of BIPEDALITY
> C. Owen Lovejoy

> shorter interbirth intervals (2.5 yrs) = multiple dependent offspring

> paternal assistance required -> early hominids monogamous

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Problems with Theory of Selective Advantage of Bipedality

> Increase in Visual Range

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Why is the savanna baboon NOT bipedal?

Bipedalism is slow mode of locomotion to escape from predators

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Problems with Theory of Selective Advantage of Bipedality

> Free hands to carry Oldowan tools

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Earliest Oldowan tools = 2.6 mya

Earliest evidence of bipedality = 4 mya

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Problems with Theory of Selective Advantage of Bipedality

> Free hands to carry digging implements

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Earliest digging implements = < 2 mya

Earliest evidence of bipedality = 4 mya

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Problems with Theory of Selective Advantage of Bipedality

> Free hands to harvest small fruits

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> similar to Chimpanzees harvesting food

> earliest hominids and chimps differ in dental anatomy and therefore diet

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What are the dates Homo erectus existed?

Where were fossils found?

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1.8 mya - 200,000ya
> originated in Africa
>1st hominid to migrate from Africa

Africa (1.8mya)
Asia (1.6mya)
Eastern Europe (1.75mya)
Western Europ (1.2mya)

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Morphologies of H. erectus in comparison to EARLIER and LATER hominids

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(1) ↑ cranial capacity v. EARLIER Homo & Australopithecines; ↓ v. humans
(2) ↓ molar size, no change incisor size v. EARLIER Homo
(3) prominent supraorbital torus (browbridge)
(4) sagittal ridge
(5) facial prognathism
(6) no chin
(7) angulation of back of skull
(8) thicker cranial & postcranial bones v. EARLIER & LATER Homo

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Social Organization and Behavior of Homo erectus

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> hunter gatherer
> used Acheulian tools
> use of fire (Zhoukoudian by 500,000 ya)
> probably use of clothing
> no evidence of burial

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Dates and Location of Homo heidelbergensis

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(850,000-200,000 ya)

> Africa, Europe, and perhaps Asia

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Morphologies of Homo heidelbergensis

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> mean cranial capacity at 1,177 cm3 (Larger than H. erectus, smaller than humans)
> ↓ molar size v. H. erectus
> ↑ incisor size v. H. erectus
> ↓ skeletal robustness v. H. erectus

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Date and Location of Homo neanderthalensis

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(130,000-32,000 ya)

>Europe and Western Asia

>contemporaries of Neandertals, other pre-moder humans, in Africa

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Morphologies of Homo neanderthalensis

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> mean cranial capacity 1520 cm3 (larger than H. heidelbergensis AND modern humans)
> occipital bun
> ↓ molar teeth
> ↑ incisor teeth
> no chin
> prognathic face
> prominent supraorbital torus
> large nose
> high body mass
> short arms and legs

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Mean cranial capacity of humans

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1350 cm3

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Mean cranial capacity of Homo neanderthalensis

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1520 cm3

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Mean cranial capacity of Homo habilis

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631 cm3

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Mean cranial capacity of Homo erectus

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900 cm3

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Social Behavior of Homo neanderthalensis

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> assisted disabled individuals (survived trama to skeletons, much have been cared for)
> FIRST members of Homo to bury their dead deliberately
> lived in caves, rock overhangs, open air sites
> Hunter gatherer
> NO cave paintings

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Two (2) Models to explain Homo sapiens species Origin

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(1) Regional Continuity Model
> worldwise and simultaneous evolution of erectus -> heidelbergensis -> Neandertals -> modern human

(2) Complete Replacement Model (Recent African Evolution)
> modern human speciation about 200,000 in Africa, later migrated

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Generalizations of Homo evolution

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(1) increase in cranial capacity
(2) increase in incisor size to Neandertal, then decrease in amh
(3) decrease in molar size

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Importance of Africa in human evolution

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(1) hominids originated in Africa
(2) Homo originated in Africa
(3) H. erectus originated in Africa (then migrated)
(4) ~ H. sapiens originated in Africa (then migrated)