Anatomy/physiology Hole 8Th Edition; Ch.14, Lymphatic System And Immunity

Front 1

List three functions of the lymphatic system

Back 1

1)transports excess fluid to the bloodstream
2)absorbs fats
3)defends body against disease

Front 2

Lymphatic capillaries are microscopic, closed-ended ____ that extend into ____ _____. They receive ___ through their thin ___

Back 2

tubes, interstitial spaces, lymph, walls

Front 3

Lymphatic vessels have walls similar to those of ___, only thinner, and possess ____ that prevent ____ of lymph

Back 3

veins, valves, backflow

Front 4

Larger lymphatic vessels lead to ___ ____ and then merge into ____ ____

Back 4

lymph nodes, lymphatic trunks

Front 5

Lymphatic trunks lead to which collecting ducts? These collecting ducts join what?

Back 5

the thoracic duct, and the right lymphatic duct.
They join the subclavian veins.

Front 6

Tissue fluid originates from ____ ____.

Back 6

blood plasma

Front 7

Tissue fluid lacks ___ (size of) proteins. Some smaller proteins, however, leak into ____ ____

Back 7

large, interstitial space

Front 8

As the protein concentration of tissue fluid increases, ___ ____ pressure increases

Back 8

colloid osmotic

Front 9

How is lymph formed?

Back 9

Increasing pressure within interstitial spaces forces some tissue fluid into lymphatic capillaries. This fluid becomes lymph.

Front 10

Lymph returns ____ molecules to the bloodstream and transports foreign particles to ____ ____

Back 10

protein; lymph nodes

Front 11

How is lymph moved? (two ways)

Back 11

1)by the contraction of skeletal muscles
2)low pressure in the thorax created by breathing movements

Front 12

Lymph nodes are subdivide into ____. These subdivision contain masses of ____ and ____

Back 12

nodules, lymphocytes, macrophages

Front 13

Lymph nodes aggregate in ____ or chains along the paths of larger lymphatic ____.

Back 13

groups, vessels

Front 14

Three functions of lymph nodes

Back 14

1)filter harmful foreing particles from lymph
2)centers for production of lymphocytes
3)centers containing phagocytic cells

Front 15

The thymus is composed of ____ tissue, subdivided into ____

Back 15

lymphatic, lobules

Front 16

Some ____ leave the thymus and provide ____

Back 16

lymphocytes, immunity

Front 17

What happens to the thymus with age.

Back 17

slowly shrinks after puberty.

Front 18

The spleen is like a large ___ ___ subdivided into ____

Back 18

lymph node, lobules

Front 19

Spaces within the splenic lobules are filled with _____

Back 19

blood

Front 20

The spleen contains many ____. Give two functions of the spleen

Back 20

macrophages
1)filter foreign particles
2)filter damaged red blood cells from blood

Front 21

What is "species resistance"? Give an example.

Back 21

when one species is resistant to certain diseases that may affect other species . Example: the infectious agent causing Measles, mumps, gonorrhea, syphilis, infect humans, but no other animal species

Front 22

The body has ____ and ____ defenses against infection.

Back 22

nonspecific, specific

Front 23

Name 6 types of nonspecific defenses against infection.

Back 23

1)species resistance
2)mechanical barriers
3)chemical barriers
4)fever
5)inflammation
6)phagocytosis

Front 24

Name two mechanical barriers involved in nonspecific defenses against infection. What do these do?

Back 24

skin and mucous membranes. These block entrance of some pathogens.

Front 25

List two type of chemical barriers involved in nonspecific defenses against infection.

Back 25

1)enzymes (gastric juice, tears)
2)interferons

Front 26

What is interferon?

Back 26

A hormone-like peptide produced by cells like lymphocytes and fibroblasts.

Front 27

Name three functions of interferon

Back 27

1)stimulate uninfected cells to SYNTHESIZE ANTIVIRAL PROTEINS (that block viral proliferation)
2)stimulate PHAGOCYTOSIS
3)ENHANCE activity of CELLS that help RESIST INFECTIONS and STIFLE TUMOR GROWTH.

Front 28

How does fever help fight infection?

Back 28

Higher body temperature leads to decrease in blood iron level and increase in phagocytic activity.

Front 29

What is inflammation. What are it's four clinical symptoms/signs?

Back 29

1)tissue response to injury or infection
2)localized redness, swelling, heat, and pain.

Front 30

In inflammation, ____ released by damaged tissus attracte ___ ___ ___ to the site

Back 30

chemicals, white blood cells

Front 31

In inflammation, ____ ____ containing many fibers may form a ___ around injured tissue and thus ____ the spread of ____

Back 31

connective tissue, sac/barrier, block, pathogens

Front 32

Which two cell types are the most active phagocytes in blood

Back 32

neutrophils and monocytes

Front 33

Monocytes give rise to ___, which remain fixed in ____

Back 33

macrophages, tissues

Front 34

Phagocytic cells are associated with the linings of blood vessels in which tissues/organs (5)?

Back 34

bone marrow, liver, spleen, lungs, and lymph nodes

Front 35

With regards to immunity, before birth, body cells inventory "self" ___ and other large molecules. After inventory, _____ develop receptors that allow them to differentiate between nonself (foreign) and self ____

Back 35

proteins, lymphocytes, antigens

Front 36

How do nonself (foreign) antigens simulate an immune reaction.

Back 36

Foreign antigens combine with Y cell and B cell surface receptors, stimulating these cells to cause an immune reaction.

Front 37

What are haptens

Back 37

Haptens are small MOLECULES that can COMBINE with larger ones, becoming ANTIGENIC.

Front 38

Lymphocytes originate in ___ ___ ___ and are released into the blood before they ____.

Back 38

red bone marrow, differentiate

Front 39

Some lymphocytes, after being released into the blood, reach the ____, where they mature into _ cells

Back 39

thymus, T

Front 40

Where do the B cells mature?

Back 40

in the red bone marrow

Front 41

Where do T cells and B cells reside?

Back 41

in lymphatic tissues and organs

Front 42

Some T cells interact with ___-bearing agents ____ (how?), providing the ____ (what type of) immune response.

Back 42

antigen, cellular

Front 43

T cells secrete ____, such as ____, that enhance cellular responses to antigens.

Back 43

cytokines, interleukins

Front 44

T cells may also secrete substances that are ___ to their target cells.

Back 44

toxic

Front 45

Varieties of T cells and B cells number in the _____. The members of each variety respond only to a specific ____. As a group, the members of each variety form a ____.

Back 45

millions, antigen, clone.

Front 46

How are helper T cells activated?

Back 46

by encountering an antigen-presenting cell which DISPLAYS a foreign antigen, for which the helper cell is specialized to react.

Front 47

How does a macrophage act in the cellular immune response?

Back 47

It PHAGOCYTIZES an antigen-bearing agent, DIGESTS the agent, and DISPLAYS the antigen on its cell membrane.

Front 48

A foreign antigen is displayed on the cell membrane of, for example, a macrophage in association with what else?

Back 48

MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) proteins.

Front 49

An activated T cell contacts a ___ that carries the foreign ___ the T cell previously encountered on an ____-____ cell.

Back 49

B cell, antigen, antigen-presenting

Front 50

Name three things an activated helper T cell does when it contacts a B cell which carries the appropriate antigen?

Back 50

1)secretes cytokines
2)stimulates B cell proliferation
3)attracts macrophages

Front 51

What role do cytotoxic T cells play in immunity?

Back 51

they recognize foreign antigens on TUMOR cells and cells whose surfaces indicate that they are INFECTED by viruses. The cytotoxic T cell then kills the other cell.

Front 52

What are memory T cells?

Back 52

T cells that respond quickly to subsequent exposure to the same antigen, AFTER the first exposure to this antigen.

Front 53

T cells are involved in which of the two types of immune response?

Back 53

Cellular immune response.

Front 54

briefly explain cellular immune response

Back 54

Macrophages phagocytize foreign antigen and display it. This stimulates helper T cells, which stimulate B cells, and attact macrophages. Killer (cytotoxic) T cells are stimulated by the foreing antigen on tumor cells or infected cells. They kill the bad cell.

Front 55

B cells are involved in which of the two types of immune responses?

Back 55

humoral immune response

Front 56

B cells are activated when they encounter an ____ that fits their ____ receptors.

Back 56

antigen, antigen

Front 57

An activated B cell ____ (especially when stimulated by a __ ___), enlarging its ____

Back 57

proliferates/divides, T cell, clone

Front 58

Some activated B cell clones specialize into antibody-producing ____ cells. Others become ____ cells.

Back 58

plasma, memory

Front 59

Antibodies react against the ___-____ agent that stimulated their production.

Back 59

antigen-bearing

Front 60

What are antibodies?

Back 60

Soluble PROTEINS called IMMUNOGLOBULINS.

Front 61

List the five major types of immunoglobulins. Which are the three most abundant?

Back 61

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE

IgG, IgA, IgM are the most abundant.

Front 62

what are the three general ways that antibodies act?

Back 62

1)attach directly to antigens
2)activate complement
3)stimulate local tissue CHANGES that are UNFAVORABLE to antigen-bearing agents (eg viruses or bacteria)

Front 63

List three things that can result from direct attachment of antibody to antigen

Back 63

1)agglutination
2)precipitation
3)neutralization

Front 64

What is "complement". What does it do (3)?

Back 64

complement is a protein
1)attracts phagocytes
2)changes cells to make them more susceptible to phagocytosis
3)ruptures foreign cell membranes (lysis)

Front 65

The first reaction to an antigen is called a ___ ___ ___.

Back 65

primary immune response`

Front 66

During a primary immune response, _____ are produced for several weeks. Some _ ___ remain dormant as ____ cells.

Back 66

antibodies, B cells, memory

Front 67

A ____ immune response occurs rapidly as a result of _____ cell response if the same antigen is encountered later again.

Back 67

secondary, memory

Front 68

What is active immunity? passive immunity? Which lasts longer

Back 68

Active immunity occurs when a person produces an immune response to an antigen. This type last the longest.
Passive immunity is when a person receives ANTIBODIES produced by another individual or in a lab.

Front 69

What is the difference between naturally and artificially acquired immunity?

Back 69

Naturally acquired immunity arises in the course of natural events. Artificially acquired immunity is the result of a medical procedure.

Front 70

1)What is an example of a naturally acquire ACTIVE immunity.2)naturally acquired passive immunity?

Back 70

1)a primary immune response after an infection with a pathogen
2)antibodies passing from mother to fetus through the placental membrane.

Front 71

1)What is an example of an artificially acquired active immunity? 2)artificially acquired passive immunity?

Back 71

1)vaccine containing a dead or weakened pathogen.
2)injection of antibodies into a person.

Front 72

what are allergic reactions?

Back 72

excessive and misdirected immune responses that may damage tissue.

Front 73

____-_____ allergy, which can occur in anyone and inflame the skin, results from repeated exposure to ____. Give an example. What cells are involved in this?

Back 73

delayed-reaction, antigens.
example: dermatitis from repeated exposure to cosmetics
T-cells, and macrophages

Front 74

____-____ allergy is an inborn ability to overproduce ____

Back 74

Immediate-reaction, IgE

Front 75

Which type of cells is particularly involved in an allergic reaction? What does this type of cell release when it erupts

Back 75

1)mast cells
2)releases allergy mediators such as HISTAMINE

Front 76

In an allergic reaction, chemicals released from ___ cells can cause what type of allergic symptoms?

Back 76

mast
hives, hay fever, asthma, eczema, gastric disturbances.

Front 77

What is tissue rejection?

Back 77

When a transplant recipient's immune system reacts against the transplant

Front 78

What can minimize tissue rejection, and help prevent it?

Back 78

1)matching donor and recipient tissues
2)using immunosuppressive drugs

Front 79

What is an autoimmune disorder?

Back 79

when a person's immune system manufactures antibodies that attack that person's own tissues

Front 80

Name three things that can cause, or are associated with, an autoimmune disease.

Back 80

1)previous viral infection
2)faulty T cell development
3)reaction to a foreign antigen that resembles a self antigen.

Front 81

Describe how an immediate-reaction allergic response may occur.

Back 81

1)patient previously sensitized to an antigen
2)second contact with antigen, IgE attaches to mast cells, and causes release of chemicals such as histamine.