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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Rites of Passage |
There are 3 Separation: from the old social position and from normal time Transition: into a luminal position, neither part of the old life nor part of the new life Reaggregation: reintroduced am individual into society in their new social position |
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What is Ritual |
Rituals are Repetitive social practices Composed of symbolic activities such as speech, singing, and dancing Associated with the manipulation performance is as important to the study |
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Who are food collectors |
Hunter-gathers |
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Who are food producers |
1. Horticulture 2. Pastoralism 3. Agriculture/intensive farming |
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Archaeology |
A cultural anthropology of the human past focusing on material evidence of human modification of the physical environment |
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Archaeological record |
All material objects constructed by humans or near-humans revealed by archaeology |
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Site |
A precise geographical location of the remains of past human activity |
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Artifacts |
Objects that have been deliberately and intelligently shaped by human or near-human activity |
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Features |
Nonportable remnants from the past, such as house walls or ditches |
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Ethnoarchaeology |
The study of the way present-day societies use artifacts and structures and how these objects become part of the archaeological record |
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Survey |
The physical examination of a geographical region in which promising sites are most likely to be found |
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Excavation |
The systematic uncovering of archaeological remains through removal of the deposits of soil and other material covering them and accompanying them |
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Digital heritage |
Digital information about the past available on the internet. It can include a range of materials from digitized documents and photographs to images of artifacts to video and sound recordings |
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Subsistence strategy |
Different ways that people in different societies go about meeting their basic material survival needs |
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Band |
The characteristic form of social organization found among foragers. Bands are small, usually no more than 50 people, and labor is divided ordinarily on the basis of age and sex. All adults in band societies have roughly equal access to whatever material or social valuables are locally available |
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Tribe |
A society that is generally larger than a band, whose members usually farm or herd for a living. Social relations in a tribe are still relatively egalitarian, although there may be a chief who speaks for the group or organizes certain group activities. |
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Sodalities |
Special-purpose groupings that may be organized on the basis of age, sex, economic role, and personal interest |
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Chiefdom |
A form of social organization in which a leader (the chief) and close relatives are set apart from the rest of the society and allowed privileged access to wealth, power, and prestige |
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Status |
A particular social position in a group |
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State |
A stratified society that possesses a territory that is defended from outside enemies with an and from internal disorder with police. A state, which has a separate set of government institutions designed to enforce laws and to collect taxes and tribute, is run by an elite that possesses a monopoly on the use of force |
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Feminist archaeology |
A research approach that explores why women’s contributions have been systematically written out of the archaeological record and suggests new approaches to the human past that include such contributions |
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Gender archaeology |
Archaeological research that draws on insights from contemporary gender studies to investigate how people come to recognize themselves as different from others, how people represent these differences, and how others react to such claims |
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Historical archaeology |
The study of archaeological sites associated with written records, frequently the study of post-European contact sites in the world. |
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Cosmopolitanism |
Being able to move with ease from one cultural setting to another. Being at ease in more that one cultural setting |
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Domestication |
Human interference with the reproduction of another species, with the result that specific plants and animals become more useful to people and dependent on them |
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Ecological niche |
Any species’ way of life: what it eats and how it finds mates, raises its young, relates to companions, and protects itself from predators |
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Evolutionary niche |
Sum of all the natural selection pressures to which a population is exposed |
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Niche construction |
When an organism actively perturbs the environment or when it actively moves into a different environment, thereby modifying the selection pressures it is subject to |
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Agriculture |
The systematic modification of the environments of plants and animals to increase their productivity and usefulness |
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Agroecology |
The systemically modified environment (or constructed niche) the becomes the only environment within which domesticated plants can flourish |
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Sedentism |
The process of increasingly permanent habitation in one place |
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Broad-spectrum foraging |
A subsistence strategy based on collecting a wide range of plants and animals by hunting, fishing, and gathering |
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Social stratification |
A form of social organization in which people have unequal access to wealth, power, and prestige |
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Neolithic |
The “New Stone Age” which began with the domestication of plants 10,300 years ago |
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Egalitarian social relations |
Social relations in which no great differences in wealth, power, or prestige divide members from one another |
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Surplus production |
The production of amounts of food that exceed the basic subsistence needs of the population |
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Occupational specialization |
Specialization in various occupations (e.g., weaving or pot making) or in new social rules (e.g., king or priest) that is found in socially complex societies |
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Class |
A ranked group within a hierarchically stratified society whose membership is defined primarily in terms of wealth, occupation, or other economic criteria |
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Complex societies |
Societies with large populations, an extensive division of labor, and occupational specialization |
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Monumental architecture |
Architectural constructions of a greater-than-human scale, such as pyramids, temples, and tombs |
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Grave goods |
Objects buried with a corpse |
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Concentrations of particular artifacts |
Sets of artifacts indicating that particular social activities took place at a particular area in an archaeological site when that site was inhabited in the past |
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Sherds |
Pieces of broken pots |
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Bloodwealth |
Material goods paid by perpetrators to compensate their victims for their loss |
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Culture |
Sets of learned behaviors and ideas that humans acquire as members of society. Humans use culture to adapt to and transform the world in which they live |
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Socialization |
The process by which human being as material organisms, living together with other similar organisms, cope with the behavioral rules established by their respective societies |
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Enculturation |
The process by which human beings living with one another must learn to come to terms with the ways of thinking and feeling that are considered appropriate in their respective cultures |
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Symbol |
Something that stands for something else |
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Human agency |
The exercise of at least some control over their lives by human beings |
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Holism |
Perspective on the human condition that assumes that mind and body, individuals and society, and individuals and the environment interpenetrate and even define one another |
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Coevolution |
The dialectical relationship between biological processes and symbolic cultural processes, in which each makes up an important part of the environment to which the other must adapt |
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Ethnocentrism |
The opinion that one’s own way of life is natural or correct and, indeed, the only way of being fully human |
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Cultural relativism |
Understanding another culture in its own terms sympathetically enough so that the culture appears to be a coherent and meaningful design for living |
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Cultural imperialism |
The idea that some cultures dominate others and that domination by one culture leads inevitably to the destruction of subordinated cultures and their replacement by the culture of those in power |
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Friction |
The awkward, unequal, unstable aspects of interconnection across difference |
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Language |
The system of arbitrary symbols human beings use to encode and communicate about their experience of the world and one another |
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Grammar |
A set of rules that aim to describe fully the patterns of linguistic usage observed by speakers of a particular language |
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Linguistics |
The scientific study of language |
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Icon |
A sign that looks like that which it represents |
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Index |
A sign that points to, or is beside, or is casually linked to that which it signifies |
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Linguistic competence |
A term coined by linguist Noam Chomsky to refer to the mastery of adult grammar |
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Pragmatics |
The study of language in the context of its use |
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Play |
A framing (or orienting context) that is (1) consciously adopted by the players, (2) somehow pleasurable, and (3) systemically related to what is nonplay by alluding to the nonplay world and by transforming the objects, roles, actions, and relations of ends and means characteristic of the nonplay world |
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Metacommunication |
Communication about the process of communication itself |
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Framing |
A cognitive boundary that marks certain behaviors as “play” or as “ordinary life” |
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Reflexivity |
Critical thinking about the way one thinks; reflection on one’s own experience |
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Art |
Play with form producing some aesthetically successful transformation-representation |
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Myths |
Stories that recount how various aspects of the world came to be the way they are. The power of myths comes from their ability to make life meaningful for those who accept them. The truth of myths seems self-evident because they effectively integrate personal experiences with a wider set of assumptions about how the world works |
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Orthodoxy |
“Correct doctrine”; the prohibition of deviation from approved mythic texts |
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Ritual |
A repetitive social practice composed of a sequence of symbolic activities in the form of dance, song, speech, gestures, or the manipulation of objects; adhering to a culturally defined scheme; and closely connected to a specific set of ideas that are often encoded in myth |
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Rite of passage |
A ritual that serves to mark the movement and transformation of an individual from one social position to another |
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Rite of passage |
A ritual that serves to mark the movement and transformation of an individual from one social position to another |
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Shaman |
A part-time religious practitioner who is believed to have the power to contact supernatural forces directly on behalf of individuals or groups |
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Rite of passage |
A ritual that serves to mark the movement and transformation of an individual from one social position to another |
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Shaman |
A part-time religious practitioner who is believed to have the power to contact supernatural forces directly on behalf of individuals or groups |
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Priest |
A religious practitioner skilled in the practice of religious rituals, which he or she carries out for the benefit of the group |
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Whichcraft |
The performance of evil by human beings believed to possess an innate, nonhuman power to do evil, whether or not it is intentional or self-aware |
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Whichcraft |
The performance of evil by human beings believed to possess an innate, nonhuman power to do evil, whether or not it is intentional or self-aware |
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Magic |
A set of beliefs and practices designed to control the visible or invisible world for specific purposes |
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Oracles |
Invisible forces to which people address questions and whose responses they believe to be truthful |
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Oracles |
Invisible forces to which people address questions and whose responses they believe to be truthful |
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Social organization |
The patterning of human interdependence in a given society through the actions and decisions of its members |
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Oracles |
Invisible forces to which people address questions and whose responses they believe to be truthful |
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Social organization |
The patterning of human interdependence in a given society through the actions and decisions of its members |
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Economic anthropology |
The part of the discipline of anthropology that debates issues of human nature that relate directly to the decisions of daily life and making a living |
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Oracles |
Invisible forces to which people address questions and whose responses they believe to be truthful |
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Social organization |
The patterning of human interdependence in a given society through the actions and decisions of its members |
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Economic anthropology |
The part of the discipline of anthropology that debates issues of human nature that relate directly to the decisions of daily life and making a living |
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Mode of production |
A specific, historically occurring set of social relations through which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills, organization, and knowledge |
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Oracles |
Invisible forces to which people address questions and whose responses they believe to be truthful |
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Social organization |
The patterning of human interdependence in a given society through the actions and decisions of its members |
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Economic anthropology |
The part of the discipline of anthropology that debates issues of human nature that relate directly to the decisions of daily life and making a living |
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Mode of production |
A specific, historically occurring set of social relations through which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills, organization, and knowledge |
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Means of production |
The tools, skills, organization, and knowledge used to extract energy from nature |
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Oracles |
Invisible forces to which people address questions and whose responses they believe to be truthful |
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Social organization |
The patterning of human interdependence in a given society through the actions and decisions of its members |
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Economic anthropology |
The part of the discipline of anthropology that debates issues of human nature that relate directly to the decisions of daily life and making a living |
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Mode of production |
A specific, historically occurring set of social relations through which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills, organization, and knowledge |
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Means of production |
The tools, skills, organization, and knowledge used to extract energy from nature |
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Relations of production |
The social relations linking the people who use a given means of production within a particular mode of production |
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Oracles |
Invisible forces to which people address questions and whose responses they believe to be truthful |
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Social organization |
The patterning of human interdependence in a given society through the actions and decisions of its members |
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Economic anthropology |
The part of the discipline of anthropology that debates issues of human nature that relate directly to the decisions of daily life and making a living |
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Mode of production |
A specific, historically occurring set of social relations through which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills, organization, and knowledge |
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Means of production |
The tools, skills, organization, and knowledge used to extract energy from nature |
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Relations of production |
The social relations linking the people who use a given means of production within a particular mode of production |
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Classes |
Ranked groups within a hierarchically stratified society whose membership is defined primarily in terms of wealth, occupation, or other economic criteria |
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Oracles |
Invisible forces to which people address questions and whose responses they believe to be truthful |
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Social organization |
The patterning of human interdependence in a given society through the actions and decisions of its members |
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Economic anthropology |
The part of the discipline of anthropology that debates issues of human nature that relate directly to the decisions of daily life and making a living |
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Mode of production |
A specific, historically occurring set of social relations through which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills, organization, and knowledge |
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Means of production |
The tools, skills, organization, and knowledge used to extract energy from nature |
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Relations of production |
The social relations linking the people who use a given means of production within a particular mode of production |
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Classes |
Ranked groups within a hierarchically stratified society whose membership is defined primarily in terms of wealth, occupation, or other economic criteria |
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Consumption |
The using up of material goods necessary for human survival |
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Oracles |
Invisible forces to which people address questions and whose responses they believe to be truthful |
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Social organization |
The patterning of human interdependence in a given society through the actions and decisions of its members |
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Economic anthropology |
The part of the discipline of anthropology that debates issues of human nature that relate directly to the decisions of daily life and making a living |
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Mode of production |
A specific, historically occurring set of social relations through which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills, organization, and knowledge |
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Means of production |
The tools, skills, organization, and knowledge used to extract energy from nature |
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Relations of production |
The social relations linking the people who use a given means of production within a particular mode of production |
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Classes |
Ranked groups within a hierarchically stratified society whose membership is defined primarily in terms of wealth, occupation, or other economic criteria |
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Consumption |
The using up of material goods necessary for human survival |
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Affluence |
The condition of having more than enough of whatever is required to satisfy consumption needs |
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Oracles |
Invisible forces to which people address questions and whose responses they believe to be truthful |
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Social organization |
The patterning of human interdependence in a given society through the actions and decisions of its members |
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Economic anthropology |
The part of the discipline of anthropology that debates issues of human nature that relate directly to the decisions of daily life and making a living |
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Mode of production |
A specific, historically occurring set of social relations through which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills, organization, and knowledge |
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Means of production |
The tools, skills, organization, and knowledge used to extract energy from nature |
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Relations of production |
The social relations linking the people who use a given means of production within a particular mode of production |
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Classes |
Ranked groups within a hierarchically stratified society whose membership is defined primarily in terms of wealth, occupation, or other economic criteria |
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Consumption |
The using up of material goods necessary for human survival |
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Affluence |
The condition of having more than enough of whatever is required to satisfy consumption needs |
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When did people start farming? |
150,000 - 200,000 years ago |
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Kinds of supernatural |
1. Belief that things in nature have souls/spirits (animism) 2. Supernatural beings of human origins 3. Supernatural beings of non-human origin, self-made |
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Attributes of human language |
Displacement Arbitrariness Duality (patterning) Productivity |
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Absolute dating |
Radiocarbon dating Potassium-argon dating |
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Radioactive dating |
Good way to date younger material |
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Potassium-argon dating |
Good for older material |
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Old Stone Age |
Paleolithic 2,500,000 - 8,000 BCE Stone chopping tools Mobile communities Hunter-gatherers Cave paintings and small carvings |
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New Stone Age |
Neolithic 8,000 - 3,000 BCE Numerous tools, jewelry from bone, wood, Stone etc. Permanent settlements Domestication and agriculture Modern humans only ones left on earth |
