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193 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do muscles do?
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move things
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Muscle is _____ , but a muscle is an ______?
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tissue, organ
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What are the three types of muscle tissue?
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smooth, skeletal, and cardiac
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What type of muscle moves bones?
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skeletal
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What type of muscle moves blood?
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cardiac
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What type of muscle moves chyme?
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smooth
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What is the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics?
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heat production
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What means flesh?
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sarco
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What is a cell also called?
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fiber
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What is a muscle cell membrane also called?
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sarcolemma
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What is muscle cytoplasma also called?
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sarcoplasma
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What type of muscles are striated?
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smooth
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What is the location of the nucleus in a smooth muscle?
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smooth
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What is the rate of response of smooth muscle?
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slowest
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What is the rate of fatigue of smooth muscle?
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very slow
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Is smooth muscle voluntary and involuntary?
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vonluntary
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What makes up the central nervous system?
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brain and spinal cord
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What system is around the CNS?
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peripheral nervous system
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What makes up the peripheral nervous system?
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cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia
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How many cranial nerves are there?
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12 pairs coming off the brain
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How many spinal nerves are there?
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31 pair coming off the spinal cord
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What are masses of cell parikarya that are not part of the CNS?
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ganglia
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What functional division is more or less under your control?
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voluntary
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The voluntary functional division is made up of what?
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brain, spinal cord, some cranial nerves, and parts of all spinal nerves
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What is the functional division that we can't consciously control?
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involuntary
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The involuntary functional division is made up of what?
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brain, spinal cord, some cranial nerves, and parts of some spinal nerves
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What is the fight or flight response?
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sympathetic
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What is the system that brings about body changes that helps us get out of danger?
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sympathetic
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What is involved in the sympathic system?
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thoraco-lumbar spinal nerves
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What is the rest and digest response?
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parasympathetic
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What system calms you down and allows food to digest?
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parasympathetic
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What is involved in the parasympathetic response?
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only sacral spinal nerves and cranial nerves 3, 7, 9 and 10
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What is the top 1/3 of the esophagus made up of?
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skeletal muscle
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What is the middle 1/3 of the esophagus made up of?
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mixture fo skeletal and smooth
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What is the lower 1/3 of the esophagus made up of?
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smooth muscle
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What is the lower 2/3 of the esophagus, stomach and intestines?
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gut muscles
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What do gut muscles move along the gut?
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chyme
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Where is smooth muscle located?
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gut muscles, sphincters, walls of blood vessels, ducts, arrector pili, bronchioles, and ciliary body of the eye
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What are air passages in the lungs that are able to constrict and dialate?
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bronchioles
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What muscles are able to constrict the eye?
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circular
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What muscles of the eye are able to dialate?
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radial
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What muscles are striated?
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skeletal and cardiac
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How many nuclei do skeletal muscles have?
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many
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What is the name for multi-nucleated?
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syncytium
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Where is the nucleus located in a skeletal muscle?
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edge of the cell
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What is the rate of response of a skeletal muscle?
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fastest
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What is the rate of fatigue of a skeletal muscle?
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fastest
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Is a skeletal muscle vonluntary or involuntary?
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vonluntary
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What is the location of skeletal muscle tissue?
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attached to bones
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How many muscles do humans have?
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around 600
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Cardiac muscles have what kind of fibers?
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branched
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Where is the location of the nucleus in a cardiac muscle?
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center
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Cardiac muscles contain ______ that are distinct dark bands that line up with the other striations in the tissue?
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intercalated discs
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Where are intercalated discs located?
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ends of cardiac muscle cells
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What is the rate of response of a cardiac muscle?
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intermediate
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What is the rate of fatigue of a cardiac muscle?
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intermediate
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Are cardiac muscles voluntary or involuntary?
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involuntary
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The stimulation for contraction of a cardiac muscle originates where?
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muscle cells
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What is the first organ to function in an embryo?
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heart
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What is the name for the end of a muscle that does NOT move during contraction?
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origin
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What is the name for the end of a muscle that moves during contraction?
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insertion
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What originate at the end of muscles and insert on themselves?
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sphincters
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What is the name for a place where muscles have a common insertion?
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head
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What kind of muscle attachment wraps around itself?
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cardiac
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What is the name for loose connective tissue?
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areolar
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What bundles muscle groups together?
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fascia
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What type of connective tissue is on top of muscle and it connected to the connective tissue?
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epimysium
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What surrounds each muscles fassicle?
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perimysium
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What type of connective tissue surrounds each individual cell?
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endomysium
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Within each fiber or muscle are many what?
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myofibrils
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Myofibrils are made of what?
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myofilaments
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The primary myofilaments are made up of what?
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protein
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What myofilament has two heads that go back and forth?
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myosin
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What myofilament has globular molecules?
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actin
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The globular molecutes of actin assemble into what?
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f-actin (filamentous)
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What is the part of a myofibril that lies between the Z-lines?
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sarcomere
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What are the muscle striations darker in some areas?
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the myosin is thicker and blocks more light
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What are the dark striations of a myofibril?
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muscle striations
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What is the name for the Z- line?
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zwischensheibe
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What is the name for A-band and means not oriented in the same direction?
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anisotropic
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What is the name for I-band and means oriented in the same direction?
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isotropic
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What is the name for M-line?
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mittlesheibe
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What is the name for H-band and stands for bright in German?
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helle
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When a filament is contracted what is the appearance?
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Z lines, I band, and H bands contract, and A bands stay the same
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What requires nerve stimulation and is caused by the CNS?
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neurogenic
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What is the place whwere axons from motor neurons contact muscle cells between the neuron and the muscle cell?
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neuromuscular junction
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What is another name for neuromuscular junction?
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neuroeffector junction
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What is the name for A-band and means not oriented in the same direction?
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anisotropic
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What is released by a neuron, crosses a synapse, and causes a contraction?
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acetylcholin
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What is the name for I-band and means oriented in the same direction?
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isotropic
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What is the charge change at the cell's membrane?
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action potential
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What is the name for M-line?
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mittlesheibe
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What is the name for H-band and stands for bright in German?
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helle
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When a filament is contracted what is the appearance?
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Z lines, I band, and H bands contract, and A bands stay the same
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What requires nerve stimulation and is caused by the CNS?
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neurogenic
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What is the place whwere axons from motor neurons contact muscle cells between the neuron and the muscle cell?
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neuromuscular junction
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What is another name for neuromuscular junction?
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neuroeffector junction
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What is released by a neuron, crosses a synapse, and causes a contraction?
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acetylcholin
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What is the charge change at the cell's membrane?
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action potential
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What is the net charge outside the cell at rest?
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postitive
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During what time is the membrane permeable for a few milliseconds allowing sodium to rush in?
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depolarization
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During what time is the potassium rushing out of the cell?
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repolarization
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Membrane depolarization causes calcium to be released from ER and it combines with part of the actin to cause what?
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contraction
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What maintains its own rhythm of the cardiac?
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myogenic
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What do the Vagus and acetylcholine do to the heart?
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slow it down
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What do sympathetic and norepinephrine do to the heart?
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speed it up
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What does the adrenal medulla release?
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epinephrine and norepinephrine
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What two hormones do the adrenal medulla release?
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epi and norepi
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Where do epi and norepi travel?
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all tissues including the heart
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What is the net charge outside the cell at rest?
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postitive
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During what time is the membrane permeable for a few milliseconds allowing sodium to rush in?
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depolarization
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During what time is the potassium rushing out of the cell?
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repolarization
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Membrane depolarization causes calcium to be released from ER and it combines with part of the actin to cause what?
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contraction
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What maintains its own rhythm of the cardiac?
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myogenic
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What do the Vagus and acetylcholine do to the heart?
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slow it down
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What do sympathetic and norepinephrine do to the heart?
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speed it up
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What does the adrenal medulla release?
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epinephrine and norepinephrine
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What two hormones do the adrenal medulla release?
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epi and norepi
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Where do epi and norepi travel?
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all tissues including the heart
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What kind of of secretion is epi and norepi?
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endocrine gland
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What are the two parts of the adrenal medulla?
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medulla and cortex
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What is the inner part of the adrenal medulla?
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medulla
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What is the outer part of the adrenal medulla?
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cortex
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What does the cortex do?
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secretes hormones
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What types of hormones do the cortex secrete?
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potassium in urine, anti-inflammatory, sex-hormones
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What is an example of a muscle agonist?
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biceps
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What is an example of a muscle antagonist?
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triceps
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What is the largest muscle that causes a common action?
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prime mover
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What is an example of a prime mover?
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pectoralis major
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What muslce assists the prime mover?
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synergist
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What muscle stabalizes one area to support the movement of another?
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fixators
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What is an example of an action muscle?
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levator scapulae
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What is an example of a muscle named for the direction of fibers?
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rectus femoris
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What is an example of a muscle named after location?
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biceps femoris
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What is an example of a muscle named after the number of heads?
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triceps brachii
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What is an example of a muscle named after a shape?
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deltoid
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What is an example of a muscle named after points of attachment?
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sternocleidomastoid
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What is an example of a muscle named after size?
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gluteus maximus
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What is an example of a muscle named after flexion?
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flexor digitorum
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What is an example of a muscle named after extension?
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extensor carpi ulnaris
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What is an example of a muscle named after abduction?
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abductor pollicis longus
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What is an example of a muscle named after adduction?
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adductor pollicis
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What is an example of a muscle named after supination?
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supinator
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What is an example of a muscle named after pronation?
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pronator teres
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What is an example of a muscle named after elevation?
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levator scapulae
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What is an example of a muscle named after depression?
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depressor anguli oris
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What is an example of a muscle named after sphinction?
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cardiac sphinctor
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Where is the cardiac sphinctor located?
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top of stomach
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What is an example of a muscle named after tension?
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tensor fasciae latae
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What cycle is the first two weeks of early development?
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ovarian development
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What is the name for the remaining mature follicle?
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graafian follicle
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What is another name for graafian follicle?
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vesicular ovarian follicle
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What day does ovulation occur?
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14
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On what day is the embryo shaped like a mulberry and is called a morula?
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day 3
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On what day does the embryo become a hollow ball called a blastocyst?
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day 4
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On what day does the embryo start to implane into the endometrium?
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day 6
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On what day does the blastocyst form an embryonic disc?
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day 8
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What consists of many cells that are arranged in two layers?
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bilaminar disc
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What are the two layers of the bilaminar disc called?
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epiblast and hypoblast
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Implantation is complete on what day?
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day 10
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What day does placental circulation begin?
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day 11
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On what day does gastrulation begin?
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day 15
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What begins on day 15?
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gastrulation
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What process forms the three embryonic germ layers?
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gastrulation
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What germ layer gives rise to all of the nervous system?
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ectoderm
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What germ layer will give rise to all connective tissues?
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mesoderm
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What germ layer will give rise to the lining of the digestive system?
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endoderm
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What day is gastrulation complete and the germinal disc now consists of three embryonic layers?
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day 17
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What day has the neural plate folded into a tube?
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day 21
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What is the tube called that the neural plate folds into?
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neural tube
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What are the 5 subdivisions of the brain?
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telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon
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What brain region is the future cerebrum?
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telencephalon
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What brain region is the future thalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus?
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diencephalon
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What brain regions controls the hypophosis of the pituitary gland?
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diencephalon
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What brain region is the future midbrain?
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mesencephalon
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What brain region is the future pons and cerebellum?
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metencephalon
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What brain region is the future medulla oblangata?
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myelencephalon
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The neuroendocrine system is the what system?
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communication system
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What system communicates through neurotransmitter?
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nervous system
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Where are the neurotransmitters released?
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into the synapse
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What system communicates through hormones?
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endocrine system
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Where are the hormones released?
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into the blood
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What integrates and controls body functions?
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CNS
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What is the command center?
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brain
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What deals with reflexes and pathways?
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spinal cord
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What is all of the nervous system that is NOT part of the brain or spinal cord?
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peripheral
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The peripheral nervous system consists of ___ pair of cranial nerves and ___ pair of spinal nerves?
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12, 31
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What pathways goes toward brain neurons? They go AT the CNS.
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afferent pathway
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What part of the afferent pathways deals with skin and sense organs?
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somatic sensory
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What part of the afferent pathway deals with body organs?
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visceral sensory
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What pathway exits the brain?
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efferent pathway
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What part of the efferent pathway deals with controlling skeletal muscles?
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somatic
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What part of the efferent pathway is involuntary?
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autonomic
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