Anthropology 163 Lab 9

Front 1

Back 1

H. erectus lower jaw:
larger skull than H. habilis but in relation to molar size the H. erectus teeth are small.

Front 2

Back 2

H. erectus side view:
Note the prominent sagittal keel, supraorbital torus, the occipital (nuchal) torus, and the lack of a mental eminence.

Front 3

Back 3

H. erectus posterior view:
Note where the cranial width is. It's more towards the base of the cranium.

Front 4

Back 4

H. erectus face:
Note how prognathic the face is, it's less prognathic than H. habilis but the supraorbital torus is more prominent.

Front 5

Back 5

H. habilis lower jaw:
Note the size of the molars compared to the braincase, the teeth are relatively large in ratio to the cranium.

Front 6

Back 6

H. habilis side view:
Note the subtle sagittal keel, supraorbital torus, occipital (nuchal) torus, and lack mental eminence.

Front 7

Back 7

H. habilis posterior view:
Note the widest point of the skull.

Front 8

Back 8

H. hiedelbergensis side view:
The braincase and projecting brow ridge is intermediate between H. sapien and H. erectus.

Front 9

Back 9

H. hiedelbergensis posterior view:
Note where the widest point of the skull lies intermediate between the widest point of H. erectus and H. sapiens, not as high as a human's or low as an erectus.

Front 10

Back 10

Left: H. neanderthalensis, Right: H. sapiens
Compare the sizes of the cranial vault. The H. neanderthalensis is larger and a more prominent brow ridge. Also note the larger nasal aperture.

Front 11

Back 11

H. neanderthalensis side and front view
Note a lack of mental eminence and the cranial vault is less round than a H. sapiens'.

Front 12

Back 12

H. neanderthalensis jaw
H. neanderthalensis is the only Homo that has retromolar gap.

Front 13

Back 13

H. sapiens skull
Note the shape of the cranial vault, the relatively small teeth, the presence of a mental eminence, and subtle brow ridge.

Front 14

Sagittal Keel

Back 14

A thickening of bone on part or all of the midline of the frontal bone.

Front 15

Supraorbital Torus

Back 15

Or brow ridge, refers to a bony ridge above the eye sockets.

Front 16

Occipital (Nuchal) Torus

Back 16

A thickened bony prominence extending some or across the back of the head.

Front 17

Supraorbital Sulcus

Back 17

A broad depression, or groove, between the brow ridges and frontal bone.

Front 18

Nasal Aperture

Back 18

The width of the nasal opening.

Front 19

Mental Eminence

Back 19

A projecting mandibular bone, or the presence of a chin.

Front 20

What's the difference between Oldowan and Acheulean tools?

Back 20

Oldowan tools are the flakes of rocks, used for meat, associated with H. habilis. Acheulean tools were used by H. erectus and later hominids, the to old was the core of a stone and would take significant strength and mental capacity for its creation.

Front 21

H. erectus

Back 21

-First hominid species to spread out of Africa
-Dated back to 1.9 million years ago
~1.7 Ma @ Dmanisi site in Georgia (not the state)
~1.2 Ma in Spain
~700,000 in China
~250,000-50,000 in Pacific Asia

-Associated with more sophisticated tools and technological firsts, like using fire and the "soft hammer" technique

Front 22

H. habilis

Back 22

-Appears 2.4-2.3 Ma
~roughly same time as Paranthropus
~found with Paranthropus fossils
-Found in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
-AKA "Handy Man"
~was found with tools and first hominid associated with tool making.
-Attained some Australopithecus features

Front 23

H. hiedelbergensis

Back 23

-Replaces H. erectus in Africa and Europe around 600-800 Ka
~fossils date from 600,000-250,000 years ago
-Displays several intermediate features between H. erects, H. neanderthalensis, and H. sapiens
~sometimes more resemble H. erectus, sometimes more modern
-Evolves into H. neanderthalensis in Europe
-Evolves into modern human in Africa

Front 24

H. neanderthalensis

Back 24

-Distinct group known entirely in Europe, W. Asia, and (maybe) Siberia
~the earliest fossils are ~300,000 years old
~they go extinct 25-30,000 years ago
-Their existence overlaps with H. sapiens (that's us) in Europe
-Their distinctive morphology that may be adaptive for extreme cold of Ice-Age Eurpope

Front 25

H. sapiens

Back 25

-20,000 years ago present in Africa
-SW Asia by 90,000 years ago
-E Asia and Australia by 50,000 years ago
-Europe around 35,000 years ago
-The Americas aprox. 13,000 years ago

Front 26

Back 26

Oldowan tools:
-Associated with H. habilis
-Displays the "hard hammer" technique
~"hard hammer" technique: banging rocks together
-One would make these with the intention to use the flakes and not cores

Front 27

Back 27

Acheulean tools:
-Associated with H. erectus and later hominids
-Displays the "soft hammer" technique
~"soft hammer" technique: a softer rock is used to shape the core
-Grew to be more sophisticated over time
-Tool maker had to actively plan during the making of the tool
~takes a lot of strength
~the intent was to use the core