Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
animal
|
any living thing that is not a plant that is capable of voluntary motion
|
|
|
domestic
|
living with man, tame
|
|
|
stock
|
a supply of goods on hand
inventory of goods available to be bartered or sold |
|
|
livestock
|
(living stock) horses, cattle, sheep and other useful animals kept or raised on a farm or ranch for subsistence or profit
|
|
|
science
|
a branch of knowledge or study dealing with a body of facts or truths systematically arranged and showing the operation of general laws
|
|
|
husbandry
|
the care and management of livestock, when we deny an animal its freedom to provide for itself, we then are responsible for providing for it
|
|
|
what animals provide humans
|
primary: food, clothing, shelter
secondary: energy (draft/fuel), fertilizer, other by products, compassion, research models |
|
|
what humans provide animals
|
primary: food, shelter
secondary: health care, companionship |
|
|
percent of the population that works in agriculture
|
2% in the US
|
|
|
urban isolation
|
don't appreciate where food comes from, take consumer goods and safety for granted
|
|
|
public is concerned about
|
absolute safety and health, quality of life, moral issues, diet and health
|
|
|
mass media/ advertisements
|
sensationalize issues, report reception without facts, perception becomes reality
|
|
|
biotechnology
|
using living organisms to produce or manufacture with genetic engineering
|
|
|
environmental issues in agriculture
|
water quality/ quantity, global warming, air quality, land usage for wildlife
|
|
|
US Animal Damage Act
|
farmer can kill animals that are damaging crops
|
|
|
US Endangered Species Act
|
protects endangered species
|
|
|
Property Rights Act
|
property owner free to do what they want
|
|
|
Zoning ordinances
|
laws against noxious (harmful) animals, limits on animal density, wildlife freedom restrictions on land owners
|
|
|
national protection laws
|
protect endangered species (like migratory water fowl)
|
|
|
food is unlike steel and coal
|
perishable, cannot stockpile, must market while safe and wholesome
|
|
|
antitrust laws
|
discourage concentration and vertical integration
|
|
|
global markets
|
negative trade balance, we buy more abroad then we sell. Ag. products help to balance
GATT- General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade NAFTA- North American Free Trade Agreement |
|
|
ranchers views on public lands
|
rent pasutres, livestock are natures lawn mowers
|
|
|
environmentalists view of public lands
|
claim livestock destroy public lands
|
|
|
connector trails
|
urban/ rural interface
|
|
|
animal welfare/ rights
|
any animals only true rights are those they can defend against others. Most species have adaptive advantages to attack or defend themselves (cunning and intellect)`
|
|
|
animal welfare position
|
animals may be used for human/animal benefit as long as treated humanely
|
|
|
animal rights movement
|
extremists, Animal liberation front- want to end all use of animals by humans
PETA- stop commercial production of animals for food, research and hunting |
|
|
borborygmus
|
the growling noise made by an empty stomach
|
|
|
70% of the worlds food from cereal grain
|
22% maize , 21% wheat, 16% rice, 11% other
|
|
|
without natural fuels and electricity
|
difficult for food processing and preservation, food distribution, sanitation and food safety
|
|
|
why people eat meat
|
high quality protein, balance of amino acid, source of B vitamins, satiating odor and taste
|
|
|
why drink milk
|
balance of protein, energy, vitamins, minerals, universally available from mammals, safe straight from the animal
|
|
|
environmentalists view of public lands
|
claim livestock destroy public lands
|
|
|
connector trails
|
urban/ rural interface
|
|
|
animal welfare/ rights
|
any animals only true rights are those they can defend against others. Most species have adaptive advantages to attack or defend themselves (cunning and intellect)`
|
|
|
animal welfare position
|
animals may be used for human/animal benefit as long as treated humanely
|
|
|
animal rights movement
|
extremists, Animal liberation front- want to end all use of animals by humans
PETA- stop commercial production of animals for food, research and hunting |
|
|
borborygmus
|
the growling noise made by an empty stomach
|
|
|
70% of the worlds food from cereal grain
|
22% maize , 21% wheat, 16% rice, 11% other
|
|
|
without natural fuels and electricity
|
difficult for food processing and preservation, food distribution, sanitation and food safety
|
|
|
why people eat meat
|
high quality protein, balance of amino acid, source of B vitamins, satiating odor and taste
|
|
|
why drink milk
|
balance of protein, energy, vitamins, minerals, universally available from mammals, safe straight from the animal
|
|
|
Benefits of animal based foods
|
ruminants can eat things humans can't digest and then we can eat meat, large areas of land that can't be plowed used for grazing, inefficient to transport grains
|
|
|
plant source
|
84% of calories, 63% of proteins
|
|
|
animal source
|
16% of calories, 37% of proteins
|
|
|
what do developed countries have
|
mechanization and manufacturing (fuel, resources, water), technology (electricity, transportation), big consumers of resources (market)
|
|
|
where do most animals come from?
|
china
|
|
|
chickens
|
highest population 18.4 bil
china, us, Indonesia meat, eggs, feathers |
|
|
cattle
|
1.3 bil
india, brazil, us meat, milk, draft |
|
|
sheep
|
china, australia, india
wool, meat, milk, hides |
|
|
swine
|
china, EU, US
meat, lard |
|
|
goats
|
china, india, afghan
milk, meat hair, hides |
|
|
horses
|
us, china, brazil, mexico
draft, packing, riding, meat |
|
|
non food animal products
|
hides
wool hair pelts (natural fiber on hide) tallow (animal fat) gelatin (joints) |
|
|
ferel animals
|
used to be domesticated but returned to the wild
-wild horses -scrub cattle |
|
|
horses
|
us, china, brazil, mexico
draft, packing, riding, meat |
|
|
cost of maintaining livestock
|
50% of cost is for feed
|
|
|
non food animal products
|
hides
wool hair pelts (natural fiber on hide) tallow (animal fat) gelatin (joints) |
|
|
generation interval
|
economic cycle depends on generation. 5-8 years in cattle market
|
|
|
ferel animals
|
used to be domesticated but returned to the wild
-wild horses -scrub cattle |
|
|
cost of maintaining livestock
|
50% of cost is for feed
|
|
|
generation interval
|
economic cycle depends on generation. 5-8 years in cattle market
|
|
|
factors affecting supply
|
climate, availability of feed, genetic potential of breeding animals, generation interval of species, management and education
|
|
|
factors affecting demand
|
population (increase over time), culture (religion/ tradition), health/ safety concerns, personal preference, advertising
|
|
|
highest state producer
|
agriculture: california
livestock: texas cattle and calves: Nebraska |
|
|
species
|
cattle
|
|
|
adjective
|
bovine
|
|
|
group
|
herd
|
|
|
genus species
|
bos taurus (temperate)
bos indicus (tropical) |
|
|
parturition
|
calving, to calve
|
|
|
young (general)
|
calf
|
|
|
young male
|
bull
|
|
|
young female
|
heifer
|
|
|
mature male
|
bull
|
|
|
mature female
|
cow
|
|
|
castrated male
|
steer
|
|
|
castrated before maturity
|
ox
|
|
|
castrated after maturity
|
stag
|
|
|
bull less than 20 months
|
bullock
|
|
|
heifer calves slaughtered
|
heifertette
|
|
|
semen collection facility
|
stud
|
|
|
bos indicus
|
tropical environments
- prominent crest, loose skin, droopy ears/ sheath - heat tolerant, disease and parasite resistant |
|
|
bos taurus
|
temperate environments
- Hereford and Angus - tighter skin, heavier hair coat - earlier maturing, higher quality carcass |
|
|
segments of cattle industry
|
- seed stock producer
- commercial cow/ calf producer - yearling/ stocker operations - feeders/ feed lot operations - packers/ processors - wholesalers/ retailers - consumers |
|
|
**Seed stock producers
|
"seed stock"= breeding animals
- focus on genetic improvement within breeds, selection for desired traits - income from selling breeding stock (bulls and replacement heifers) to others |
|
|
**commercial cow-calf producer
|
maintain herds of brood cows to have baby calves
- income from slewing baby calves to be grown out by somebody else - majority crossbred - concentrated where there is good forage |
|
|
calf weight
|
-75-100 lbs at birth
nurse for 6-10 months - weaned at 300-700lb |
|
|
cow-calf profitability
|
-percent calf crop sold
-average weight of calves sold - expense: yearly cow cost |
|
|
cow calf producer wants
|
-high percent calf crop
- fast growing heavy calves - low cow cost, mostly feed |
|
|
breeding new heifers
|
- heifers reach puberty at 12 months, breed at 15 months, calve at 24 months
- feed heifers separate from cows, monitor body condition - watch for dytocia (calving difficulty) - breed to calving ease bulls - bull breeding soundness evaluation ( soundness, reproductive organs, semen evaluation, libido) - minimize abortions, vaccinations, favorable calving season |
|
|
weaning weights
|
- bull selection
- crossbreed - breed early - growth stimulants ( steroids) - supplemental creep feeding (babies eat) - herd health |
|
|
cow cost
|
- feed cost 50-70%
- labor cost 15-20% |
|
|
**Yearling/ stocker operations
|
- purchase weaned calves from cow/ calf producer
- cheap weight gain, sell for profit - sell for 500-900 lbs - keep healthy - pre conditioning ( adds value, stressful things already done- vaccinated, castrated) |
|
|
stockering examples
|
calves prior to feedlot will weigh 100-200 lbs more but will be 5 months older
|
|
|
**Feeder operations
|
- purchase from stocker operation
- confinement feeding to add finish (desired fat for palatability and flavor) - sell to packers for profit at 900-1400lbs - high energy grain diet |
|
|
feeder profitability
|
cost of cattle, seek thin large framed cattle (easy to grow), fill and shrink (lose weight traveling)
- feed cost per gain - non feed cost (transportation) |
|
|
grade and yield basis
|
value of carcass determined after slaughter
|
|
|
grass finished cattle
|
- finished on grass not grain, less marbling, yellowish carotene color to fat
|
|
|
**Packer/ processor
|
- purchase finished cattle from feeders
-slaughter animals (1200-1500lbs) - sell meat and buy products to wholesalers |
|
|
**Wholesaler/ retailer
|
- grocery stores, restaurant
- further process to sell to consumers |
|
|
**Consumer
|
- public
- demand effects all components of the beef industry |
|
|
age of puberty
|
10-15 months
|
|
|
calving interval
|
12 months
|
|
|
calf crop
|
90%
|
|
|
birth weight
|
60-100lb
|
|
|
weaning weight
|
400-500lbs
|
|
|
weaning age
|
6-9 months, 205 days
|
|
|
marketing weight
|
1000-1200 lbs
|
|
|
marketing age stocker
|
18-21 months
|
|
|
marketing age feedlot
|
12-15 months
|
|
|
average daily gain stocker
|
1.3-2.0 lbs
high roughage |
|
|
average daily gain feedlot
|
2.5-3.0 lbs
high grain |
|
|
feed to gain ration stocker
|
9-12 lb
high roughage |
|
|
feed to gain ratio feedlot
|
6-8lb
high grain |
|
|
dressing percentage (carcass/ live weight)
|
60-62%
|
|
|
polyestrous
|
will cycle and breed year round
|
|
|
estrous cycle
|
21 days
|
|
|
gestation period
|
283 days
|
|
|
alabama beef industry
|
mostly cow- calf operations, some stockering
forage based, year round grazing |
|
|
species
|
sheep
|
|
|
latin adjective
|
ovine
|
|
|
group
|
flock
(subset= band) |
|
|
genus species
|
ovis aries
|
|
|
partuition
|
lambing, to lamb
|
|
|
young
|
lamb
|
|
|
young male
|
ram lamb
|
|
|
young female
|
ewe lamb
|
|
|
mature male
|
ram
|
|
|
mature female
|
ewe
|
|
|
castrated male
|
weather
|
|
|
sheep location
|
temperate regions
|
|
|
sheep provide
|
wool, meat
|
|
|
sheep industry decline
|
weather, predators, disease (parasites, foot rot), closing of high mountain summer grazing, competition from synthetic fibers (end of govt subsidizing), seasonal intense labor
|
|
|
sheep industry segments
|
- purebred and market lamb producers (range flock and farm flock)
-feeders -packers/ processors - wholesalers/ retailers - consumers |
|
|
US breeding ewes
|
**Texas
CA, WY, UT,SD |
|
|
range flocks
|
-lots of sheep grazing open range
-poor nutrition winter: lower elevation perform labor intensive activities (lambing, shear) spring: move into mountain pastures, keep moving summer: above timberline for optimum grazing |
