Anatomy Physiology 1 Ch.3/4

Front 1

What is a cell?

Back 1

Basic organizational structure of the human body

Front 2

1) How many cells are found in the human body?

2) How much do cells vary in size?

3) What cell can be seen without the aid of a microscope?

Back 2

50 to 100 trillion

Considerably

Human egg cell

Front 3

Cells develop the ability to perform different functions in a process known as what?

Back 3

Differentiated

Front 4

The smallest living units

Back 4

Cells

Front 5

Controls movement of substances into and out of the cell; allows the cell to respond to certain stimuli

Back 5

Cell Membrane

Front 6

Control all cellular activities; contains the genetic material of the cell

Back 6

Nucleus

Front 7

Performance of various cellular activities such as protein synthesis; metabolism, and cell respiration

Back 7

Various cytoplasmic organelles

Front 8

What are three major portions of a cell?

Back 8

Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane

Front 9

The organelles are located in the?

Back 9

Cytoplasm

Front 10

T/F: The cell membrane is essential to the ability to receive and respond to chemical messages

Back 10

True

Front 11

What characteristic of cell membrane make it impermeable to such substances as water, amino acids, and sugars?

Back 11

The fatty acid portions of phospholipids that make up the inner layer of the cell membrane

Front 12

Which of the following substances on the cell membrane surface help cells to recognize and bind to each other as well as recognizing "non-self" substances such as bacteria?

Back 12

Glycoproteins

Front 13

Water-soluble substances such as ion cross the cell membrane via

Back 13

Protein channels

Front 14

Receptors on the cell membrane are composed of

Back 14

Proteins

Front 15

T/F: Faulty ion channels can cause disease and sudden death

Back 15

True

Front 16

A class of drug that are used to treat hypertension and angina affects which of the following transmembrane channels?

Back 16

Calcium channels

Front 17

Cell adhesion molecules are proteins that

Back 17

Attract cells to an area in which they are needed

Front 18

What organelle functions as a communication system for the cytoplasm?

Back 18

Endoplasmic reticulum

Front 19

The chemical activity in the ER results in

Back 19

Synthesis of protein and lipid molecules

Front 20

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus

Back 20

Packages and modifies protein molecules for transport & secretion

Front 21

The mitochondria are also known as the_______of cells

Back 21

"Powerhouse"

Front 22

Which of the following organelles is/are most likely to be of interest to evolutionary biologists?

Back 22

Mitochondria

Front 23

The enzymes of the lysosome function to

Back 23

Digest bacteria and damaged cell parts

Front 24

Peroxisomes are found most commonly in the cells of the

Back 24

Liver and kidney

Front 25

Like, hairlike projections that extend outward from the surface of the cell are called what?

Back 25

Cilia and flagella

Front 26

A membranous sac formed when the cell membrane fold inward and pinches off is a

Back 26

Vesicle

Front 27

This threadlike structures found within the cytoplasm of the cell are called

Back 27

Micro filaments and micro tubules

Front 28

The structure that float in the nucleoplasm of the nucleus are

Back 28

Nucleolus and chromatin

Front 29

Which of the following structures is made of nucleic acid and proteins?

Back 29

Chromatin

Front 30

The process that allows the movement of gases and ions from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration until equilibrium has been achieved is?

Back 30

Diffusion

Front 31

The process by which substances are moved through the cell membrane by the carrier molecule is?

Back 31

Facilitated diffusion

Front 32

The process by which water moves across a semipermeable membrane from areas of high concentration of solute to areas of lower concentration of solute is?

Back 32

Osmosis

Front 33

Contains a greater concentration of solute than the cell

Back 33

Hypertonic

Front 34

The process by which molecules are forced through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure that is greater on one side that on the other is known as what?

Back 34

Filtration

Front 35

The process that uses energy to move molecules or ions across a concentration gradient from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration is known as

Back 35

Active transport

Front 36

The process by which cells engulf liquid molecules by creating a vesicles is

Back 36

Pinocytosis

Front 37

A process that allows cells to take in molecules of solids by surrounding them to create a vesicle is known as

Back 37

Phagocytosis

Front 38

Which of the following statements best describes what happens when solid material is taken into a vacuole?

Back 38

A lysosome combines with a vacuole and decomposes the enclosed solid material

Front 39

The selective and rapid transport of a substance from one end of a cell to the other is

Back 39

Transcytosis

Front 40

When does the duplication of DNA molecules in cells preparing to reproduce occur

Back 40

Interphase

Front 41

Micotubules shorten and pull chromosomes toward centrioles

Back 41

Anaphase

Front 42

Chromatin forms chromosomes; nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear

Back 42

Prophase

Front 43

Chromosomes elongate and nuclear membrane form around each chromosome set

Back 43

Telophase

Front 44

Chromosomes become arranged midway between centrioles; duplicate parts of chromosomes become separated

Back 44

Metaphase

Front 45

The period of cell growth and duplication of cell parts is known as

Back 45

Interphase

Front 46

T/F: Different cells in the human body reproduce themselves according to limits that seem inherent to the cell type

Back 46

True

Front 47

Cells that reproduce continually throughout life

Back 47

Skin cells, cells of intestinal lining, blood-forming cells

Front 48

Cells that reproduce when an injury occurs

Back 48

Liver

Front 49

Cells that are no longer able to reproduce

Back 49

Nerve cells

Front 50

Name two gene families that are known to be involved in cancer formation

Back 50

Oncogenes and Tumor suppressor

Front 51

The daughter cell of stem cells can follow several developmental pathways but not all pathways and are known as what

Back 51

Pluripotent

Front 52

The process that sculpts organs from tissues that naturally overgrow is

Back 52

Apoptosis

Front 53

The metabolic process that synthesizes materials for cellular growth and requires energy is

Back 53

Anabolism

Front 54

The metabolic process that breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones and releases energy is

Back 54

Catabolism

Front 55

The form of energy used to activate and increase the rate of chemical reactions is

Back 55

Heat

Front 56

Enzymes are a type of

Back 56

Protein

Front 57

The form of energy utilized by the most cellular processes is

Back 57

Chemical

Front 58

The process by which the energy in a molecule of glucose is related within the cell is called

Back 58

Cell respiration

Front 59

The three main components of a molecule of ATP are

Back 59

1. Adenine

2. Phosphate Groups

3. Ribose

Front 60

The energy needed to prime glucose is provided by

Back 60

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Front 61

Coupling of energy and ATP synthesis is accomplished by a series of enzyme complexes located within the

Back 61

DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid)

Front 62

Muscle fatigue and cramps following strenuous exercise are due to an accumulation of?

Back 62

Lactic acid

Front 63

The main reservoirs for glycogen are

Back 63

Liver and muscle

Front 64

We inherit traits from our parents because

Back 64

DNA contains genes that are the carriers of inheritance

Front 65

All of the DNA in the cell constitutes the

Back 65

Genome

Front 66

A molecule consisting of a double spiral with sugar and phosphates forming the outer strands and organic bases joining the two strands is

Back 66

DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid)

Front 67

List the four nitrogenous bases of the DNA molecule

Back 67

Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine

Front 68

DNA pairs A and G are

Back 68

Purine

Front 69

DNA pairs T and C are

Back 69

Parimadines

Front 70

DNA molecules are located in the

Back 70

Nucleus

Front 71

Protein synthesis takes place in

Back 71

Cytoplasm

Front 72

What are the three types of RNA used for protein synthesis

Back 72

mRNA messenger

tRNA transfer

rRNA ribosome

Front 73

The function of ribozymes is

Back 73

To control the bonding of amino acids

Front 74

T/F: each amino acid can be specified by only one codon

Back 74

False

Front 75

mRNA molecules and ribosomes act together to synthesize

Back 75

Protein

Front 76

The amino acids in a molecule of protein are arranged in the correct sequence by

Back 76

tRNA

Front 77

The energy for the synthesis of protein molecules is supplies by

Back 77

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Front 78

Translation during protein synthesis occurs in

Back 78

Cytoplasm

Front 79

Which of the following factors is capable of causing mutation?

Back 79

Radiation, Sunlight, Chemicals