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189 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anatomy |
Study of form and structure of organisms |
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Ana- |
Apart |
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-Tomy |
to cut |
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Physiology |
Study of integrated functions of the body and its parts (systems, organs, tissues, and cells) |
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Phys- |
Function |
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-Ology |
study of |
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Three groups of systems |
Structural Systems, Coordinating Systems, Visceral Systems |
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Structural Systems |
Provide basic framework and transport system for body |
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Example of structural systems |
Cardio and Skeletal |
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Coordinating System |
Control mechanism of the body |
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Example of coordinating systems |
Nervous and endocrine |
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Visceral System |
Basic functional systems that do general duties of body |
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Examples of visceral systems |
Digestive, Respiratory, Reproductive, and Urinary |
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Median/Mid-Sagittal |
imaginary plane that divides body into two equal halves, divides the body into medial and lateral |
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Sagittal |
plane that's parallel to median |
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Transverse |
plane at a right angle to median plane (divides body into cranial/ caudal segments) |
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Horizontal/ Dorsal |
A plane at right angle to both median and transverse plane (divides body into dorsal and ventral) EX: Water Level |
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Medial |
Close to median plane |
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Lateral |
Away from median plane |
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Cranial |
Towards the head |
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Caudal |
Towards the rear |
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Dorsal |
Towards the vertebral column |
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Ventral |
Away from the vertebral column |
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Prone |
Dorsal part of the body is uppermost (face-down) |
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Supine |
Ventral aspect of body is uppermost (belly-up) |
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Nares |
Openings of the nostrils |
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Intestine Serous Membrane |
Mesentery |
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Stomach Serous Membrane |
(Greater/Lesser) Omentum, has peritoneum folds |
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Rostral |
Closer to the muzzle |
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Rostrum |
Nose |
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Cranial Cavity |
Brain (brain doesn't fill up whole space) |
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Thoracic Cavity |
Heart and Lungs (beginning: inlet) |
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Abdominal Cavity |
stomach and intestines and liver and pancreas and spleen and gall bladder |
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Pelvic Cavity |
Uterus and Urinary Cavity |
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Function of Body Membranes |
line, protect, cover, and reduce friction |
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Muco-cutaneous |
cuton- layer of skin muco-connector EX: Nares and Lips |
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Synovial |
Secrete synovial fluid (reduces bone friction), somewhat sticky |
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Serous |
more watery, fold over themselves and fluid fills that space, protective barrier kind of like bubble wrap, each has their own name, filled with plural fluid |
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Pericardium |
serous membrane around the heart |
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Pleura |
serous membrane around the lung |
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Peritonium |
serous membrane around the digestive system |
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Visceral part of a serous membrane |
Inner lining of the membrane, covering a viscus |
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Parietal part of a serous membrane |
Outside lining of the membrane |
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Abduction |
Away from the midline |
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Adduction |
Towards the midline |
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Extension |
Straighten a joint (increasing angle) |
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Flexion |
Bend a joint (decreasing angle) |
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Pronation |
Turning toward a prone position (dorsal increase) |
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Supination |
Turning toward a supine (ventral increase) |
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Mitochondrion |
Produce Adenosine Triphosphate |
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Granular Endoplasmic Reticulum |
Makes Proteins |
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Agranular Endoplasmic Reticulum |
Makes Fats |
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Outer Cell Membrane |
(Fluid Mosaic Model) Phospholipids (lipid raft), Cholesterol, Proteins (integral proteins include transmembrane proteins, glycoproteins which has site binding specificity by hormones normally) |
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Cholesterol |
Fat, building block for fats, can move proteins |
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Desmosomes |
at squamous epitheliam level, beltlike structure that helps bind squamous epitheliam together, dark in color |
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Gap Junctions |
Allow ions and hormones to move between cells, smooth and cardiac |
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Basement Membrane |
Lots of CT (collagen and elastin) very tight junction with cells on top of it |
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Diffusion |
Distribution of a substance in a solvent such that it gets equally concentrated |
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Simple |
Down a concentration gradient |
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Facilitated |
Down a concentration gradient, but requires a carrier system (EX: Transmembrane protein, Glucose Transporter Recepter (GTR), Classic Integral proteins for other ions) |
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Osmosis |
1.) Passive transport mechanism 2.) Movement of water 3.) Desparity in concentration across a semipermeable membrane |
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Osmotic Pressure |
Force that moves the water from the side with lower solute concentration to the side with higher concentration |
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Isotonic |
solution has the same osmotic pressure, physiologic saline .9% |
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Iso |
Same |
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Hypotonic Solution |
Solution lower in osmotic pressure, lower in concentration than saline (.9%), causes hemolysis |
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Hypertonic Solution |
Solution higher in osmotic pressure, higher concentration than saline (.9%), causes crenation |
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Active Transport |
low --> high concentration, hydrolyzed by ATPase activity of the carrier, phosphorylation of carrier causes change in shape and movement of molecule |
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Physiology of ATPase Pump |
1.) 3 Na binds from inside of cell 2.) ATP phosphorylates transporter 3.) Na released to outside of cell 4.) 2 K binds from outside of cell 5.) Transporter phosphorylates and there's a conformational change 6.) K released inside cell |
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Repolarization |
eflux of K and Na/K ATPase pump |
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Water inside and outside cell comes from |
Blood plasma |
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Cytosol |
Liquid component of cytoplasm |
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Cytoskeleton |
filaments/microtubles, helps cell move and go in between other cellls |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum |
membranous network (tubules/sheets) |
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Smooth ER |
lipid synthesis (steroid hormones, and cholesterol), Ca storage |
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Sarcx |
flesh |
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Hepat |
Liver |
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Rough ER |
liver and immune cells have a lot of RER, covered in ribosomes, protein synthesis, and glycosylation |
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Gylcosylation |
Involved in change and altering protein by adding glucose entity |
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Mitochondria |
ovoid, double membrane with crista, enzymes associated with Kreb's cycle, powerhouse creating ATP Structures- inner and outer mitochondrial membrane, crista, and matrix |
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Lysosome |
armed with H2O2 acid and hydrolytic enzymes, originate from ER and golgie, many in WBC's and none in RBC's |
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Microtubles |
Scattered throughout cytoplasm, largest and most rigid, help the cell move
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Intermediate Filaments |
Cell:Cell Junction like desmosomes |
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Microfilaments |
spindle fibers during cell division, cilia, helps with mitosis |
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Function of membrane proteins: Transport |
substances across membrane, need transmembrane protein EX: aquaporins (typically always stay open) and membrane ion channels (need charge change to open) and sugars need to get moved |
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Function of membrane proteins:
Provision of a site of binding for substances found in ECF |
EX: hormones, carbs |
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Function of membrane proteins: Contribution to the formation of cell |
CAM (Cell Adhesion Molecules), proteins are sticky, necessary to tight connection (nothing can pass through) or they line up smart so things can pass from one cell to another |
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Function of membrane proteins: Provision of enzymes with active site facing ether the cytosol or the ECF |
not all proteins are enzymes but all enzymes are proteins, kinase adds PO4, phosphate removes PO4 |
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Phosphorylation |
Activation Process |
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Function of membrane proteins: Indentification/ Recognition of cell type/ cell origin by other cells |
done by integral proteins shaking hands (immune surveillance) |
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Four basic types of tissues |
Epithelial tissues, CT, Muscle tissue, Nervous tissue |
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Epithelial Tissue |
Most abundant, lines/covers/protects, broken up into 8 subclasses, Apical VS Basal surface |
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Simple Squamous |
Single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm |
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Function of Simple Squamous |
Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection isn't important and secretes lubricating substances in serosae |
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Location of Simple Squamous |
Kidney glomeruli and corpuscles, air sacs of lungs (alveolai and vessels of capilaries), lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels, lining of ventral body cavity (serosae) |
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Simple Cuboidal |
Single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei |
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Functions of simple cuboidal |
secretions and absorption |
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Location of simple cuboidal |
kidney tubules (inside:filtrate), ducts, and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface |
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Simple Columnar |
Single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei, some cells bear cilia, layer may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells) |
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Functions of Simple Columnar |
Absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances, ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action |
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Locations of Simple Columnar |
Nonciliated type- lines most of the digestive tracts (stomach --> anal canal), gallbladder, and excretory ducts and some glands Ciliated type- lines small bronchi uterine tubes and some regions of uterus |
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Pseudostratified Columnar |
single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface, nuclei at different levels, may contain goblet cells (filled with mucus) and bear cilia |
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Function of P C |
secretion, particularly of mucus, propulsion of mucus by ciliary action |
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Location of P C |
Ciliated- Trachea and rest of upper respitatory tract, nonciliated type in male's sperm- carrying ducts and ducts of large gland |
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Stratified Squamous |
thick membrane composed of several cell layers, basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active, surface cells are flattened (Squamous), in keratinized type the surface cells are full of keratin and dead, basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers |
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Functions of Stratified Squamous |
protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion |
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Location of Stratified Squamous |
Nonkeratinized Type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina Keratinized type forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane |
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Stratified Cuboidal |
Generally two layers of cube-like cells |
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Function of stratified cuboidal |
protection |
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Location of Stratified Cuboidal |
Largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands, no duct: endocrine glands --> directly dumped into blood stream |
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Stratified Columnar |
Rarest, Several cell layers, basal cells usual cuboidal, superficial- elongated and columnar |
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Function of Stratified Columnar |
protection and secretion |
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Location of Stratified Columnar |
Rare in the body, small amounts in male urethra (cranial part) and in large ducts of some glands |
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Transitional |
resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal, basal cells cuboidal or columnar, surface cells are dome shaped or squamouslike, depending on degree of organ stretch |
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Transitional Function |
Stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine |
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Location of Transitional |
Lines the ureters, bladder, and part of the urethra/kidneys (pelvis) |
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Muscle Tissue |
cytoskeletal proteins: actin and myosin can be organized (striated): repeating contracting unit or sarcomere |
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Mere |
unit |
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Contractile Muscle |
Force, movement |
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Excitable Muscle |
they conduct signals |
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Skeletal Muscle |
long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells, obvious striations |
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Skeletal muscle functions |
voluntary movement, locomotion, manipulation of the environment, facial expression, voluntary control |
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Skeletal muscle location |
in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin |
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Cardiac Muscle |
branching, striated, generally uninucleated cells that interdigitate at specialized gap junctions (intercalated discs), syncytium: no stopping of cells --> carry on |
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Function of Cardiac Muscle |
As it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation, involuntary control |
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Location of Cardiac Muscle |
The walls of the heart |
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Smooth Muscle |
spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei, no striations (sarcomeres), cells arranged closely to form sheets |
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Function of smooth muscle |
Propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways, involuntary control |
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Location of smooth muscle |
Mostly in the walls of hollow organs |
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Connective Tissue |
Connects come in different shapes and sizes, serves to connect other tissues, gives form and strength to organs, Loose or Dense (depending on proteins inside the tissue) |
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Types of CT |
Adipose (fat), cartilage, bone, blood |
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Cartilage |
Resident cells: Chrondrocytes/blasts produce ECF things that cause variation in proteins fibrocartilage, elastic, or hyaline |
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Fibrocartilage |
matrix sim. to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage, thick collagen fibers predominate, ribbon-like appearance |
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Bursa |
bag of fibrocartilage around joints |
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Function of Fibrocartilage |
tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock |
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Location of fibrocartilage |
intervertebral discs, public symphysis, discs of knee joint |
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Elastic Cartilage |
similar to hyaline cartilage but more elastic fibers in matrix, spiny/ straight flexible |
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Functions of elastic |
maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility |
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Locations of elastic |
supports the external ear (pinna), epiglottis |
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Hyaline Cartilage |
glassy appearence, amorphous but firm matrix, collagen fibers form an imperceptible network, chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae |
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Hyaline functions |
supports and reinforces, has resilient cushioning properties, resists compressive stress |
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Hyaline Locations |
forms most of the embryonic skeleton, covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities, forms costal cartilages of the ribs, cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx |
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Bone |
Hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers, osteocytes lie in lacunae, very well vascularized, osteon- every one has a blood vessel |
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Function of bone |
bone supports and protects (by enclosure) provides levers for the muscles to act on, stores calcuim and other minerals and fat, marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation |
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Hematopoiesis |
blood cell formation |
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RBC percentage in blood |
99% |
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Blood |
RBC and WBC and platelets in a fluid matrix (plasma), mature RBCs have no nucleus |
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Function of blood |
transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances |
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Location of blood |
Contained within blood vessels |
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Nervous tissue |
Neurons- send signals, excitable, electrical, chemical, physical, twitchy Glial cells support 10X more, glue: glial in Greek |
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Functions of Skeletal System: Support |
hard framework that supports and anchors the soft organs of the body |
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Functions of Skeletal System: Protection |
surrounds organs such as the brain and spinal cord |
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Functions of Skeletal System: Movement |
Allows four muscle attachment therefore the bones are used as levers |
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Functions of Skeletal System: Storage |
regulated by hormones/ enzymes, minerals and lipids are stored within bone material: phosphate, calcium, carbonate, magnesium |
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Functions of Skeletal System: Blood Cell Formation |
(Hematoporesis) bone marrow is responsible for blood cell production, long bones |
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Osteolody |
Study of Bones |
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Bones= living structure |
have blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves Subject to disease, undergo repair and adjust to changes in stress |
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Components of skeletal system |
Bones, Cartilage, Joints, Teeth |
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Composition of Bone |
Organic Matter (30%)- collagen (structural protein) that provides flexibility Inorganic Matter (45%)- Calcium, Phosphorus (85% Calcium phosphate), blood, osteocytes/blasts, and nervous system components Other (25%)- H2O (in ECF and ICF) |
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Bone Structure |
Compact Bone, Cancellous (spongy) Bone, Medullary Cavity |
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Compact Bone |
hard layer, covers most bones and forms shaft of long bones, Bone cells and blood vessels |
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Cancellous (spongy) bone |
at long ends of bones, spicules arranged in a porous network, has small open spaces filled with marrow, blood vessels travel through here too |
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Medullary Cavity |
Space surrounded by cortex of a long bone, Red vs Yellow marrow (young vs old) Marrow-stem cell/RBC rich region |
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Classification of bones (shapes) |
Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid |
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Long Bones Components |
Epiphysis, Diaphysis, Metaphysis, Articular Cartilage, Epiphyseal Plate, Fibrous osteogenic layer inside (endosteum- goes through every hollow) and outside (periosteum) compact bone |
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Epiphysis |
ends of long bone |
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Diaphysis |
The shaft of the bone which surrounds the medullary cavity |
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Articular Cartilage |
Hyaline, cushions the ends of the bones and allows for smooth movement |
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Epi |
ends |
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Metaphysis |
Neck in between epi and dia |
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Epiphyseal plate |
areas made of cartilage allowing for the growth of the bone, lengthen, rich in chondroblasts and produces extracellular matrix can form new bone by adding calcium at certain age, deposits Ca, kills chondroblasts, closing of plate, no growing |
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Function of Epiphyseal Plate |
Act as levers, aid in support, locomotion, and prehension |
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Example of long bones |
bones of extremities (appendicular skeleton) Forelimb- humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals Hindlimb- femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals |
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Short bones |
cube-like structure, no single marrow cavity, compact bone surface with a cancellous bone center with spaces filled with marrow |
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Example of Short bones |
Carpals (knee) + Tarsals (hock)- has calcaneus and talus |
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Function of short bones |
variety of movement, absorb shock/ concussion |
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Flat bones |
no dia or epiphysis, inner framework of cancellous bone (diploe) sandwiched between compact bone and periosteum |
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Two plates of flat bones |
Lamina externa and lamina interna, look different on many bones (interna smooth and externa ridged) |
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Functions of flat bones |
protect vital organs- brain: skull, heart and lungs: scapula/ribs, urinary/reproductive organs: pelvic bones Provide large areas for attachment of muscles- scapula and pelvic bones |
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Irregular Bones |
Unpaired bones on the median plane, odd shaped, spongy bone surrounded by compact |
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-Oid |
like |
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Function of irregular bones |
offers protection, support, and muscular attachment |
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Example of irregular bones |
vertebrae, unpaired bones of skull |
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Structure of irregular bones |
body and then their processes |
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foramen |
hole in the bone |
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Sections of irregular bones |
C T L S Cd Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal |
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Sesamoid |
(sesame seed-like) many don't have sesame seed like shape occurs along the course of tendons |
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Sesamoid Functions |
Help in reducing friction, increasing leverage or change the direction of pull |
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Example of sesamoid bones |
patella (kneecap)- distal sesamoid bone |
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Types of membranes |
Serous, synovial, muco-cutaneous |
