Animal Disease 1 Week 1

Front 1

What is Pathology?

Back 1

The scientific study of disease

Front 2

What is aetiology?

What is pathogenesis?

Back 2

Aetiology - cause (inherent or acquired)

Pathogenesis - sequence of events that lead to changes in cells and tissues

Front 3

What is the process of disease?

Back 3

Aetiology

Pathogenesis

Molecular and morphological changes

Fuctional consequences

Front 4

What is the difference between a sign and a symptom?

Back 4

A symptom is a sign that can be communicated verbally e.g humans have symptoms, animals have signs.

Front 5

What is a congenital malformation?

Are they always apparent straight away?

Back 5

Structural, functional, metabolic or behavioural disorders that occur during intrauterine life and are present at birth.

No - they may become apparent later in life.

Front 6

What is teratology?

Back 6

Study of development and cause of congenital defects.

Front 7

What sort of genetic errors cause congenital malformations?

Back 7

Inherited and acquired:

Chromosomal abnormalities (structural or numerical)

Gene mutations (monogenic or polygenic)

Front 8

What sort of environmental factors cause congenital malformations?

Back 8

Infectious agents

Nutritional disturbances

Chemical agents

Hormonal disturbances

Ionizing radiation

Front 9

What are teratogens?

Back 9

Agents that can cause congenital malformations.

Front 10

What is the most important factor in determining whether teratogens will cause a congenital malformation?

Back 10

Stage of development of the embryo at the time of teratogen exposure.

Front 11

What are the likely responses to teratogens during the pre/early embryonic period (blastogenesis)?

Back 11

Low sensitivity

Death and resorption/abortion

Restoration and normal development

Front 12

What are the likely responses to teratogens during the embryonic period and organogenesis?

Back 12

High sensitivity

Death and abortion

Major morphological abnormality in one or more organs

Front 13

What are the likely responses to teratogens during the fetal period (histogenesis and functional maturation)?

Back 13

Low sensitivity

Death and abortion

Growth retardation or minor morphological abnormalities of organs

Front 14

What are agenesis and hypoplasia?

Back 14

Agenesis - lack of formation of tissue

Hypoplasia - partial failure to develop

Front 15

What is a cleft palate an example of?

Back 15

Dysraphia - failure of tissues to fuse or merge.

Front 16

What is atresia?

Back 16

Failure of development of an opening/orifice or passage.

Front 17

What is the difference between hamartoma and choristoma?

Back 17

Hamartoma - extra tissue at normal site

Choristoma - extra normal tissue at abnormal site

Front 18

Name some features of a virus.

Back 18

Small - 2-100genes

Only replicate in living cells.

Front 19

Name some features of a bacteria.

Back 19

Single cell prokaryotic organism.

4,000 genes

Culture in media, growth by binary fission

Front 20

Name some features of protozoa.

Back 20

Single cell eukaryotic organism

5,500 genes

Nucleus and chromosomes

Sexual reproductive stages

Front 21

Describe some features of a parasite.

Back 21

Multicellular eukaryotic organism

19,000 genes

Complex lifecycle

Sexual reproduction

Front 22

What is the difference between an infectious disease and contagious disease?

Back 22

Infectious disease can be spread through indirect contact e.g airborne.

Contagious disease is an infectious disease that must be spread through direct contact.

Front 23

Name some forms of contagious disease transmission.

Back 23

STDs

Contact between mother and offspring

Fighting, grooming

Altered behaviours

Noscomical (nursing care)

Oro-faecal route

Aerosol

Front 24

What is a vertical disease?

Back 24

Infection that is passed directly from one generation the next in utero.

Front 25

When does pseudo-vertical transmission occur?

Back 25

Peri-natal period.

Front 26

What is a fomite?

Back 26

An inanimate object that can transmit infections.

Front 27

How are bio-aerosols formed?

Back 27

Actions of animals - coughing, sneezing etc

Human activity - slurry spreading

Physical processes - wind, feeding etc

Front 28

What factors affect aerosol spread?

Back 28

1) Number and density of animals

2) Survival conditions

3) Weather conditions

4) Host susceptibility

Front 29

How do mechanical vectors differ from biological vectors?

Back 29

Mechanical transmission does not require any part of the parasite lifecycle to spread so can therefore have many insect vectors.

Front 30

Name some problems that occur when the immune system errors.

Back 30

Allergic reaction

Immunopathology

Autoimmunity

Front 31

Name a disease that is a result of the failure of the immune system in cats.

Back 31

FIV - failure of T-cell response

Front 32

What is immunopathology?

Back 32

Tissue damage caused by excessive immune response.

Front 33

What is autoimmunity?

Back 33

The failure to distinguish self from non-self e.g diabetes.

Front 34

What is an allergy?

Back 34

Inappropriate response to an environmental antigen.

Front 35

What is immunological memory and why is it important?

Back 35

First infection causes primary response. Second infection triggers much larger secondary response.

Basis of vaccines.

Front 36

Where do all cells of the immune system arise from?

What happens after this?

Back 36

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow.

Split into two stem cell types: Common lymphoid progenitor and common myeloid progenitor.

Front 37

What is innate immunity?

What are some examples?

Back 37

No recognition or memory of threat.

Physical barriers, phagocytes, NK cells, complement.

Front 38

What is adaptive immunity?

Back 38

Ability to recognise antigens.

Memory of infections.

Front 39

What are the physical, chemical and microbiological barriers of skin?

Back 39

Physical - multi-layered, stratified squamous

Chemical - sweat secretions, sebaceous glands

Microbiological - commensals

Front 40

What are the physical, mucus and chemical barriers of the alimentary tract?

Back 40

Physical - peristalsis

Mucus - sticky, peristaltic waves

Chemical - stomach acid, gastric and pancreatic enzymes, bile salts

Front 41

What are the defense mechanisms of the respiratory tract?

Back 41

Epithelial barrier patrolled by alveolar macrophages

Mucociliary escalator - cilia move debris upwards

Glandular secretion - antimicrobial substances.

Front 42

What are the defense mechanisms of the urinary tract?

Back 42

Physical barrier

Resistant multi-layered epithelium

Flushing

Low urine pH

Front 43

What are the defense mechanisms of the cornea?

Back 43

Blinking

Lysozyme and antibodies in tears

Front 44

What are the functions of neutrophils, eosinophils, NK cells and macrophages?

Back 44

Neutrophils - kill rapidly dividing bacteria

Eosinophils - kill parasites

NK cells - kill virus infected cells

Macrophages - kill intracellular pathogens

Front 45

What are the humoral components?

Back 45

Complement

Acute phase proteins

Interferons

Front 46

What cells are mononucleated?

What cells are polymorphonucleated?

Back 46

Mono - monocytes, macrophages

Poly - neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

Front 47

Name some properties of polymorphonuclear cells?

Back 47

Very short lived

Highly activated

Many granules

Recycled by liver

Front 48

How do dendritic cells work?

Back 48

Link innate and adaptive immune responses.

Take up microbial antigens at site of infection. Become activated and travel to lymph nodes. Activate naive T-cells in lymph nodes.