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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What type of tissue is blood?
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connective tissue
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Describe the tissue, blood, in general terms
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A type of connective tissue whose cells are suspended in a liquid intercellular material
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What are the formed elements of blood.
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red blood cells (RBC)
white blood cells (WBC) platelets |
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Blood volume varies with what three things?
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1)body size
2)fluid and electrolyte balance 3)adipose tissue content |
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What is the liquid portion of blood called?
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plasma
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What does plasma contain (6 things)
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water,gases, nutrients, hormones, electrolytes, cellular wastes
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Describe the shape of RBC's. What does their shape do?
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biconcave discs.
The shape increases surface area. |
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What molecule does a RBC contain? What does this molecule do?
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hemoglobin.
combine with oxygen |
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What is the red blood cell count? What is its normal value?
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The number of cells per cubic millimeter of blood. Normal value is approx. 4-6 million.
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What is the importance of the RBC count (what is it related to)?
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RBC count is related to the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
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Where are the RBC's produced?
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bone marrow
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The number of RBC's remains relatively ___. RBC production is controlled by a ___ ___ mechanism involving _____.
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stable.
negative feedback erythropoietin |
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What dietary factors affect RBC production? (3)
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vitamin B12
folic acid iron |
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Why is iron important in RBC production?
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hemoglobin synthesis requires iron
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What eventually happens to RBC's. How and where does this happen?
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Damaged RBC's are phagocytized by macrophages in the liver and spleen. The iron is recycled.
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What products are released from hemoglobin breakdown?
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biliverdin and bilirubin pigments
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What is the precursor cell to white blood cells? What substances help in this development (2)?
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hemocytoblast
interleukins; colony-stimulating factors |
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What is the general function of WBC's?
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to protect against disease.
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what are the two broad categories of WBC's? What types of WBC belongs to each category?
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1)granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
2)agranulocytes (monocytes and lymphocytes) |
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What do neutrophils do? Wha other type of cell also performs this function?
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Neutrophils phagocytize foreign particles. Monocytes also do this.
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What do eosinophils do (3)?
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1)kill PARASITES
2)help control INFLAMMATION 3)help control ALLERGIC reactions |
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What substances do basophils release (2)? What do these substances do?
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1)heparin, inhibits blood clotting
2)histamine, increase blood flow to injured tissues. |
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What do lymphocytes do?
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Produce ANTIBODIES that attack specific foreign substances.
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What is the normal total WBC count (including units)?
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5 to 10 thousand cells per mm cubed of blood
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Name three abnormal conditions that can change the WBC count.
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1)infection
2)emotional disturbances 3)excessive loss of body fluids |
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What is a differential wbc count?
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A count indicating the percentages of various types of WBC's present.
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What is another word for white blood cells?
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leukocytes
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Where do platelets develop? What substance affects their development? What are platelets?
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1)red bone marrow
2)thrombopoeitin 3)fragments of giant cells |
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What is the normal platelet counts (including units)?
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130 to 360 thousand platelets per mm cubed of blood.
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Wha tdo platelets do?
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they help close breaks in the blood vessels.
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Name three functions of plasma
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1)TRANSPORTS gases/nutrients
2)REGULATES fluid and electrolyte balance. 3)helps MAINTAIN stable pH. |
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Where are plasma proteins found?
Are these proteins used as an energy source? |
1)in blood and interstitial fluid.
2)not normally |
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Name three groups of plasma proteins.
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1)albumins
2)globulins 3)fibrinogen |
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What is the function of albumins?
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help maintain the colloid osmotic pressure.
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what do globulins do (2)? What is an important member of the globulins?
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1)They provide immunity
2)transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins. 3)antibodies |
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What process involves fibrinogen?
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blood clotting
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Name three gases in plasma
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oxygen
carbon dioxide nitrogen |
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Name three plasma nutrients
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simple sugars
amino acids lipids |
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How is glucose stored, and where? What prompts glucose release from this organ?
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Glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver. glucose release is prompted by low blood glucose.
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Name two uses of amino acids
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1)synthesize proteins
2)deaminated for use as energy source |
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____ function in the transport of lipids in the blood.
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Lipoproteins
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Name three nonprotein nitrogenous substances in the blood.
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1)amino acids
2)urea 3)uric acid |
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Name the plasma electrolytes (8).
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sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, sulfate
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Why are bicarbonate ions in the blood important (2)?
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1)maintaining osmotic pressure of plasma
2)maintaining pH of plasma |
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What is "hemostasis"?
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the stoppage of bleeding.
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Name the three broad components of hemostasis. Which is the most effective component?
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1)blood vessel spasm
2)platelet plug formation 3)blood coagulation - the most effective component. |
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____ ____ in blood vessel walls reflexly contract in hemostasis
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smooth muscles
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What substance stimulates vasoconstriction in hemostasis. Where does it come from?
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1)serotonin
2)released by platelets |
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Name three things that platelets can adhere to in forming a plug during hemostasis.
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1)rough surfaces
2)exposed collagen 3)each other |
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Clot formation in hemostasis depends on the ____ between ____ that promote clotting, and those that inhibit clotting.
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balance
factors |
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What is the basic event in coagulation.
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The conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin.
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Name three substances that promote clotting.
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1)prothrombin activator
2)prothrombin 3)calcium ions |
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1)A thrombus is....
2)an embolus is.... |
1)abnormal blood clot in a vessel.
2)clot or fragment of a clot that MOVES in a vessel. |
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What is the difference between fibrinogen and fibrin?
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Fibrinogen is a SOLUBLE plasma protein. These join to form fibrin, an INSOLUBLE protein, which sticks to the damaged vessels, and traps platelets.
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Blood can be typed on the basis of ____ ______ _____.
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cell surface antigens
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What is agglutination?
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CLUMPING of RBC's after a transfusion reaction.
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red blood cell membranes may contain specific ___, and blood plasma may contain ___ against certain of these antigens.
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antigens
antibodies |
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Blood is grouped according to the _____ or _____ of these antigens:
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presence
absence antigens A and B |
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A transfusion reaction is caused by what?
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Mixing RBC's that contain an antigen with plasma that contains the antibody against that antigen.
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What is the difference between Rh-negative and Rh-positive blood?
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Rh-positive blood has Rh antigens on the red blood cells.
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Mixing Rh-positive RBC with plasma that contains anti-Rh antibodies _____ the positive cells.
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agglutinates
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Why is the Rh status important during pregnancy?
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Anti-Rh antibodies in maternal blood may cross the placental tissues and react with the RBC's of an Rh-positive fetus.
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How can an Rh-negative person become sensitized to Rh-positive blood (2 ways)?
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1)receving a transfusion of Rh+ blood which simulates antibody production in the recipient
2)During delivery/miscarriage, some of the fetal blood enters maternal circulation. If fetus is Rh+ and mother is Rh-, this sensitizes mother's blood |
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What is erythroblastosis fetalis?
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Hemolytic disease of the newborn. When a previously sensitized Rh-neg mother becomes pregnant with an Rh+ child, her antibodies can cross the placenta and destroy fetal RBC's
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What blood type is known as a "universal donor", and why?
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Type O blood, because it lacks antigens A and B, and therefore antibodies to A and B in the recipient won't affect the donated blood.
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Which antibodies develop in people with:
1)type A blood 2)type B blood 3)type O blood 4)type AB blood |
1)anti-B
2)anti-A 3)anti-A and anti-B 4)neither anti-A nor anti-B |
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Which type of blood is known as the "Universal recipient"
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Type AB
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Which is the most common ABO type of blood? second-most common? least common?
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1)type O (47%)
2)type A (41%) 3)type AB |
