Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
What is the definition of immunology?
|
-The study of the physiological response by which the body destroys or neutralizes foreign matter, both living and non-living, as well as altered cells of its own.
|
|
|
|
What is immunity
|
-All the mechanisms used by the body as protection against envronmental agents that are foreign to the body (as well as altered cells of itself)
-generally termed antigens |
|
|
|
What are some types of immunity?
|
-innate
-acquired (adaptive) |
|
|
|
What is innate immunity?
|
(Innate defense mechanisms)
-All those elements with which an individual is born and that are always present and available at very short notice to protet the individual from challenges by "foreign" material -also termed non-specific - present at all times -modulated b physiological conditions -does not distinguish between microorganisms (non-specific) -does not alter in intensity upon re-exposure (no memory) |
|
|
|
What are the components of the innate immune system? (6)
|
-physical barriers
-mucous membranes -secreted products (stomach acid, lysozomes, sebaceous glands. saliva,cerumen) -WBC's -inflammation/fever -antimicrobial proteins |
|
|
|
What are the two major WBC's?
|
-macrophages ("big eaters") that use phagocytosis and process antigens for presentation to B and T cells
-polymorphonuclear leukocytes (granulocytes) that are attracted to sites of invasion (chemotaxis) or attack invaders using phagocytosis *neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils |
|
|
|
What are some signs of inflammation?
|
-heat
-swelling -redness -pain -loss of function |
|
|
|
How does inflammation occur?
|
-injured cells release histamine and leukocytosis INDUCING FACTOR
-chemotaxis is the process of the factor signaling the histamine and WBC and the response (coming) of the histamine and WBC -vasodilation occurs due to histamine (heat, redness, enlargment of blood vessels) -This leads to "leaky" vessels into tissue -heparin keeps area from clotting *wha-la! Inflammation! |
When was heparin mentioned?
|
|
|
Where are RBC's and WBC's produced?
|
-in red bone marrow
|
|
|
|
What is cerumen?
|
-ear wax
|
|
|
|
Describe complement proteins (4)?
|
-cascade of over 20 proteins in bloodstream
-increase inflammation (increased vasodilation, increased chemotaxis, increased leasky vessels) -opsonization -membrane attack complex (MAC) |
|
|
|
What is opsonization?
|
-prepare for eating
-coats bacterial cell wall and facilitates phagocytosis |
|
|
|
What are MAC's?
|
-membrane attack complex
-group of complement proteins that destroys microbial cell walls |
|
|
|
What are the two components of the acquired immunity?
|
-humoral immunity
-cellular immunity |
|
|
|
Describe acquired immunity (7).
|
-specific defense mechanisms
-more specialized than innate immunity -generally activated after innate defense mechanisms are breached -present only in vertebrates -must be stimulated by a specific infection or foreign material (antigen) -capable of distinguishing among microorganisms -alters in intensity and response time upon re-exposure to the specific antigen (memory) |
|
|
|
What is the primary defense against free pathogens (not in cells)?
|
-humoral immunity
|
|
|
|
Describe how humoral immunity works.
|
-mediated by serum antibodies (Ab/Ig)
-B lymphocytes in bone marrow acquire AB on surface which only respond to specific antigens -When stimulated by that antigen, they are activated to form populations of plasma cells and memory cells both of which produce that specific antibody. |
|
|
|
What are the immunoglobulin classes?
|
-IgG
-M -A -D -E |
|
|
|
What is immunocompetence?
|
-What B lymphocytes in bone marrown acquire antibodies on the surface which will respond to specific antibodies only
|
|
|
|
What are immunoglobulins commonly known as?
|
-antibodies
|
|
|
|
What are antibodies built of in the blood?
|
-proteins
|
|
|
|
What produces antibodies?
|
-plasma cells
|
|
|
|
Where do plasma cells come from?
|
-properly stimulated B lymphocytes found in primary and secondary lymphatic organs
|
|
|
|
What are 4 properties of antibodies?
|
-neutralization of toxins
-immobilization of microorganisms (allow for phagocytosis) -form precipitates with antigen (allow for phagocytosis) -activation of complement/opsonization (to increase phagocytosis and inflammation) |
|
|
|
What are memory cells(4)?
|
-arise from properly stimulated, specific B cells
-live for months to years -produce specific antibodies -responsible for the secondary immune response (anamnestic response) |
|
|
|
What is the primary defense against pathogens that have already entered cells?
|
-cellular immunity
|
|
|
|
What is cellular immunity mediated by?
|
-T lymphocytes found in primary and secondary lymphatic organs and blood stream
|
|
|
|
Where do T lymphocytes become immunocompetent?
|
-in thymus (only react to specific antigens)
|
|
|
|
What are the T-cell populations?
|
*antigen must first be processed and presented to the T-cell by the macrophage
-effector cells -helper cells -killer cells -memory cells -supressor cells |
|
|
|
What do helper cells do?
|
-enhance the response of other T and B cells to antigens (increased antibody production by B cells)
|
|
|
|
What do killer cells do?
|
-cause cell lysis
|
|
|
|
What are three things a macrophage does?
|
-phagocytosis
-activates helper T-cells -"presents" antigen to B and T cells |
|
|
|
Where does B-cells become immunocompetent and what is this known as?
|
-In bone marrow which is known as the primary lymphatic organ
|
|
|
|
What are the secondary lymphatic organs of B-cells?
|
-spleen
-peripheral lymphnodes -tonsils -Peyers patches |
|
|
|
What are PSC's and what do they do?
|
pluripotential stem cells (produce blood cells in bone marrow).
|
|
|
|
Once a B-cell is properly stimulated, what two goups are created?
|
-plasma cells (produce Ab)
-memory cells |
|
|
|
What are the 3 phases to a primary immune response?
|
-latrent (lag) phase
-exponential phase -declining phase |
|
|
|
What are three different immune responses?
|
1) priming event
2) primary response 3) secondary response |
|
|
|
What is the priming event in immune response?
|
-first exposure to a particular antigen
|
|
|
|
What is the secondary response also known as?
|
-anamestic response
|
|
|
|
What are 6 traits of secondary response?
|
-occurs with re-exposure to the specific antigen
-due to population of long lived memory cells -shorter lag time -great Ab production (increased exponential phase) -Ab production continues much longer -basis for vaccination programs (boosters) |
|
|
|
What is the latrent phase of a primary immune response?
|
-lag time between exposure to antigen and measurable antibody in serum
-the time it takes for B cells to make contact with Ag, to proliferate, to differentiate in to plasma cells and then to secrete Ab in sufficient quantities that it can be detected in serum |
|
|
|
What antibody makes up 80% of all serum antibodies which pass through the placenta and neutralizes toxins?
|
-IgG
|
|
