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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Homo habilis |
-found in 1970s in East Africa -big brain size w/ broad face Homo habilis sensu lato = "broadest sense" Homo habilis sensu stricto = "strictest sense" 2.3 - 1.7 mya -smaller jaw + teeth -reduced prognathism (philtrum sticking out) -longer, rounder head -steeper forehead (550 - 800 cc) -widest part of the skull now @ back -bipedal -decreased sexual dimorphism -Oldowan stone tool users... name means "Handy man" |
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Homo erectus |
1.8 mya - 300 kya
-larger brain size (800 - 1000 cc) -smaller teeth -orthognathic (flatter face) -retains a substantial supraorbital torus (brow ridges) -reduced post-orbital constriction -larger body size -modern human proportions -growth rate - ape or human? -wide geographic dist... Eurasian + Africa *first evidence of fire in China, 700 kya used achulean stone tools changes in ranging behavior -pleistocene environment: savanna spreads in shift btwn interglacial period >> glacial -larger body size -bigger home range (areas needed to gather resources) -bigger brain = longer developmental period *not found in Europe until later b/c of temperate zones |
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Homo heidelbergensis |
1mya - 250kya -distribution: Africa, Eurasia -"archaic modern humans" -Mauer mandible - 500 kya. robust jawline, shallow top part.. -thick brow ridges w/ separation -features =variable by region -european-shorter, squat body type -increased cranial capacity - 1200 cc behavior -captured fire -built shelter -spears -symbolic? burial... probably not -stone tool used on human bone - cannibalism? skinning?? -achulean technology, but more refined |
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Homo sapiens neanderthalensis |
400 kya - 28 kya -not found in Africa. only Eurasia-evolve during deep ice age morphology -light skin, very similar features to us -elongated cranium -occipital bun - strong neck muscles -projecting mid-face -more prominent supraorbital torus -no chin or receding chin -lower, receding forehead -large cranial capacity - 1400cc - 1600cc -wider nose -retromolar gap body morphology -broad shoulders -thick cortical bone -wide pelvis -robust hand bones -robust joint surfaces -short lower leg ("cural index") behavior -manufactured fire -shelter -compassion? language? middle paleolithic technology -mousterian technology - spears used for close-range thrusting -levallois cores/flakes = first industrial revolution b/c of standardization. scraping tools used for hides and fur. specialization? distribution = Europe + Eurasia (colder climate) *classified as human subspecies b/c there was some mating btwn us and + Neanderthals |
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Homo sapiens sapiens |
earliest H. sapiens sapiens = 195 kya
morphology: -reduced brow ridge + zygomatic arch -steep forehead -rounded cranium -reduced nasal size -small teeth -lack of Neanderthal features -large cranial capacity (1400cc) -orthognatic face (flat) -chin -gracile -reduced muscle mass technology = advanced. upper paleolithic -blades, spearpoints, bone hooks, harpoons, needles Geographic dist = everywhere behavior -anatomical modernity precedes behavioral modernity -speech? -symbolic behavior = compassion, religion, art, ornamentation -politics - econ. hierarchies, warfare -agriculture/medicine, health care -complex cultural systems -religion -division of living space -sedentism - people build homes and stay in one place for a long time migration events: out of Africa >> huge dispersal into Europe contributed to extinction of Neanderthals |
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Homo floresiensis |
-first found in Indonesia
-only 1 complete skull -tiny brain, but technology associated w/ it... stone tools Island Biogeography (E. O. Wilson) -island dwarfism -island gigantism |
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Oldowan technology |
2.6 - 1.5 mya Early Stone Age/Lower Paleolithic -chopper - unmodified rock w/ one modified sharp edge-flake production - sharp edges -hammer stones - rare in the record. round hammers used to remove flakes. very dense -used by Homo habilis -possibly Australopithecus boisei? Australopithecus garhi? **Stone Age = Africa Paleolithic = Europe + Asia used to -cut bone (food? marrow) -percussion marks -access to unique resources (...marrow) |
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Achulean technology |
1.5 mya - 250kya used by H. erectus and H. heidelbergensis -handaxes or bifaces -in France, Kenya -found in large #s... garbage heaps -lightweight source for flakes, not tools themselves |
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Mousterian technology |
Middle Paleolithic
used by Neanderthals -stone tools attached to spears for close-range thrusting -used for group hunting levallois cores/flakes -prepared core technology to remove 1 flake -first "industrial revolution" = standardization -flint or obsidian -scraping tools for hides/fur -specialization? |
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Upper Paleolithic technology |
40-26 kya "Aurignacian" technology used by H. sapiens sapiens -complicated blades-spearpoints -small, pointed blades for hunting -bone hooks, harpoons, needles, etc |
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Neolithic technology |
Agriculture -harvesting and sowing technology -tools for clearing fields, prepping fields, planting fields, harvesting and gathering grains |
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Hunting vs. scavenging in early humans |
Human evolution and meat -brain consumes a lot of calories... -meat = quick energy, easy to digest in small amounts -still, meat only consumed occasionally -accessibility: -hunting -passive scavenging -active scavenging? - groups scare off successful predators |
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Out of Africa theory |
-there is NOT gene flow between Homo erectus populations
-over time, isolation of African populations led to the gradual evolution of Homo sapiens in Africa -Homo sapiens evolved in Africa and dispersed out at a later date Hypothetical expectations -earliest fossil evidence in Africa -genetic evidence should point to more variation of genetic material in Africa and less genetic variation outside of Africa -the earliest evidence of modern human behavior shows up in Africa first |
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Multiregional theory |
-there IS gene flow between Homo erectus populations
-over time, this leads to the gradual, linear evolution of Homo sapiens in multiple regions around the world simultaneously Hypothetical expectations -earliest fossil evidence for Homo sapiens should show up everywhere simultaneously -genetic evidence should NOT point to an African origin -earliest evidence of modern human behavior should show up everywhere simultaneously |
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Mitochondrial DNA |
***all ppl share the same mutation found in Mitochondrial DNA originating in East Africa
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Y-Chromosomal DNA |
***every human chromosome has Neanderthal representation EXCEPT for the Y chromosome
-speciation did NOT occur but it almost did... some individuals who inherited the Y-chromosome from Neanderthals were born sterile |
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Bergmann and Allen's Rule |
adaptation to cold (arctic climate) = short, squat body
hot climate = long, skinny body |
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Denisovians |
42 kya Denisovia Cave, Siberia *one pinky bone found -Homo heidelbergensis evolves into cold-adapted Neanderthals in Europe -Homo heidelbergensis evolves into the "Denisovians" in Asia? their genes show up in us today... esp in Filipinos!!! |
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Neanderthal extinction |
Died out b/c of -quickly changing temperatures... ice age/warm -increase in competition w/ us (complex technology + culture, large #s) -small populations led to inbreeding issues |
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Agriculture - when? where? |
Earliest evidence: Mesopotamia 12 kya -"Fertile Crescent" - species that could easily be domesticated -Tigris River + Euphrates River Asia - 7 kya N. America - 7 kya S. America - 6 kya Europe (Middle Eastern crops) - 5-6 kya Africa (late development) - 4-5 kya -combination of: species difficult to domesticate + a lot of disease |
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Reconstructing past climates |
Milankovitch Cycles - astronomical factors 1. precession (26 ky cycle) 2. axial tilt (41 ky cycle) 3. eccentricity (100 ky cycle) - highly elliptical orbit vs. nearly circular 4. combination of these events Oxygen Isotopes -standard ratio of oxygen isotopes = d^18O -ocean evaporates H2O... every oxygen atom is either ^16O or ^18O -more ^16O evaporates b/c it weighs less >>more ^16O in clouds, more ^18O in oceans -rainfall increases this; more ^18O falls b/c it's heavier DURING AN ICE AGE -d^18O in oceans is more positive b/c there is more of it... DURING AN INTERGLACIAL PERIOD (warm) -d^18O more negative b/c there is relatively less of it.. ^16O released back to oceans Stable carbon isotopes -analyzing photosynthetic processes C3 pathway: -cooler temperature, moist environment -most plants = C3 -select ^12C and ^14C over other C molecules C4 pathway: -arid, hotter climates where CO2 levels are less, and the risk of heat damage increases -C4 will consume 12C, 13C, and 14C |
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Australopithecus afarensis |
LUCY! 3.9 - 2.9 mya found in Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania (E. Africa) gracile "Lucy's Baby" or "Selam" -3.3 mya -Dikika, Ethiopia -evidence for developmental processes, short childhood -hyoid bone indicating the position of the voice box... looks like a chimp's "First Family" 3.2 mya -Ethiopia -13 individuals -most bones found = jaws, teeth, some humeri and femora (femur) -evidence of dimorphism? males potentially much larger, but not in canines -cause of death = probably hyena den |
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Australopithecus africanus |
3.3 - 2.1 mya South Africa, gracile "Taung Child" ~3 or 4 y/o individual -brain size: 450 cc -osteodontokeratic culture (Raymond Dart) - sharp bones, violent, hunting... ***actually being eaten. discovered thru middle-range experiments by Bob Brain |
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Australopithecus sediba |
1.98 mya
South Africa, gracile Anatomy: -vertical cranial walls, overall small cranium (430 cc) -reduced zygomatic arches (cheekbones) -reduced postorbital constriction -smaller teeth -significantly derived pelvic morphology -relatively long arms -derived femoral morphology, highly bipedal ** could be the ancestral species to our own genus!! BUT Homo habilis evolved before sediba, and habilis hasn't been found in S. Africa |
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Australopithecus boisei and Australopithecus robustus |
Australopithecus boisei Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania 2.3- 1.2 mya -first evidence of Hominins in E. Africa! -very post-orbitally constricted -small brain size -ROBUST Australopithecus robustus 1.8 - 1.2 mya -largest brain size (530 cc) -found in S. Africa |
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Modern human evolution |
Evidence for it Modern human variation |
