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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Which neurotransmitter seems to inhibit ACH release, therefore inhibiting persitalsis?
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Enkephalin
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Can stimulate secretion
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Which neurotransmitter possibly does not have a major role in the ENS and may have a relaxing effect on the gut?
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GABA
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Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter
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Which neurotransmitter is specially important in sphincters?
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Nitric oxide
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A cotransmitter at inhibitory ENS neuromuscular junctions?
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Primary neeurotransmitter ant postganglionic sympathetic nerve endings?
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NOREPI
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A major transmitter in neuron-neuron excitatory junctions?
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serotonin
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Contransmitter in depression
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Which neurotransmitter is a vasodilator probably via release of nitric oxide?
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Substance P
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Has an interrelationship with enkephalins
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What is the rate limiting step in the synthesis of norepinephrine and epinephrine in the Adrenergic system?
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The step catalyzed by tyrosine hydroxylase
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What intermediary do both epinephrine and norepinephrine end up having as a result of adrenergic enzymatic activity?
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3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid
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What is the product of dopamine breakdown?
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Homovanillic acid
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What must be done to the dopamine receptor in psychotic patients?
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The receptor must be blocked
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What are muscarinic receptors a subtype of?
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A subtype of cholinoreceptors
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What are alpha/beta receptors a subtype of?
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A subtype of adrenoceptors
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What is the effect of sympathetic activity on the ciliary muscle of the eye?
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relaxes
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What is the effect of sympathetic activity on the ciliary muscle of the eye?
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contracts
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Which neurotransmitter may be a postganglionic sympathetic transmitter in renal blood vessels?
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Dopamine
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Can be used for patients trying to quit smoking
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What is the effect of sympathetic activity in the SA node?
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increases
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What is the effect of sympathetic activity on heart contractility?
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increases
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What is the effect of parasympathetic activity on the SA node?
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decelerates
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What is the effect of parasympathetic activity on heart contractility?
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decreases
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What is the effect of sympathetic activity on the skin splachnic vessels?
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contracts
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What is the effect of sympathetic activity on skeletal muscle vessels?
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relaxes
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What is the effect of sympathetic activity on bronchiolar smooth muscle?
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relaxes
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What is the effect of parasympathetic activity on bronchiolar smooth muscle?
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contracts
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What is the effect of sympathetic activity on gastrointestinal smooth muscle wall?
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relaxes
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What is the effect of parasympathetic activity on gastrointestinal smooth muscle wall?
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contracts
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What is the effect of sympathetic activity on gastrointestinal sphincters?
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contracts
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What is the effect of sympathetic activity on gastrointestinal sphincters?
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relaxes
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How does post-synaptic potential activity affect system arousal?
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It is this potential which determines if the system fires
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What is glaucoma?
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A group of disease of the optic nerve which involves loss of retinal ganglion cells.
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How do cholinergic drugs affect glaucoma?
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They prevent intraocular pressure from progression to the nerve damaging stages (glaucoma)
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What effect does sypmpathetic activity have on the bladder wall? What receptor?
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relaxes, B2
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What effect does parasypmpathetic activity have on the bladder wall? What receptor?
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contracts M3
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What effect does sypmpathetic activity have on the bladder sphincter? What receptor?
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Contracts, α1
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What effect does parasypmpathetic activity have on the bladder sphincter? What receptor?
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relaxes, M3
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What does nicotinic activity mean?
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It means a substance that will activate the same receptors such as nicotine.
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In pharmacology what is an antagonist?
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A drug that opposes the action of another drug
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In pharmacology what is an agonist?
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A chemical substance capable of activating a receptor to induce a full or partial response
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What innervation system predominates in the intestine?
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Acetylcholine
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What innervation system predominates in digestion?
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Acetylcholine
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How do we effect the cholinergic system directly and indirectly?
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directly: hit the receptors – indirectly: block enzyme acetylcholine esterase which inactivates acetylcholine.
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