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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Shared Characteristics |
-Are multicellular -Are complex -Dont have cell walls - Tissues act as structural and functional units -Heterotrpophic- Gain energy from complex organic substances - Use Blatulas-an animal embryo at the early stage of development when it is a hollow ball of cells. -Gastrulation is a phase early in the embryonic development of most animals, during which the single-layered blastula is reorganized into a trilaminar ("three-layered") structure known as the gastrula - Movement -----Muscle and nervous tissue |
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Heterotrophy |
-Ingest other organism - Herbivores ---Autotroph, an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide. • Carnivores are heterotrophs -Omnivores- Autotrophs+hetertrophs -Detritivores are Decomposing organisms |
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Key Innovations During evolution |
- Tissues - Symmetry - Body cavity -Embryonic development -Segmentation |
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Tissues |
- Sponges -- No defined tissues --No organs --Cells can dis aggregate an reaggregate - All other Animals ----Distinct tissues ---- Irreversible differentiation ------Most cell types |
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Radial Symmetry |
• Cnidaria ----• Jellyfish ----• Sea anemones ----• Corals • Central axis • Any plane • Mirror images |
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Bilateral Symmetry |
• Right and left halves• Mirror images• Sagittal plane• Two equal halves •Are called Bilateria |
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Cephalization |
-The concentration of nervous tissue at the anterior end which appeared early - Have one or more longitudinal nerves that transmit information from the anterior sense organs to the rest of the body |
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Body plans for bilaterally symetrical organisms- Aceolomate |
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Pseudocoelomate- Bilaterally symetrical org organisms |
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Coelomate- Bilaterally symetrical organisms |
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Embryo development |
-Bilateria - Form a zygote - Undergoe rapid devision- (mitosis) ---More and more smaller cells- (does not grow in size but in number) -Form a blatsula- Which is a hollow ball of cells -Undergo gastrulation to form a gastrula - Form a Archenteron- Which is a primitive gut - Form a Blastosphere- Which is the opening to the outside --Protosomes ----Mouth first ---- Anus later Deuterostomes --Anus first --Mouth later |
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Gastrulation |
Gastrulation is a phase early in the embryonic development of most animals, during which the single-layered blastula is reorganized into a trilaminar ("three-layered") structure known as the gastrula. These three germ layers are known as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. |
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Segmentation |
-• Series of compartments
----• Similar, but specialised ----• Morphological complexity - • Each segment can contain complete set of adult organs -• More efficient locomotion -• Semi-independent movement |
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Parazoa-Same group |
-Almost all are Asymmetric - Are multicellular, contain three cell layes -7000 species ---Most are marine ---Found in the Deep ocean ---150 are freshwater -Larvae --Free swimming -Adults ---5mm to 2m ---Sessile |
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Porifera- Same group |
---• Multicellular ---• 3 functional layers, not tissues • Spongiocoel = internal cavity • Epithelium ----• Ostia – water entry ----• Osculum – water exit • Mesohyl ----• Gelatinous, protein-rich matrix ----• Amoebocytes ---------• Mobile cells --------- • Food transport ----• Spicules- A minute sharp pointing object --------• Calcium carbonate or silica --------• Not present in all sponges• Spongin• Protein fibres • Choanocytes ----• Collar cells -------• Flagellated are used for water circulation. ----- • Digest food • Differentiate from one to other |
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Sponge diagram-Same group |
- Memorise tomorrow |
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Reproduction of the same group |
--Asexual ----Budding, framentation and gemmules -Sexual --Hermaphrodietes --Gametes --Amoebocytes-eggs --Choanocytes- Sperm -Sperm are captured by choanocyte --Develop within mesophyl, the inner tissue (parenchyma) of a leaf, containing many chloroplasts. |
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osculum |
a large aperture in a sponge through which water is expelled. |
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Gemmule |
a tough-coated dormant cluster of embryonic cells produced by a freshwater sponge for development in more favourable conditions. |
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choanocyte |
a flagellated cell with a collar of protoplasm at the base of the flagellum, numbers of which line the internal chambers of sponges. |
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Eumetazoa |
-Have distinct tissues -Tissue level of organisation -Three embryonic germ layers ----Endoderm ------Gastrodermis ----Ectoderm (the outermost layer of cells or tissue in early development --------Nervous system -Mesoderm ---Only in bilateria ---Muscles --- Organs -Extracellular components ----Extracellular matrix |
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Bilateria definition |
The bilateria are a major group of animals, including the majority of phyla but not sponges, cnidarians, placozoans and ctenophores. For the most part, bilateral embryos are triploblastic, having three germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. |
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mesoderm |
the middle layer of cells or tissues of an embryo, or the parts derived from this (e.g. cartilage, muscles, and bone). |
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Cnidaria |
-Are Eumetazoa -Have radial symmetry -10,000 species ----Most are marine ----Few are freshwater - Are sessile or free living -Can be solitary or colonial -Have an ectoderm and an endoderm --Have distinct tissues --No organs -No reproductive, circulatory or excretory systems -Have no concentrated nervous system --Have a sensory cell network --That is responsive to light, touch and gravity -Gastrovascular cavity ----Extracurricular digestion ----Have a Hydroskeleton |
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Memoris Cnidaria diagram |
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Cubozoa |
• Box jellyfish • ~50 species • Tentacles ~3m • Predators • Chironex fleckeri ---• Box jellyfish or sea wasp • Queensland to WA • November to May • Fatal stings to humans • Hyperkalemia ---• Potassium leakage into blood ---• Cardiac arrest ---• ~5 minutes |
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Hydrozoa and Staurozoa |
Hydrozoa ----• Hydroids, Hydra, bluebottles ---- • ~2,700 species ----• Mostly marine, some freshwater ----• Polyp and medusa stages ----• Colonial ----• Differentiation ----• Feeding or reproduction ----• Physalia utriculus bluebottle ----• Colony of integrated polyps and medusae ----• ~ 1,000 zooids + float polyp ----• Feeding, protection, female, male ----• Neurotoxin • Staurozoa ----• Star jellies ----• ~50 species ----• Like medusa but attached by stalk to substrate |
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Sycphozoa |
• Jellyfish • Jellies • ~200 species • Medusa more conspicuous • Ring of muscle cells • 4 oral lobes or arms • Tentacles on margin of bell • Cyanea capillata • Largest Cnidarian • ~2 m * ~40 m |
