Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
172 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Breathing
|
The alternate inspiration and expiration of air into and out of the lungs
|
|
|
Respiration
|
The exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) between an organism and its environment
|
|
|
True or False: Breathing can occur without respiration
|
True
|
|
|
True or False: Respiration can occur without breathing
|
False: Respiration cannot occur without breathing
|
|
|
What are the two components of respiration?
|
External Respiration and Internal Respiration
|
|
|
External Respiration
|
The exchange of O2 and CO2 between air and blood - occurs within the lungs
|
|
|
Internal Respiration
|
The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood and tissues of the body
|
|
|
What are the structural components of the respiratory system?
|
Nose
Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi & Bronchioles Alveoli |
|
|
Inspired air enters through?
|
The external nares
|
|
|
The nares lead to?
|
The nasal cavity
|
|
|
The nasal cavity is divided into?
By what? |
Right and Left nasal chambers
Nasal septum |
|
|
Why are dogs noses cold and wet?
|
The nose pad is well supplied with mucous and sweat glands
|
|
|
Why are the nose pads of most dogs heavily pigmented?
|
To prevent sunburn
|
|
|
How is the epidermis of a dog's nose similar to a human finger?
|
It has a unique pattern much like a human fingerprint
|
|
|
What are the nasal chambers filled with?
|
Fine scroll-like bone called turbinates or conchae
|
|
|
What are the conchae covered with?
|
Ciliated mucous epithelium
|
|
|
Ciliated mucous epithelium
|
Is richly supplied with blood vessels
Contains nerves responsible for smell |
|
|
Function of the turbinates
|
To increase the surface area of ciliated mucous epithelium within the nasal chambers
|
|
|
Greater surface area of ciliated mucous epithelium means?
|
Greater ability to:
Warm incoming air Humidify incoming air Clean incoming air |
|
|
More intricate and extensive turbinates mean?
|
Better:
Olfactory senses Thermoregulatory ability |
|
|
How is the air warmed?
|
By the rich supply of blood vessels running through the epithelial layer
|
|
|
How is the air humidified?
|
Mucous
|
|
|
How is the air cleaned?
|
Mucous traps airborne particles and the cilia sweep the dirty mucous to the back of the nasal cavity so it can be swallowed
|
|
|
Where are the olfactory nerves located?
|
In the epithelium of the caudal portion of the turbinates
|
|
|
True or False: Animals that have the greatest sense of smell typically have the least extensive conchae
|
False: They have the most extensive conchae
|
|
|
Blood vessels in the nasal epithelium also?
Which animals is this particularly important in? |
Help the animal thermoregulate in hot conditions
Animals with limited ability to sweat |
|
|
What role does panting play in thermoregulation?
|
Panting causes increased evaporation of fluid from the nasal passages which cools the blood circulating in the epithelial blood vessels
|
|
|
How many turbinates are in each nasal chamber?
What are they called? In what animal are they of particular importance? |
Two
Dorsal turbinate and Ventral turbinate Horse |
|
|
The turbinates divide each chamber into passageways:
What is each passageway called? What do the passageways include? |
Nasal meatus
Dorsal meatus Middle meatus Ventral meatus Common meatus |
|
|
What are the paranasal sinuses?
|
They are the outpockets of the nasal chambers
|
|
|
What bone would the frontal sinus be housed in?
|
The frontal bone
|
|
|
True of False: The number of sinuses differs between species
|
True
|
|
|
Which species has larger paranasal sinuses due to the size and weight of its head?
|
Horse
|
|
|
The horse also has large air-filled chambers called?
|
Guttoral pouches
|
|
|
True or False: Guttoral pouches are paranasal sinuses
|
False: They are not
|
|
|
What are the boundaries of the nasal cavity?
|
Rostral - Nares
Caudal - Bones of the skull & pharynx Dorsal - Bones of the skull & cartilaginous tissue Ventral - Hard & soft palate |
|
|
From the nasal cavity, the inspired air passes into?
|
The pharynx
|
|
|
What is the pharnx commonly referred to as?
|
The throat
|
|
|
The pharynx is shared by what two systems?
|
The respiratory system and the digestive system
|
|
|
True or False: Both air and food pass through the pharynx
|
True
|
|
|
The pharynx is divided into a dorsal and ventral portion called?
What divides it? |
Nasopharynx (dorsal)
Oropharynx (ventral) Soft palate |
|
|
The soft palate extends caudally from what structure?
|
The hard palate
|
|
|
The caudal end of the pharynx communicates with what two structures?
|
The larynx
The esophagus |
|
|
The nasopharynx conducts air from______ to ________?
|
The nasal cavity to the larynx
|
|
|
The oropharynx conducts food from_____ to _______?
|
The oral cavity to the esophagus
|
|
|
From the pharynx inspired air passes into?
|
The larynx
|
|
|
The larynx is commonly referred to as?
|
The voice box
|
|
|
The larynx connects the ______ to the _____
|
Pharynx; Trachea
|
|
|
The larynx is made up of a number of segments of cartilage which include:
|
Epiglottis
Arytenoid Cartilage (2) Thyroid Cartilage Cricoid Cartilage |
|
|
The larynx is suspended from the skull by what?
|
The hyoid apparatus
|
|
|
The hyoid apparatus also suspends?
|
The tongue
|
|
|
The hyoid apparatus is composed of?
|
A number of segments of cartilage, muscle and connective tissue
|
|
|
True of False: When you pull the tongue forward you also pull the larynx forward
|
True
|
|
|
The most clinically significant cartilages are?
|
The epiglottis
The arytenoid cartilages |
|
|
The epiglottis is the most ______(direction) of the cartilages
|
Rostral
|
|
|
What is the function of the epiglottis?
|
To move caudally to seal off the entrance to the larynx (glottis) when the animal swallows
After the animal swallows the epiglottis falls rostrally again to open the glottis |
|
|
What do the arytenoid cartilages contain?
What happens when air moves past these structures? |
Vocal ligaments and vocal folds
They vibrate and sound is produced - size of the glottis and tension on the vocal folds will result in a range of sounds |
|
|
From the larynx, air enters the?
|
Trachea
|
|
|
The trachea is commonly referred to as?
|
The windpipe
|
|
|
Where does the trachea sit relative to the esophagus?
|
Ventral
|
|
|
Through which aspect of the neck does the trachea pass?
|
The ventral aspect
|
|
|
From the neck the trachea passes ______ (direction) through the _________ and into the ________ cavity
|
Caudally
Thoracic inlet Thoracic cavity |
|
|
The trachea enters into the ______ (tissue) in the thoracic cavity
|
Mediastinum
|
|
|
Where does the trachea terminate?
|
Caudally at a bifurcation dorsal to the heart
Where it branches into the bronchi |
|
|
True or False: The lumen of the trachea is not always open
|
False: It is patent
|
|
|
What allows the trachea to be continually patent?
|
Cartilaginous rings
|
|
|
What shape are the rings?
|
C-shaped
|
|
|
The dorsal portion of the rings are composed of?
Why is this important? |
Smooth muscle (not cartilage)
This allows food boluses to pass through the esophagus unimpeded |
|
|
The tracheal lumen is lined with?
Why is it important? |
Ciliated mucous epithelium
The cilia sweep the mucous with trapped particles toward the pharynx where it is swallowed or spat out |
|
|
From the trachea, air enters the?
|
Bronchi
|
|
|
Where do the bronchi enter the lungs?
|
At the root of the lung - also called the hilus
|
|
|
Why is the arrangement of the bronchi known as the bronchial tree?
|
As the bronchi enter the lung tissue they divide into smaller and smaller branches
|
|
|
What are the bronchi supported by?
|
Complete rings of cartilage
|
|
|
What happens to the rings of cartilage as the branches become smaller?
|
They gradually disappear
|
|
|
What are the passages called at the point where there is no longer any cartilaginous support?
|
Bronchioles
|
|
|
Bronchioles continue to branch until they form what?
|
The alveolar duct
|
|
|
The alveolar duct leads to?
|
The alveolar sacs
|
|
|
What are alveoli?
|
Thin walled sacs that are surrounded by capillary networks
|
|
|
What is the function of alveoli?
|
Gas exchange from the lungs into the blood via diffusion
|
|
|
What is each alveolus lined with?
What is the function of the lining? What happens to the quantity in prematurely born animals? |
Surfactant which is continually produced in the alveoli
Prevents the alveoli from collapsing as air moves in and out of them during external respiration also excess surfactant moves out of the alveoli carring any trapped particles with it They don't have enough surfactant in their lungs and will die |
|
|
What type of blood cell is also present in the alveoli to phagocytise debris and fight infection?
|
Leukocytes
|
|
|
What are the lungs divided into?
|
Lobes
|
|
|
How are the lung lobes distinguished?
|
By the major branches of the bronchi
|
|
|
What structure(s) does/do not reside in the lungs?
|
Proximal portion of the bronchi & the trachea
|
|
|
What is the membrane that covers the lungs called?
|
Visceral pleura
|
|
|
What structure(s) enter and leave the lung at the hilus?
|
Blood vessels
Lymphatic vessels Bronchi Nerves |
|
|
Guttoral pouches are out pockets of?
|
The auditory tubes
|
|
|
Auditory tubes
|
Connect the middle ear to the pharynx
|
|
|
Where are the guttoral pouches located?
|
Dorsal to the pharynx
|
|
|
What are the guttoral pouches lined with?
|
Mucoid epithelium
|
|
|
What happens to the mucous when the head is lowered?
What promotes this to occur? |
It is drained into the pharynx
Grazing promotes drainage |
|
|
What are the guttoral pouches divided into?
|
Lateral and medial components
|
|
|
What important structures are in close association with the guttural pouches?
|
External & internal carotid arteries
Numerous nerves |
|
|
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
|
Warm incoming air
Humidify incoming air Clean incoming air Thermoregulation Olfaction Straining functions |
|
|
Inspiration results in a(n) _______ in the volume of the thoracic cavity
|
Increase
|
|
|
Expiration results in a(n) ______ in the volume of the thoracic cavity
|
Decrease
|
|
|
The increase and decrease in volume of the thoracic cavity results in?
How is this made possible? What pathological condition can remove this? |
A proportional change in volume in the air in the lungs
The existence of a vacuum within the thoracic cavity A diaphragmatic hernia |
|
|
What muscles are responsible for respiration?
|
Diaphragm
External intercostals Internal intercostals |
|
|
What happens to these muscles during inspiration?
|
Diaphragm & External Intercostals contract
|
|
|
What happens to these muscles during expiration?
|
Nothing - expiration is passive
|
|
|
What happens to these muscles during forced expiration?
|
Internal intercostals contract
|
|
|
What are the rate and depth of respiration controlled by?
|
Stretch receptors
Chemoreceptors Autonomic nervous system |
|
|
Where are the stretch receptors located?
What do they do? How do they control the rate and depth of respiration? |
Walls of the bronchi and bronchioles
They monitor the degree of stretching When the airways are distended they send nerve impulses to the brain that inhibit inspiration and stimulate expiration |
|
|
What types of chemoreceptors are there?
Where are they located? What do they do? How do they control the rate and depth of respiration? |
Peripheral - in the walls of the aorta and carotid artery
Central - in the brain Monitor the levels of O2 and pH of the blood The faster the breathing the more CO2 is exhaled and the less acidic the blood (higher pH) The slower the breathing the less CO2 is exhaled and the more acidic the blood (lower pH) |
|
|
How does the autnomic nervous system control the rate and depth of respiration?
What does the sympathetic nervous system do? What does the parasympathetic nervous system do? What does it affect? |
Affects the smooth muscle of the bronchi and bronchioles
Sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight) causes dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles Parasympathetic nervous system (rest or recovery) causes constriction of the bronchi and bronchioles |
|
|
Stertor
|
Snoring; sonorous respiration usually due to partial obstruction of the upper airway
|
|
|
Stridor
|
A shrill harsh sound especially the respiratory sound heard during inspiration in laryngeal obstruction
|
|
|
Brachycephalic airway syndrome
|
Partial obstruction of the upper respiratory tract resulting from the conformation of shorthead breeds of dogs and cats
|
|
|
BAS can involve:
|
Nose - stenotic nares
Pharynx - overlong soft palate Larynx - everted laryngeal saccule or laryngeal collapse Trachea - hypoplastic trachea |
|
|
What is the most appropriate treatment of BAS?
What will it not correct? |
Surgical ressection of the soft tissues obstructing the airway
Collapsed larynx or hypoplastic trachea |
|
|
What may also be required to treat BAS?
Why? |
Weight loss
Fat accumulation may further narrow the airway and compromise chest wall movements |
|
|
What drug could be used to help with BAS?
What do they do? |
NSAID's or corticosteroids
May help alleviate the condition temporarily by reducing soft tissue swelling in the mouth |
|
|
True of False: Exercise may have to be restricted in dogs with BAS especially in higher temperatures
|
True
|
|
|
What does "roarer" refer to?
|
Idiopathic Layrngeal Hemiplegia
|
|
|
What does ILH cause?
|
Paralysis of the nerve that supplies the muscle responsible for abducting the vocal ligaments
|
|
|
ILH results in:
|
Partial obstrutcion of the glottis
|
|
|
True or False: ILH is a progressive disease and C/S vary depending on its' severity
|
True
|
|
|
What breeds are primarily affected by ILH?
|
Throughbred and draft horses
|
|
|
When are they usually diagnosed with ILH?
|
2 - 3 years of age
|
|
|
What side is affected by ILH most of the time?
How often? |
Left side
90 % of the time |
|
|
What field test is used to check for ILH?
Is it definitive? What does it involve? How do you know the horse has ILH? |
Slap test
No Involves slapping the thorax while feeling the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage - slapping the right thorax should result in flicking of the muscular process in the left arytenoid cartilage and vice versa Flicking is reduced or does not occur in horses with ILH |
|
|
How is the definitive diagnosis made for ILH?
When would the procedure be performed? What would be seen? |
Laryngoscopy
Immediately after exercise or during Asymmetric appearance of the arytenoid cartilages as they move with inspiration/expiration |
|
|
What is the treatment for ILH?
Is it always successful? What happens if it's not? |
Surgical
No - the condition may not resolve or may return The horse is retired |
|
|
What is tracheal collapse?
Progressive? |
The reduction of the luminal diameter of the trachea due to weakening of its cartilaginous support
Progressive |
|
|
In most cases tracheal collase is secondary to what?
|
Genetic abnormalities to the tracheal cartilage
|
|
|
Which part of the trachea does tracheal collapse affect?
|
Intra-thoracic
Extra-thoracic Both |
|
|
Who is most commonly affected by tracheal collapse?
|
Middle aged to elderly small and toy breed dogs
|
|
|
What treatments are available for tracheal collapse?
|
Surgery
Medicinal |
|
|
What does surgical intervention involve in tracheal collapse?
What part of the trachea can it be done on? |
The placement of tracheal ring prosthetics
Extra-thoracic |
|
|
What does medical treatment of tracheal collapse involve?
|
Anti-inflammatories
Cough suppressants Sedatives |
|
|
What may also be required to treat tracheal collapse?
|
Weight loss
|
|
|
What is commonly found in transtracheal samples of asthmatic cats?
Is it definitive? Why or why not? |
Eosinophils
No because they can also be found in samples from healthy cats - therefore only suggestive |
|
|
What is Feline Asthma?
|
An acute or chronic airway inflammation secondary to increased responsiveness to various stimuli - this inflammation resuls in narrowed lumen of bronchi and bronchioles - excessive mucous production can lead to obstruction of these airways
|
|
|
What breed is primarily affected by Feline Asthma?
|
Cats of any age and breed
Siamese cats have increased incidence |
|
|
What may exacerbate Feline Asthma?
|
Air pollution
|
|
|
What does treatment of Feline Asthma depend on?
|
Severity of C/S
Owner preference Tolerance level of the patient |
|
|
What may be needed in mild cases of Feline Asthma?
|
Avoidance of air pollutants
|
|
|
What is the typical treatment of Feline Asthma?
|
Oral and/or inhalant corticosteroids
|
|
|
What may also be used to treat Feline Asthma?
|
Oral and/or inhalant bronchodilators
|
|
|
What else is important in treating Feline Asthma?
|
Weight loss
|
|
|
What is the cause of COPD?
|
Allergies to dust & mold
|
|
|
What is the allergen source in COPD?
|
Wet or dusty hay & straw
|
|
|
What season is a horse more likely to be affected by COPD?
|
Winter
|
|
|
What age of horse is usually affected by COPD?
|
Any age
|
|
|
What tissue is affected by COPD?
|
Bronchioles
|
|
|
What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system in COPD?
|
Bronchiolitis
Increased mucous production Bronchoconstriction |
|
|
What are the consequences of COPD for the horse?
|
Decreased air exchange
Dyspnea |
|
|
What C/S would an owner notice with COPD?
|
Exercise intolerance
Nasal dishcarge Flared nostrils Dyspnea Abdominal breathing Cough |
|
|
What additional C/S could you detect with a stethescope and endoscope in horses with COPD?
|
Abnormal lung sounds
Yellow viscous exudate in the trachea |
|
|
How high a fever do affected horses with COPD have?
|
No fever
|
|
|
How high a fever do affected horses with COPD have?
|
No fever
|
|
|
What three lab tests are helpful to detect COPD?
|
Transtracheal wash
Atropine affects Skin allergen test |
|
|
What are the two main treatment categories of COPD?
Which is most important? |
Alter environment (most important)
Drugs |
|
|
What two classes of drugs may be helpful in COPD?
|
Bronchodilators
Anti-inflammatories |
|
|
What is the prognosis for COPD horses?
|
Good if environment is changed but poor if just drugs are used
|
|
|
How would you advise an owner to control COPD?
|
Reduce exposure to allergens
|
|
|
What is bronchoconstriction in reference to COPD?
|
Decreased diameter of bronchioles
|
|
|
What does a heave line represent in COPD?
|
Hypertrophy of abdominal muscles due to abdominal breathing
|
|
|
What are some common names for COPD?
|
Heaves
Broken wind Chronic airway disease Chronic alveolar emphysema |
|
|
What is the skeleton? (What does it provide the body?)
|
It is the supportive framework of the body
|
|
|
What do bones do?
|
Protect the soft tissues of the body
Give the muscles leverage Act as storage sites for minerals (especially calcium) Some also act as sites for blood formation within the bone marrow |
|
|
Os and Osteo refer to?
|
Bone
|
|
|
Organic components of bone
|
Living cells
Make up 1/3 of bone's weight Give flexibility and resilience |
|
|
Inorganic components of bone
|
Mainly calcium and phosphorous
Make up 2/3 of bone's weight Give rigidity |
|
|
Osteoblasts
What are they formed from? What is their function? and how do they do it? Where are they located? What happens to them? |
Formed from osteroprogenitor cells
Function in bone growth and repair by secreting the matrix of bone and supplying the minerals to harden it In mature bone they are found just deep to the periosteum They become trapped in the ossified matrix of bone that they have created |
|
|
What do osteoblasts become?
At what point? |
Osteocytes
When they are trapped in the lacuna |
|
|
Cannaliculi
|
The canals that provide communication between the lacuna
|
|
|
Osteocytes
What is their function? |
Can revert back to osteoblasts if needed for new bone formation
Cause bone to release calcium and phosphorous with hormonal stimulation |
|
|
Osteoclasts
Where are they found? What is their function? |
Found in all areas of bone
Destroy/remove bone and allow the body to remove calcium from the bones when needed |
|
|
Where does most the blood supply to the bone come from?
How? |
Many tiny blood vessels that enter into the bone through the periosteum
The blood vessels use tiny channels in the bone matrix in order to pass through the bone and deliver blood |
|
|
What are the channels that the blood vessels pass through the bone matrix called?
What direction do they travel in? |
Volkman's canals (horizontal canals)
Haversian canals (vertical canals) |
|
|
What do large bones have?
|
Nutrient Foramina
|
