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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Receptor cells |
Not free endings of sensory neurons ; described as neuron like epithelial cells or small peripheral neurons . Receptor is a protein molecule that receives chemical signals from outside a cell. |
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Complex sensory organs |
Eyes and ears |
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Distinctive epithelial structures |
Taste buds and olfactory epithelium |
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Cranial nerves |
Some receive sensory information from sensory receptors |
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Olfactory nerve / cranial nerve 1 |
Smell |
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Optic nerve/ CN 2 |
Sight |
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Vestibule cochlear/ auditory nerve / CN 8 |
Hearing and equilibrium |
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Facial nerve (CN 7), glosspharyngeal (9) nerve/vagus Nerve (10) |
Involved with taste |
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Taste buds |
Taste receptors are found with taste buds |
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Mucosa of mouth and pharynx |
Location of taste buds |
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How many taste buds |
10,000 |
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Taste buds |
The majority of taste buds are found on the tongue, but not all of them |
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Two types of papillae |
Fungiform papillae & Vallate Papillae |
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Fungiform papillae |
Relatively small: located over the entire surface of the tongue; most NUMEROUS |
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Vallate Papillae |
Relatively large, located near the back of the tongue, least numerous , forms a V-SHAPE |
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How many epithelial cells make up an individual taste bud |
50 to 100 epithelial cells make up ONE taste bud |
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Gustatory cells (epithelial cells) |
Receptor cells |
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Supporting cells (epithelial cells) |
Insulate/protect gustatory cells: very numerous |
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Basal cells ( undifferentiated ) |
Will replace gustatory cells or supporting cells |
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Taste pore |
Near the center of the taste bud. Where Microvilli from gustatory cells absorb taste molecules |
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Tastes |
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami (deliciousness / savory ) |
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Sensory pathway |
Taste buds (sensory receptors) > sensory fibers of CRANIAL NERVES 7, 9, 10 >> solitary nuclei of medulla oblongata > thalamus > gustatory area of cerebral cortex |
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Olfactory epithelium (SMELL) |
Olfactory receptors are located within the epithelia that cover the super nasal Conchae and superior nasal septum |
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Sniffing |
Draws more air and intensifies the smell |
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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
Olfactory epithelium (SMELL) |
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Olfactory receptors cells |
Bipolar neurons |
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Olfactory cilia |
Apical (bottom) dendrite projections act as receptors and largely immotile |
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Supporting cells |
Secrete mucus |
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Mucus |
Captures and dissolves scent molecules |
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Basal cells (undifferentiated) |
Form new olfactory (SMELL) receptor cells |
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Olfactory glands |
Also secrete mucus |
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Filaments of olfactory nerve |
Axons of cranial nerve 1 = olfactory |
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Olfactory bulb |
Part of the forebrain |
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Mitral cells |
Neurons that synapse with CN 1 AXONS |
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Glomeruli |
Present between CN 1 filaments and Mitral cells( where synapses occur) |
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Sight/vision |
Dominant special sense in humans ; accounts for 70% of sensory receptors and 40% of cerebral cortex |
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Eyebrows |
Shade the eyes and prevent sweat from the forehead from reaching the eyes |
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Eyelids/palpbrae |
Upper and lower lids; close to protect the eyes |
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Eyelashes |
Help to protect the eyes as a filter and through reflexive blinking |
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Conjunctiva |
Conjunctiva Is a transparent mucus membrane that covers the inner surfaces of the eyelids and anterior surface of the eyes; forms the white scleara ; blood vessels are present within, responsible for bloodshot eyes |
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Lacrimal apparatus |
Keeps the surface of the eye moist with tears/lacrimal fluid |
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Extrinsic eye muscles |
6 skeletal muscles that move the eye |
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Eye |
The eye has anterior and posterior poles |
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Tunics |
Three layers |
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3 types of tunics |
Fibrous, vascular, and sensory tunic |
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Fibrous tunic |
Outer layer; corresponds to the dura mater of the brain |
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Sclera- outer layer |
White |
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Cornea- outer layer |
Transparent / Clear |
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Vascular tunic |
Middle layer |
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Choroid - middle layer |
Highly vascular, dark pigmented membrane, corresponds To arachnoid mater and pia mater |
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Ciliary body - middle layer |
Thickened ring of tissue continuous with the choroid anteriorly( in the front of eye), encircles the lens . |
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Iris - middle layer |
Iris is the Visible colored part of the eye located between the cornea and lens |
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Sensory tunic |
Inner layer |
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Retina - inner layer |
Retina - where photo receptors are found |
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Cavities / chambers |
Anterior and posterior |
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Two types of humors |
Vitreous and aqueous humor |
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Aqueous humor |
Watery fluid found within the anterior( front) chamber of the eye |
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Vitreous humor |
Relatively viscous fluid found with the posterior (back) chamber of the eye, gel consistency |
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Lens |
Focuses light on the retina, is capable of changing shape |
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Layers of retina |
The retina is composed of two layers |
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Layers of retina |
Pigmented and neural layer |
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Pigmented layer |
Outer layer, lies against the choroid, composed of melanocytes |
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Melanocytes - pigmented layer |
Produce melanin, which absorbs incoming light to prevent scattering |
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Neural layer |
The inner layer of the retina, relatively thick, contains photoreceptors |
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Photoceptor cells |
Rods, cones, and ganglion cells |
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Rods |
The most numerous, very sensitive to the light, allow vision in dim light |
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Cones |
Bright light, color vision, three types of cones |
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Three types of cones |
Blue, red, green |
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Blue, red, green cones |
These cones are sensitive to different wavelengths of light |
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Ganglion cells |
Axons of which form optic nerve (CN 2) |
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Ora serrata retinae |
Location where the neural layer of the retina ends anteriorly ( in the front) |
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Macula lutea |
Located at the posterior (back) pole ; appears yellow : lots of cones ; central vision best |
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Fovea centralis |
Located in the center of the macula lutea, contains only cones, maximum visual acuity (sharpest daylight images) |
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Optic disc / Papilla |
Where the axons of the ganglion cells Converge to form optic nerve / CN 2 : blind spot |
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Main visual pathway |
Photoreceptors ( retina) >> optic nerve >~> optic chiasma > optic tract > thalamus > visual cortex of the occipital lobe of cerebrum |
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Superior colliculi |
Reflex nuclei controlling extrinsic eye muscles |
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Pretectal nuclei |
Pupillary light reflex |
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Pupillary light reflex |
Change diameter of pupil |
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Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus |
Timer that runs daily biorhythms associated with daylight/ dark cycles |
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Development of eyes |
Eyes form as outpocketings of brain( optic vesicles > optic cups) |
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Outer / external ear |
Auricle / pinna |
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External Acoustic Meatus |
External Acoustic/Auditory Meatus – canal through which sound waves travel. |
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Elastic cartilage - ear |
Elastic Cartilage – flexible cartilage. |
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Cerumen/earwax |
Cerumen/Earwax – produced by ceruminous glands. |
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Tympanic Membrane |
Tympanic Membrane – “ear drum”; medial boundary of external ear; lateral boundary of middle ear. |
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Pharyngptympanic/auditory/eustachian tube |
Pharyngotympanic/Auditory/Eustachian Tube – connects middle ear to pharynx. |
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Middle ear ossicles |
Middle Ear Ossicles – transmit vibrations to inner ear. |
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Types of ossicles |
Mallelous, incus, Stapes |
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Malleus, incus, Stapes |
Malleus, Incus, Stapes – from most lateral to most medial. |
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Inner ear / labyrinth |
Inner Ear/Labyrinth – sometime referred to as the “maze”. |
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Bony labyrinth |
Bony Labyrinth – three parts composed of bone. |
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Semicircular Canals |
Semicircular Canals – house semicircular ducts. |
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Vestibule |
Vestibule – houses utricle & saccule. |
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Vestibular Nerve |
Vestibular Nerve – innervates vestibule; balance. |
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Cochlea |
C C Cochlea – houses cochlear duct. |
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Cochlear Nerve |
Cochlear Nerve – innervates cochlea; hearing. |
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Semicircular ducts |
Semicircular Ducts – sense rotational acceleration. |
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Cupula |
Cupula – hairs of epithelial cells form a cap-like structure that bends. |
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Utricle & Saccule |
Utricle & Saccule – senses static equilibrium and linear acceleration. |
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Macula |
Macula – sensory epithelium within utricle and saccule; monitors static equilibrium and linear acceleration. |
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Otoliths |
Otoliths – “ear stones”. |
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Cochlear duct |
C C Cochlear Duct – senses sound/hearing. |
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Hair Cells |
H H Hair Cells – act as receptors; bent by vibrations. |
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Auditory pathway |
Auditory Pathway Cochlear Nerve => Medulla => Midbrain => Cerebral Cortex (Primary Auditory Cortex) |
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Equilibrium Pathway |
Equilibrium Pathway Vestibular Nerve => Brain Stem (Medulla & Cerebellum) Also, Minor Equilibrium Pathway to Cerebrum |