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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Having several variant forms, especially subspecies or varieties
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polytypic
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Those distinguished by cultural similarities and differences
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Ethnic Group
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An ethnic group assumed to a biological basis
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Race (Kottak definition)
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Categories defined mostly by continental ancestry
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Race (US Census definition)
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When/where did humans first evolve?
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200,000 years ago/Eastern Africa
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What happened to those first humans?
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Some migrated out of Africa and encountered new climates
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What causes variations in and among populations?
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Natural selection and chance mutations
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What is clinal variation?
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Variation not distributed along continental boundaries
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What are ancestry informative markers?
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Gene that is different between populations
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What are ancestry informative markers used for?
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To distinguish between individuals from distant populations; to tell us interesting things about genetic ancestry; to spot differences between populations
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What is hypodescent?
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The automatic assignment of children of a mixed union or mating between members of different socioeconomic groups or ethnic groups to the group that is considered subordinate or inferior
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What is hyperdescent?
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The practice in which children are assigned to the race that is considered dominant or superior. The opposite of hypodescent.
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What is the Tennessee State Legislature, 1910: Racial Purity Act?
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Legislation stating that any individual with any Sub-Saharan African blood
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What is Virginia's Racial Integrity Act (1924)?
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Legislation stating that any individual with less than 1/16th Native American blood is an "Indian"
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What are the advantages of having lighter skin?
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Vitamin D Production, decreased risk of Rickets, Immune System Function
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What are the advantages of having darker skin?
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Less of a risk of skin cancer, folate photolysis, and neural tube defects
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What do Bergman's and Allen's rules state?
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People in colder climates tend to be short and broad with short limbs (in order to stay warm) and people in warmer climates tend to be tall and narrow with long limbs
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What is Sex?
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A biological category that separates individuals into male and female is based on biological differences
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What is Sexual Dimorphism?
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Differences in the physical form of males and females
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What is Gender?
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Cultural construction that determines the way members of different sexes are perceived, evaluated, and expected to behave
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What are Gender Stereotypes?
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Culturally determined assumptions and understandings about the innate attributes of individual males and females.
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What do we accept Gender Stereotypes?
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Because they are a part of our culture
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What is Gender Hierarchy or Stratification?
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Unequal distribution of rewards (socially valued resources, power, prestige, and personal freedom) between men and women reflecting their positions in a social hierarchy
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What's an example of Gender Hierarchy/Stratification?
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Sex ratios in India (men are preferred to women), footbinding in China, violence against women (in both the U.S. and Bangladesh)
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What is Gender Crossing?
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Process in which a member of one sex can adopt the roles and behavior (gender) associated with the opposite sex, with little or not stigma or punishment
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What are Multiple Gender Identities?
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Definitions of identities beyond the male-female duality, including third and fourth genders such as man-woman and woman-man
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What is Religion?
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a kind of human behavior which can be classified as belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings, powers and forces (Anthony F.C. Wallace)
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What is a Ritual?
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the prescribed performance of conventionalized acts manifestly directed toward the involvement of supernaturals in the efforts of the actors (R.A.Rappaport)
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What are the characteristics of a ritual?
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1. Formal 2. Special places and times 3. includes liturgy, set sequence of words and actions established by someone other than current performers
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What are the two major anthropological concerns?
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1. Religion as a cultural universal: the origins of religion
2. Particular manifestations of religion: forms and functions of religion in particular societies. |
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What is Malinowski's theory on religion?
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Religion comforts people at life crises, reduces anxiety when events are beyond human control
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What is Radcliffe-Brown's theory on religion?
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Religion creates anxiety and shared anxiety creates social solidarity
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What is a rite of passage?
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culturally defined activity associated w/transition from one stage or state of life to another
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What are the stages in rite of passages?
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1. Separation 2. Transition 3. Incorporation
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What are communitas?
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Egalitarian, communal ideology and social relations that are the result of group liminality
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What is liminality?
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That temporary state during a rite of passage when the participant lacks social status or rank, is required to follow specified forms of conduct, and is expected to show obedience and humility
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What is a caste?
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a social category in which membership is fixed at birth and usually unchangeable (ascribed status), in which marriage is usually endogamous, and which is part of a stratified system
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What is reincarnation?
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The belief that at death a person’s soul is reborn in an endless sequence of life forms.
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What are Wallace's conditions that contribute to development of revitalization movements?
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1. Rapid Change 2. Colonization or domination 3. Perception of relative deprivation
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What is industrialism?
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a strategy in which a population's needs are met by mechanization dependent on fossil fuels
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What is a capitalist mode of production?
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a system of production and distribution in which a small number of people (the capitalist class) control the means of production (land, technology and capital) and purchase the labor of the large number of people (the proletariat or working class) who could not otherwise support themselves
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What is a market economy?
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Economy in which basic goods become commodities, good produced for their exchange value and sold to generate profit to be used as capital
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What is the industrial revolution?
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The transformation from “Traditional” to “Modern” societies through industrialization of the economy. Begins in England in latter half of 18th century
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What is proletarianization?
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The separation of workers from the means of production
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What is alienation?
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The separation of workers from the product of their labor
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What is industrialized agriculture?
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Food production that relies on the use of machinery and fossil fuels
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What is commoditization?
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Everything, now including human labor, has a price and is valuable as something that can be sold, with a value determined by the market (supply and demand
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What are the demographic consequences of industrialization?
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Internal migration (rural to urban), International migration, Declining family size
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What is the World System?
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An international hierarchy of diverse societies and cultures, integrated into a single economic system based on unequal exchange that allows wealth to accumulate in the core
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What is Unequal Exchange?
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Market based on exchanged in which one party is consistently able to accumulate a disproportionate share of the profit or wealth
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What is a core country?
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The wealthy industrial countries at the center of the world system where the beneficiaries of unequal exchange reside, dominate trade, control most advanced technologies, have high productivity, are relatively rich
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What is a periphery country?
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Capital poor areas that supply raw materials and labor to the core
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What is a semi-periphery country?
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Areas intermediate between core and periphery
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What is World-Systems Theory?
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World economy must be understood as a single unit
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What is colonialism?
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The political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power over an extended period
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What is imperialism?
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Policy of extending the rule of a nation or empire over foreign nations
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What are Postcolonial Studies?
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Focus on the relations between colonizing countries and colonized countries
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What is Intervention Philosophy?
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Ideological justification for outsiders to guide native peoples in specific directions
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What is Development Anthropology?
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Applied anthropology that focuses on social and cultural dimensions of development
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What is the Green Revolution?
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Agricultural development based on chemical fertilizers, pesticides, 20th century cultivation technology and new crop varieties
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What is Applied Anthropology?
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The application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve social problems
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What is Medical Anthropology?
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The study of disease and illness in their sociocultural context
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