14. Anatomy & Physiology - The Endocrine System

Front 1

Describe the structure of the pituitary gland.

Back 1

The size of pea, it is divided into posterior and anterior lobes.

Front 2

List seven hormones released by the hypothalamus that promote homeostasis.

Back 2

Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)., Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)., Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)., Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)., Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)., Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)., Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH).

Front 3

List the classes of steroidal hormones secreted by the adrenal glands.

Back 3

Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids, Androgenic

Front 4

List the eight major glands of the endocrine system.

Back 4

Hypothalamus., Pituitary., Thyroid., Parathyroid., Thymus., Pancreas., Adrenals., Gonads.

Front 5

List the two hormones produced by the ovaries.

Back 5

Estrogen, Progesterone

Front 6

What are six hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

Back 6

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)., Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)., Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)., Luteinizing hormone (LH).

Front 7

What are the functions of gluocorticoids?

Back 7

Increase the blood glucose level by promoting gluconeogenesis and decreasing glucose utilization as an energy source. Inhibit inflammatory reactions and immune-system responses, as well as potentiate the effects of catecholamines.

Front 8

What are the functions of the pituitary gland?

Back 8

The posterior pituitary gland responds to nerve impulses from the hypothalamus. The anterior pituitary gland responds to hypothalamic hormones that travel down the stalk connecting the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus.

Front 9

What are the gonads chiefly responsible for?

Back 9

The endocrine glands chiefly responsible for the sexual maturation of puberty and any subsequent reproduction.

Front 10

What are the two hormones produced by the posterior pituitary gland?

Back 10

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)., Oxytocin.

Front 11

What are three hormones produced by the thyroid gland?

Back 11

Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), Calcitonin.

Front 12

What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

Back 12

ADH causes the kidneys to increase water reabsorption.

Front 13

What is the effect of calcitonin?

Back 13

Lowers blood calcium levels by increasing uptake of the calcium by bones and inhibiting breakdown of bone tissue.

Front 14

What is the effect of estrogen?

Back 14

Promotes the development and maintenance of secondary female sexual characteristics. It also plays a role in the egg development that precedes ovulation during each menstrual cycle. Also serves to protect the female against heart disease.

Front 15

What is the effect of glucagon?

Back 15

Increases blood glucose

Front 16

What is the effect of insulin?

Back 16

Decreases blood glucose

Front 17

What is the effect of oxytocin?

Back 17

Stimulates uterine contraction and lactation in women who have just delivered a baby.

Front 18

What is the effect of progesterone?

Back 18

Necessary for implantation of the fertilized egg and maintenance of the uterine lining throughout pregnancy.

Front 19

What is the effect of testosterone?

Back 19

Promotes the development and maintenance of secondary male sexual characteristics, and plays a role in the development of sperm.

Front 20

What is the effect of throxine?

Back 20

Stimulates cell metabolism

Front 21

What is the effect of thymosin?

Back 21

Promotes maturation of T lymphocytes

Front 22

What is the effect of triiodothryonine?

Back 22

Stimulates cell metabolism

Front 23

What is the function of mineralocorticoids?

Back 23

Contribute to salt and fluid balance in the body by regulating sodium and potassium excretion through the kidneys.

Front 24

What is the function of somatostatin?

Back 24

Acts within islets to inhibit secretion of glucagon and insulin. Also retards nutrient absorption from the intestine, although its mechanisms of action in the gut are poorly understood.

Front 25

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

Back 25

The junction, or connection, between the central nervous system and the endocrine system.

Front 26

What is the function of the parathyroid hormone?

Back 26

Increases blood calcium levels

Front 27

What is the function of the pineal gland?

Back 27

Releases the hormone melatonin in response to changes in light. Helps determine day-length and lunar cycles, and plays a role in controlling the reproductive 'biological clock'.

Front 28

What is the name given to the inner portion of the adrenal gland?

Back 28

Adrenal medulla.

Front 29

What is the name of the hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands?

Back 29

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Front 30

What is the name of the hormone secreted by the thymus gland?

Back 30

Thymosin

Front 31

What is the term used to describe the breakdown of glycogen to glucose?

Back 31

Glucogenolysis

Front 32

What is the term used to describe the conversion of protein and fat to form glucose?

Back 32

Gluconeogenesis

Front 33

Where are the adrenal glands located?

Back 33

Located on the superior surface of the kidneys.

Front 34

Where are the ovaries located?

Back 34

Located in the pelvis on either side of the uterus.

Front 35

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

Back 35

Normally, four parathyroid glands are located on the posterior lateral surfaces of the thyroid, one pair above the other. Sometimes there are more than four, but only rarely are there fewer.

Front 36

Where is the hormone glucagon produced?

Back 36

In the alpha cells

Front 37

Where is the hypothalamus located?

Back 37

Deep within the cerebrum

Front 38

Where is the pancreas located?

Back 38

Located in the upper retroperitoneum behind the stomach and between the duodenum and spleen.

Front 39

Where is the pineal gland located?

Back 39

Located in the roof of the thalamus.

Front 40

Where is the thymus located?

Back 40

Located in the mediastinum just behind the sternum.

Front 41

Where is the thyroid gland located?

Back 41

Located in the neck anterior to and just below the cartilage of the larynx, with one lobe on either side of the midline.

Front 42

Which cells produce somatostatin?

Back 42

Delta cells

Front 43

Which hormone is produced by the beta cells?

Back 43

Insulin

Front 44

Which hormone is produced by the testes?

Back 44

Testosterone

Front 45

Which two hormones are essential to the homeostasis of blood glucose?

Back 45

Glucagon, insulin

Front 46

Androgenic hormones have the same effects as those secreted by which organs?

Back 46

As those secreted by the gonads.

Front 47

Where are the testes located?

Back 47

Located outside of the abdominal cavity in the scrotum.