Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
129 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
List and describe the Function the 3 Layers of the Mucosa
|
1. Epithelium-secretion/protection 2. Lamina Propria-CT layer that contains MALT (Mucus Associated with Lymphoid Tissue) for immune defense 3. Muscularis Mucosa-aid in mvmt of food |
|
|
What is the 2nd Innermost Layer of the Alimentary Canal and its Function? |
Submucosa-CT layer that contains glands and nerve plexus |
|
|
What is the 3rd Layer of the Alimentary Canal and its Function? |
Muscularis Externa-double layer muscle Circular Layer-Sphincters for Segmentation Longitudinal Layer-Peristalsis |
|
|
What is the Outermost Layer of the Alimentary Canal and its Function? |
Serosa. Offers Protection as the viceral layer of organ |
|
|
What is the Function of Orbicularis Oris? |
Closes mouth |
|
|
What is the Function of Buccinator and Innervation? |
Suck in cheek against teeth and gums (duck face); CN VII-Facial |
|
|
What is the difference between Intrinsic and Extrinsic tongue muscles? |
Intrinsic change Shape, Extrinsic change Position |
|
|
What is the function and innervation of: Genioglossus, Styloglossus, Hyoglossus? |
G: Protracts and Depresses tongue S: Retracts and helps swallowing H: Depresses and Retracts tongue All innervated by CN XII-Hypoglossal |
|
|
What is the mechanical breakdown of food called? What accomplishes this in children and adults? What are each type and how many are there? |
Teeth Deciduous and Permanent respectively Incisors (4), Canines (2), Pre-Molars (4), Molars (6) |
|
|
What begins chemical digestion in the mouth? What macromolecule does it digest? Where is this secreted from? What muscle does what duct pierce? What is the innervations? What nervous system is it under control of, and what is the effect? |
Saliva with enzymes; Carbohydrates Partoid (Otic Ganglion), Submandibular, Sublingual Buccinator m, Parotid Duct CN IX-Glossopharyngeal, CN VII-Facial Parasympathetic; ↑ watery/serous saliva secretion |
|
|
What are the muscles of mastication and their functions?
|
Temporalis-closes/elevates jaw/mandible Masseter-closes jaw, protrudes jaw Medial Pterygoid-elevates jaw, protrudes jaw, bilaterally lateral mvmt Lateral Pterygoid-protrudes jaw, bilaterally lateral mvmt All innervated by CN V3-Mandibular of Trigeminal |
|
|
Explain how Mastication is both Involuntary and Voluntary What nerve innervates the motor portion of this reflex? |
The action of choosing to chew something is voluntary. When pressure of the food sits on the tongue, it relays sensory information to the Medulla which in turn inhibits the muscles of mastication. This causes a stretch reflex with the muscle spindles which causes them to reflexively contract and raise mandible to continue chewing cycle CN V3-Trigeminal, Mandibular Br. |
|
|
What enzyme in saliva digests carbohydrates? What sensory information does CN V send? What sensory information does CN VII send? What sensory information does CN IX send? Explain where this information goes and what is the effect? |
Salivary Amylase V: Touch (Anterior 2/3 tongue) VII: Taste (Anterior 2/3) IX: Taste & Touch (Posterior 1/3) Afferent information from tongue→Medullapontine Jxn (Salivary Nucleus)→Efferent information via PS nerves→↑ salivation |
|
|
What are the 3 Phases of Swallowing? Voluntary or Involuntary? CNs involved Where does it phase end? |
Phase 1 Buccal Phase: food bolus formed in mouth; voluntary; CNs V, VII, IX; Ends at Soft Palate Phase 2 Pharyngeal Phase: soft palate elevates w/ uvula, Larynx elevates and epiglottis closes; involuntary; CNs IX, X, VII; Ends when Upper Esophageal Sphincter opens Phase 3 Esophageal Phase: upper esophageal sphincter closes again, food bolus passes down; involuntary; CNs IX, X, VII; Ends at Cardiac Sphincter |
|
|
What types of muscle is the esophagus divided into? What is the main cell type? For what function? What divides the esophagus from the stomach? What is this categorized as? What is the function of this structure? What is the outer layer of the esophagus made of? |
Skeletal muscle (Upper part), Smooth muscle (Lower part) Stratified Squamous Epithelium; Protect against environment and damaging boluses of food Cardiac/Gastroesophageal Sphincter; Physiological Sphincter (No circular layer of mms in muscularis externa) To prevent regurgitation and acid entering esophagus Connective Tissue |
|
|
What is the function of the Greater Omentum? Lesser Omentum? What are the 4 Regions of the Stomach? What type of structure is the Pyloric Sphincter? What is the extra layer of the Muscularis Externa that is present only in the stomach? What other component does the stomach possess that allows it to take in more food? Function? |
GO: Fat (insulation/cushioning) and Lymphatic LO: Connects stomach to liver Cardiac, Fundus (Superior Curve), Body, Pyloric Anatomical Sphincter Oblique Layer Rugae-mechanically churn/breakdown macros |
|
|
What is the overall cell type of the stomach? What are the two areas of the stomach in which cells reside? |
Simple Columnar Epithelium Gastric Pit, Gastric Gland |
|
|
What do Mucous Cells secrete and where are they found? What is the function of the secretion(s)? |
Mucus; Gastric Pit and Gland (closer to lumen) To prevent acid from digesting epithelium of stomach |
|
|
What do Parietal Cells secrete and where are they found? What is the function of the secretion(s)? |
HCl acid and Intrinsic Factor ; Gastic Pit and Gland (below Mucus) HCL-to convert pepsinogen into pepsin for protein digestion Intrinsic- B12 absorption in the small intestine |
|
|
What do Chief Cells secrete and where are they found? What is the function of the secretion(s)? |
Pepsinogen; Gastric Gland Converted to Pepsin for protein digestion |
|
|
What do Endocrine Cells secrete and where are they found? What is the function of the secretion(s)? |
Histamines and Gastrin; Gastric Gland Histamines-hormones that signal small intestine that chyme is coming Gastrin-secreted before food arrives to allow secretions to set up environment conducive for digestion |
|
|
What are the 2 Plexuses of the Enteric Nervous System that aid in perstalsis and segmentation and where are they found? |
Submucosal Plexus (Submucosa) Myenteric Plexus (B/w circular and longitudinal layers of Muscularis Externa) |
|
|
Describe the 3 Phases and subphases of Gastric Secretion Activity in the Stomach |
Phase 1 Cephalic Phase: b4 food has entered stomach/body; sensory information ↑ salivation which ↑ Gastric secretions and muscle activity (rugae moving causing rumbling) Phase 2 Gastric Phase: food enters stomach and causes distention. Vagus N.→Medulla→Vagus N.→↑ Gastric Secretion; ↑ secretion of enzymes due to ↑ pH from Proteins Phase 3 Intestinal Phase: 1) Excitatory Phase-chyme exits stomach to duodenum; pH>3.0; Endocrine cells (of duodenum) ↑ Enteric Gastrin→↑Gastric secretions and motility; Pyloric Sphincter open 2)Inhibitory Phase-as more chyme enters pH begins to drop pH<3.0; ↑ Secretin and CCK, ↓ Gastrin; ↑ Sympathetic NS, ↓ Vagus/Myenteric; Pyloric Sphincter closed |
|
|
What 3 Structures help increase absorption of nutrients in Small Intestine? What are found b/w each villi?;What do Goblet cells secrete? What are Peyer's Patches? |
Plicae Circularis-folds in mucosa/submucosa Villi- folds in epithelium and Lamina Propria Microvilli- folds in the apical membrane, found on each villus Intestinal glands; mucus Lymphatic nodules found in Ileum |
|
|
What do Brunner's/Duodenal Glands secrete? What 3 Accessory Glands connect to Duodenum? In what Sequence? |
Bicarbonate mucus to neutralize stomach acid in chyme Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas; R. Hepatic+L. Hepatic Ducts=Common Hepatic Duct+Cystic Duct=Common Bile Duct+Pancreatic Duct→Hepatopancreatic Ampulla→Major Duodenal Papilla |
|
|
What is the double layer of Peritoneum that holds the intestines in the abdominal cavity? What organs are Retroperitoneal? Where is Vitamin B12 absorbed? |
Mesentary Kidneys, Pancreas, Part of Duodenum, Esophagus, Ureters, Ascending and Descending Colons and Rectum Ileum |
|
|
What are the 2 Ligaments that come off the Liver? What is the Porta Hepatis? What is an area of palpation is this region? |
Falciform Lig- Broad sheet-like between R and L Lobes; mesentary that suspends liver from diaphragm Round Lig of the Liver-thicker part hanging off Common Bile Duct, Hepatic Portal Vein, Proper Hepatic Artery; Omenta Foreamen |
|
|
Define Hepatic Lobules and flow of fluids |
six-aread wedges inside liver that are filled with Hepatocytes (produce Bile) and surround a Triad (smaller vessel of Porta Hepatis) Arterioles and Venules bring blood that flows inwards towards IVC Canaliculi brings bile that flows outwards towards Bile Duct |
|
|
Describe the function and characteristics of (small intestine): Aborptive Cells, Goblet Cells, Endocrine Cells, Immune/Paneth Cells |
Absorptive: columnar on microvilli Goblet: secrete mucus to protect surface of villus Endocrine: secrete CCK, Secretin, Enteric Gastrin; closest to blood vasculature in center of villus Immune: lysosymes and defins, protection against antigens |
|
|
What are some functions of the Liver? What is the function of Kupffer Cells? |
Detoxification, Bile storage (via gallbladder), glycogen storage, synthesizes proteins macrophages that act in defense |
|
|
Where do the main exocrine secretion come from in the Pancreas? What are the different Categories and subcategories of secretions and what do they secrete? |
Acinar Cells (enzymes) & Epithelium (Bicarb sol) Aqueous Component-water and bicarbonate Ezymatic Component: 1) Proteolytic Enzymes- Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Carboxypeptidase 2) Amylase 3) Lipase 4) Ribonuclease (nucleic acids) |
|
|
What does Secretin act upon and what is the effect? |
Watery bicarbonate release (Pancrease) & Bile Secretion (Liver) |
|
|
What does Cholecytokinase (CCK) act upon and what is the effect? |
Pancreatic enzyme release (Pancreas) & Gallbladder Ctxn and relaxation of HP Sphincter (Gallbladder) |
|
|
Where besides the LI does Digestion Not occur? What is the major component being absorbed in Large Intestine? Tenia Coli is part of what layer in the alimentary canal? What does the Vermiform Appendix contain? What 2 Nervous Systems illicit a Parasympathetic response in the LI? |
Esophagus and Large Intestine; Water Muscularis Externa MALT Vagus N and Pelvic Splanchnic |
|
|
What is the function of Epithelium cells in LI? What do Bacteria offer? What is the Gastrocolic Reflex? What is the Defecation Reflex? |
Bicarbonate Vitamin K and clotting flactors old chyme moves along as new chyme enters Rectal distention causes sensory fibers to relay to parasympathetic fibers to initiate peristalsis and relaxation of internal sphincter |
|
|
What is the difference in absorption pathway between water-soluble products and lipids? |
Water-soluble products are broken down into component molecules and are absorbed from the GI tract through the Hepatic Portal System Lipids are absorbed by Lacteals (located in the center of the vasculature inside a villus); this lymph capillaries lead to the Thoracic Duct and into the Left Subclavian Vein |
|
|
Describe the digestion of Carbohydrates in the Oral Cavity, Stomach, and Small Intestine What are Brush Border Enzymes and where are they found? |
Oral: SALIVARY AMYLASE partially digests complex carbs Stomach: not a lot of digestion here; mixes with HCl which denatures salivary amylase
Small Intestine: chyme mixes with PANCREATIC EZYMES/AMYLASES which digests small oligosaccharides in monosaccharides. BB: proteins found in microvilli that cleave disaccharides into monosaccharides |
|
|
What are the 2 Ways Carbohydrates are absorbed?
Does it require energy? |
Secondary Active Transport; Apical side of epithelium; yes from electrochemical gradient but not ATP Na+-Facilitated Diffusion; Basilar side near blood; No ATP |
|
|
Describe the digestion of Proteins in the Oral Cavity, Stomach, and Small Intestine |
Oral: mastication and mechanical breakdown but NO chemical digestion Stomach: PEPSIN cleaves polypeptides into smaller polypeptides and free AAs. Small Intestine: PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES (Pancreas) cleave polys into dispeptides and free AAs. Brush Border Enzymes work in similar fashion here |
|
|
Describe the digestion of Nucleic Acids in the Oral Cavity, Stomach, and Small Intestine |
Oral: N/A Stomach: N/A Small Intestine: PANCREATIC NUCLEASES Brush Border Enzymes work in similar fashion here |
|
|
What are 2 Ways Proteins & Nucleic Acids are absorbed? |
Secondary Active Transport; Apical side of epithelium; yes from electrochemical gradient but not ATP Active Transport into Blood; yes energy |
|
|
What type of Lipid digestion occurs in the Oral Cavity and Stomach? What is the function of Bile Salts? What is the name for the bile-coated lipid? What is the function of this? What breaks down lipids in the lumen of the small intestine? |
None, only mixing and mastication Emusification of lipids (Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic regions) Breaks up large fat droplet into smaller droplets Micelles. ↑ surface area for absorption PANCREATIC LIPASE |
|
|
Describe the events of Lipid Absorption |
Micelles formed from broken down lipid components surrounded by bile coat DIFFUSE into cell (no energy needed) Lipids are re-synthesized into Triglycerides inside cell Lipids are coated with Protein→Chylomicron Chylomicron exits cell→Lacteal→Lymph→Thoracic Duct→L. Subclavian V.→Tissue Capillaries→Adipose Tissue/Skeletal M. LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE-breaks down lipids into components to be absorbed by adipose/skeletal cell |
|
|
How are Vitamins absorbed? Which Vitamin in particular is absorbed in the ileum and with what? Na+, K+, Cl-. Fe, Ca2+? Water is mainly absorbed where? |
ADEK along with lipids Water-soluble along active/passive transporters Vit B12 with Intrinsic Factor Na+: with glucose and AA then pumped into Blood K+: facilitated diffusion Cl-: passive follows Na+ and active in exchange with bicarb Fe: active transport Ca2+: regulated by Vit D and Parathyroid Hormone Small Intestine |
|
|
What are the 2 Types of Nephrons? What are their corresponding complementary blood exchange vessels? What are the 2 Components of a Nephron? |
Cortical and Juxtamedullarly Peritubular capillaries and Vasa Recta Renal Capsule (Glomerulus and Bowman's Capsule) and Renal Tubules |
|
|
What is the Vascular Pole of the Nephron and what enters and exits this? What is the Renal Pole of the Nephron and what leaves this via what? |
Where blood from Afferent Arteriole enters and Efferent Arteriole exits Where Filtrate leaves Corpuscle via the Proximal Convoluted Tubule |
|
|
What types of cells is the parietal layer of the Glomerular Capsule? What types of Capillaries are the arterioles of a Nephron? What do they allow into Bowman's Space? What stops the other molecules from getting into the space? What is the pathway of Filtrate from blood to Corpuscle? |
Simple Squamous Fenestrated Capillaries. Allow everything from plasma except proteins and cells Podocytes of the visceral layer of Capsule Endothelium of Glomerulus/Capillaries→Joint Basement Membranes→Visceral Layer of Bowman's Capsule |
|
|
In space, where is the Distal Convoluted Tubule? Juxtaglomerular Cells (JG) are what and are found where? Macula Densa Cells are what and are found where? The striations in lab in the Renal Pyramids are actually what tubule structure? |
Next to the Vascular Pole of the Nephron, near the Afferent and Efferent Arterioles Smooth muscle cells that sense change in blood pressure found in the Afferent Arteriole Smooth muscle cells that sense change in osmolality of FILTRATE found in the DCT and Loop of Henle Collecting Ducts |
|
|
What cells communicate b/w JG and Macula Densa? Describe the flow of filtrate to eventually urine from Corpuscle to outside the body |
Menangeal cells Blood from the Afferent Arteriole will pass through into Bowman's Capsule to become Filtrate. This Filtrate then travels out the Proximal Convoluted Tubule, through the Loop of Henle, and into the Collecting Duct. The urine then travels down to the Renal Papilla, into a Minor Calyx where it will join other Minor Calices to become a Major Calyx. After 2-3 Major Calices join into the Renal Pelvis, the urine will travel out of the Kidney via the Ureter to the Bladder and outside the body via the Urethra. |
|
|
What muscle forms the Internal Urethral Sphincter in the bladder? Describe the Mictruition Reflex? |
Detrusor Muscle Stretch receptors in Bladder will send afferent information to the Pons which will activate a Parasympathetic response via Splanchnic Nerves. The Internal Urethral Sphincter will open and inhibit the Detrusor Muscle via Sympathetic Pudendal Nerve input.. |
|
|
What are the 3 Phases of Urine Formation and where do they occur? |
Glomerular Filtration @ Glomerular Corpuscle Tubular Reabsorption @ PCT, LOH, DCT, CD Tubular Secretion @ PCT |
|
|
What are the 3 Pressures that dictate Net Filtration Pressure in Bowman's Space? Why is there no Osmotic Capsule Pressure? |
Hydrostatic Glomerular P. (Out of Capillaries) Osmotic Glomerular P. (Into capillaries) Hydrostatic Capsule P. (Into capillaries) In order for there to be Osmotic Capsule Pressure, you would need to have some proteins located within the space in order to draw filtrate into it. Since the Podocytes do not allow proteins or cells to enter the space, this force is essentially nonexistant. |
|
|
Describe the 2 Intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms for Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) regulation |
Myogenic Reflex: when GFR is high, smooth m. reflexive constriction will occur @ Afferent Arteriole; ↑ Resistance and ↓ Flow Rate to capillaries Tubuloglomerular Feedback: Macula Densa of DCT sense Tubular osmolality. Release ATP to vasoconstrict AA is high GFR. Release NO to vasodilate AA if slow GFR. (This is a Paracrine Signal response) |
|
|
Describe the 2 Extrinsic neural and hormonal regulatory mechanisms for GFR |
Sympathetic NS: vasoconstrict AA to ↓ GFR Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mech: Renin is released into bloodstream from JG cells of AA. Renin converts Angiotensinogen already in blood→Angiotensin. Vasoconstricts central arteries as well as EA to back up flow and ↓ GFR to increase time of filtration. Angiotensin also causes release of Aldosterone from Adrenal Glands to ↑ Na+ retension |
|
|
How does Active Tubular Reabsorption occur? How does Passive Tubular Reabsorption occur? |
Active: Secondary Active Transport w/ Na+ and Protein carriers Passive: Electrochemical gradient and Solvent Drag created by Na+ |
|
|
What is reabsorbed in the PCT? What is reabsorbed in the LOH? What is reabsorbed in the DCT? What is reabsorbed in the CD? |
PCT: most large molecules, glucose, AAs, Na+, bicarbonate LOH: water, Na+, Cl-, K+ DCT: water, Na+. K+, CD: WATER, some ions |
|
|
Does Tubular Secretion require energy? Where does this occur and what is secreted back into the filtrate? |
Yes Unwanted products: Ammonia, Potassium, other acids |
|
|
Explain the Countercurrent Mechanism for retaining water and where it occurs As you go farther down the Descending LOH, what gradient are you more favorable towards putting back into blood? As you go farther up the Ascending LOH what gradient are you more favorable towards putting back into blood? |
Water still in urine/filtrate passing down one tube may diffuse to the other tube going the other direction in the blood. Between Ascending/Descending LOH and Vasa Recta Des: Water Asc: Salt |
|
|
Filtrate Osmalilty ↑ the deeper you go from cortex to medulla? T/F Water from the Collecting Duct will move where via what to get to the blood? ADH will have this effect on urine concentration |
True Into the Interstitum via Osmosis (passive) Concentrated because Sodium and Water Retention |
|
|
Where are the 3 Areas of Fluid in the body? What ions are found in large concentrations extracellularly? What ions are found in large concentrations intracellularly? |
Intracellular Fluid Interstitial Fluid Plasma Volume Extra: Na+, Cl-, HCO3-, Organic Acids Intra: K+, A- (proteins), HPO4(2-) |
|
|
Osmotic Pressure is greatest in...... Hydrostatic Pressure increases with..... Urine followed by what is the largest loss of water from the body? |
highest solute concentration increasing fluid volume Respiration |
|
|
What is Edema? What is Pressure Diuresis? How does Atrial Natriuretic Factor work? |
accumulation of fluid in interstitial space decreasing BP by increasing urine output Increase BP and volume will decrease ADH release and urine output will decrease volume and therefor BP |
|
|
What is Estrogen's effect on Electrolyte Balance? What is Progesterone's effect on Electrolyte Balance? What is Gluccocorticoid's effect on Electrolyte Balance? Aldosterone secretes what ion into the renal tubular system? |
↑ Na+ reabsorption ↓ Na+ retention ↑ Na+ reabsorption K+ |
|
|
What is Acidosis?
What can cause this? |
pH<7.35 Metabolic acids (Phosphoric, Lactic, HCl, Cabonic) |
|
|
What is Alkadosis?
|
pH>7.45 Too much buffers and bases |
|
|
List and describe the 3 Major Chemical Systems for Acid-Base Balance |
Bicarbonate System: Carbonic acid dissociates as more CO2 is added to system; forms when more H+ is added. Phosphate Buffer System: uses HPO4- as buffer intracellulary in urine. Protein System: Amphoteric-can fxn as an acid (releasing H+ when pH rises; carboxyl) or as a base (picks up H+ when pH declines; amine) |
|
|
What are the 2 Organ Systems that Regulate pH? |
Respiratory System: CO2 formed from metabolic processes. Uses Bicarbonate as an exchange for Cl- in plasma. CO2 is given off and pH rises. Renal System: uses Bicarbonate, Phosphate, and Ammonia systems to buffer. In all cases, H+ is released in urine, and Bicarbonate ion is sent to blood. |
|
|
If you have low pH, low pCO2, low Bicarbonate, what state are you in and what system has to compensate? |
Acidosis caused by Metabolic Acidosis compensated by Respiratory Alkadosis (hyperventilation) |
|
|
If you have high pH, high pCO2, high Bicarbonate, what state are you in and what system has to compensate? |
Alkadosis caused by Metabolic Alkadosis compensated by Respiratory Acidosis (shallow breathing) |
|
|
If you have low pH, high pCO2, high Bicarbonate, what state are you in and what system has to compensate?
|
Acidosis caused by Respiratory Acidosis compensated by Metabolic Alkadosis (vommitting) |
|
|
If you have high pH, low pCO2, high Bicarbonate, what state are you in and what system has to compensate? |
Alkadosis caused by Respiratory Alkadosis compensated by Metabolic Acidosis (Diarrhea) |
|
|
What structure aids the descent of the testes during gestation? What does it pass through? At what age does it disappear and is replaced by the mature structures? |
Gubernaculum Inguinal Canal 1 mo infant |
|
|
What is the parietal layer of the testes called?
What is the visceral layer of the testes called?
|
Tunica Vaginalis Tunica Albuginea Semiferous Tubules (production of spermatocytes) |
|
|
What is the function of Sertoli Cells? Where are these located? What is the function of Leydig Cells? Where are these located? |
Controls sperm production by release of Inhibin; protect and nourish; outer ring of tubules. Produce Testosterone; interstitum |
|
|
What is the function of the Epidymus? What is the function of the Vas Deferens? Where does the vas deferens travel inside of? |
Storage of still maturing sperm-Capacitation Transport of mature sperm to the ejaculatory duct Spermatic Cord |
|
|
What is the function of Seminal Vesicles? What is the function of the Prostrate Gland? What is the function of Bulbourethral Gland? |
Produce fluid of semen Produces finished semen Neutralizes acid from urine in membranous and spongy urethra |
|
|
Describe the travel of sperm from testes to outside the body |
Sperm is produced in Seminiferous Tubule. They travel to Epididymus and then to tail where it meets the Vas Deferens The Vas Deferens travels in the spermatic cord through the inguinal canal. The VD passes anterior, superior, and then posterior the Urinary Bladder. The VD meets the Seminal Vesicle where they combine in the Prostate Gland to become the Ejaculatory Duct. The Ejaculatory Duct meets the Urethra to become the Prostetic Urethra. The Prostetic Urethra becomes the Membranous Urethra at the Urogenital Diaphragm. The Membranous Urethra becomes the spongy urethra after entering the base of the Penis. |
|
|
What is the function of the Cremaster M.? What type of muscle is this? What is the function of the Dartos M.? What type of muscle is this? |
Elevate testes when cold. Skeletal Wrinkle skin of scrotum to prevent heat loss. Smooth |
|
|
What spongy muscle is located on the Dorsal Penis? What is its function? What spongy muscle is located on the Ventral Penis? What is its function? |
Corpus Cavernosum. Vasodilate to create erection Corpus Spongiosum. Same as above |
|
|
What outer skeletal muscle covers the Crura of the Penis? What is the function?
|
Ischiocavernosum To prevent venous return and maintain erection Pudendal N. |
|
|
Whatouter skeletal muscle covers the Bulb of the Penis?
What is the function? Innervation? |
Bulbospongiosum To prevent venous return and maintain erection + empty urethra (because it surrounds it) Pudendal N. |
|
|
What nerves supply the male genital area with Sympathetic input? What is the effect?
What nerves supply the male genital area with Parasympathetic input? What is the effect? |
L1,2 post-ganglionic nerves. Ejaculation Pelvic Spanchnic nerves. Erection |
|
|
What are 5 Ligaments that suspend the internal female reproductive system? |
Ovarian Lig: ovary to uterus Broad Lig: ovary, uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina to pelvic cavity Suspensory Lig: ovary to lateral pelvic cavity Round Lig of Uterus: uterus to anterior pelvic cavity Cardinal Lig: uterus to cervix |
|
|
Describe the Female Duct System from entrance of body to end of fallopian tube |
Vaginal Orifice→Vaginal Canal→Cervix→Cervical Canal→Isthmus of Uterus→Body of Uterus→Fundus of Uterus Fundus→Isthmus of Fallopian Tube→Ampulla→Infundibulum→Fimbrea |
|
|
What are the 3 Layers and sublayers of the Uterus from internal to external? |
Endometrium: Stratum Functionalis-sheds with cycle Stratum Basalis-regenerates ↑ Myometrium: smooth muscle Perimetrium: visceral layer of uterus |
|
|
The Perineal Diamond is divided into what 2 Triangles? What are the Anatomical Landmarks? |
Urogenital and Anal Triangles Pubic Symphysis (anterior), Ischial Tuberosities (lateral sides), Coccyx (posterior) |
|
|
What structures can be seen in the female urogenital triangle? Describe them Whatstructures can be seen in the female anal triangle? |
Mons Pubis-adipose layer, grows hair, most anterior Labia Majora-grows hair, surround Minora Labia Minora-forms clitoral hood, no hair Clitoris-erectile tissue Urethral Opening Vaginal Opening Anal Opening |
|
|
Give the Analogues of Male to Female Reproductive structures: Scrotum Penile Skin and Foreskin Penis Glans Penis Bulbospongiuosus→Bulb of Penis→Corpus Spongiosum Ischiocavernosus→Crura of Penis→Corpus Cavernosum |
Labia Majora Labia Minora and Clittoral Hood Clittoris Clittoral Glans Bulbospongiuosus→Vestibular→Corpus Spongiosum Ischiocavernosus→Clittoral Crura→Corpus Cavernosum |
|
|
What are the 3 Layers of the Reproductive Area from External to Internal? What muscles are located in each? Innervation? What divides them? |
Perineum: Bulbospongiosus and Ischiocavernosus, Superfical Transverse Perineal (forms midline of Perineal Diamond); Pudendal N.; Separated @ Colle's/Superfical Perineal Fascia Urogenital Diaphragm: External Urethral Sphincter mms, Deep Transverse Perinal; Pudendal N; Separated @ Pelvic Peritoneum Pelvic Diaphram: Levator Ani and Coccygeus; Ventral Ramii S3-5 |
|
|
What chemical is released in the penis to vasodilate the spongy tissue and compresses drainage of veins? What if the function of the fluid from the Seminal Vesicles? At what point would the Bulbourethral Gland secrete it's fluid? |
Nitric Oxide to decrease viscosity and to aid in reverse peristalsis in the uterus; as well as nourishment and enzymes Before the semen gets to the spongy urethra; pre-ejaculate |
|
|
What are physiological changes that occur during the Climax phase of Ejaculation? What are physiological changes that occur during the Refractory phase of Ejaculation? |
↑ HR and BP, Contraction of Internal Urethral Sphincter to prevent urine from entering, Bulbospongiosus m. ctxn Relaxation and vasoconstriction of arteries, drainage of veins, reverse physiological changes |
|
|
Explain the process of Spermatogenesis, how much genetic material is at each step, and what each cell is called Where does this process begin and end? |
A diploid cell undergoes mitosis to produce Type A and B daughter cells. Type A is left to continue process, Type B continues. Type B (2N) enlarges and forms a Tetrad (4N); Primary Spermatocyte The Primary Spermatocyte undegoes Meiosis I and divides into 2 Diploid Secondary Spermatocytes (2N) The 2 Secondary Spermatocytes undergo Meiosis II and produce 4 Haploid Spermatids (1N) THis process occurs on the circumference of the seminiferous tubules and travels inwards to end on the outer ring before the lumen |
|
|
What is the difference between a Spermatid and a Mature Sperm? What are structure of the mature sperm and what is contained/function of each? |
Spermatids are non-motile Head: nucleus and acrosome Acrosome: formed from Golgi Apparatus and contains enzymes Midpiece: mitochondria and contractile filaments Tail: flagellum for mvmt |
|
|
What is the function of Sertoli/Sustentactular cells? |
Formation of Blood-Testes Barrier Secretion of hormones (Inhibin) and paracrine substances Phagocytize faulty sperm and cytoplasm of maturing spermatid |
|
|
What is the function of FSH in male reproduction? What is the function of LH in male reproduction? |
FSH: stimulates Sertoli Cells to release androgen binding protein (paracrine)→stimulate spermatogonia to bind with testosterone to begin spermatogenesis LH: stimulates Leydig Cells to produce and release Testosterone (endocrine) |
|
|
What two signals provide a feedback to the endocrine system to regulate sperm production? How does Testosterone function? |
↑ Testosterone→negative feedback to LH/FSH/GnRH; High sperm count → ↑ Inhibin Testosterone enters cells directly (derived from cholesterol) and binds to DNA to change transcription and translation |
|
|
Female reproduction is divided and subdivided into what cycles? |
Ovarian Cycle: Oocyte and Follicle cycles Uterine Cycle |
|
|
Describe the process of Oogenesis, the amount of genetic material in each step, and what is each product called |
Oogonium (2N) divides into a Type A and Type B daughter cell via Mitosis The Type B cell (2N) enlarges and forms a Tetrad to become a Primary Oocyte (4N); process stops here until puberty hits Meiosis I occurs and produces a Diploid Secondary Oocyte (2N) and a Polar body (2N) Meiosis II splits the Secondary Oocyte into an Haploid Ovum (1N) and a Polar Body (1N). The first Polar Body divides into 2 daughter polar bodies (1N) |
|
|
What days does Follicular Development occur in the ovarian cycle? Describe what occurs when a Primordial Follicle is being formed? |
Days 1-14 walls of the follicle containing the maturing Primary oocyte (4N) is made of Squamous Cells. |
|
|
Describe what occurs when a Primary Follicle is being formed? |
walls are made from Single Cuboidal Cells; Primary oocyte (4N) |
|
|
Describe what occurs when a Secondary Follicle is being formed? |
walls are made from Stratified Cuboidal Cells; Primary oocyte (4N) Granulosa Cells (Theca Folliculi)-CT layer that forms around follicle Zona Pellucida-transparent membrane secreted by oocyte These secrete estrogen and inhibin for regulation |
|
|
Describe what occurs when a Late Secondary Follicle is being formed? |
starts to contain fluid b/w granlulosa cells and separates the Primary oocyte |
|
|
Describe what occurs when a Vesicular Follicle is being formed? |
Antrum (fluid cavity separating) is fully formed and Corona Radiata ( inner granulosa cells around Secondary Oocyte [2N]) forms |
|
|
Describe what happens on Day 14 in Follicular Cycle |
Ovulation occurs. rupture of ovarian walls, Secondary Oocyte leaves w/ Corona Radiata |
|
|
Describe what happens on Day 14-28 in Follicular Cycle If no pregnancy occurs what forms? |
Corpus Leuteum forms and begins secreting Progesterone Corups Albicans |
|
|
Describe what occurs on Days 1-5 of the Uterine Cycle What type of Oocyte is forming in the ovary? |
Mentruation. Stratum Functionalis of Endometrium sheds and removes spiral arteries and veins; Stratum Basalis is left Primary Oocyte (4N) |
|
|
Describe what occurs on Days 6-14 of the Uterine Cycle What type of Oocyte is forming in the ovary? |
Proliferation. Endometrium begins rebuilding. Secondary Oocyte (2N) |
|
|
Describe what occurs on Days 15-28 of the Uterine Cycle What type of Oocyte is forming in the ovary? |
Secretion. Endometrial glands are secreting glycoproteins for oocyte nourishment Oocyte has been ovulated, caught by Fimbrae and is making its way to the Uterus; Secondary Oocyte (2N) |
|
|
At what point in follicular growth is there a surge in estrogen production? What phase is the Uterus in as this occurs? What does this do to horomonal regulation? What does this do to LH levels? |
Vesicular Follicle growth with formation of 2ndary Oocyte; Proliferative Phase Changes the negative feedback to positive They rise even higher |
|
|
After ovulation, what happens to hormone levels? Why? |
Estrogen levels fall, and Corpus Leuteum secretes more Progesterone Progesterone ensures the Endometrium will not shed and will keep the Uterus in the Secretory Phase even after implantation occurs until Placenta is formed |
|
|
Where does Fertilization occur? How does the process of Capacitation help the sperm? |
In the Ampulla of the Fallopian Tube It helps the sperm by making it motile and exposing receptors that pick up on hormones expressed by the Oocyte |
|
|
Where does the Sperm directly bind to? What does trigger in an influx in? What is the effect? What is this rxn called? What layer must the sperm pass through first to get to the area of contact? |
Zona Pellucida Intracellular Ca2+ of sperm. Activates nearby enzymes which chip away at Zona Pellucida to allow sperm in. Acrosomal Rxn Corona Radiata |
|
|
After Sperms enters ovum, what is there an influx in? What is the effect? What is this rxn called? How much genetic material is present during this? |
Intracellular Ca2+ of oocyte. Hardening of Pellucida and destroy sperm receptors so no more can get inMeoisis II is completed to produce a Haploid Ovum which quickly binds and is fertilized. Cortical Rxn. 3N (immediately after Meiosis II)→2N (after binding) |
|
|
What is Cleavage? What is a Morula? What is a Blastocyte? What is a Trophoblast and what are the layers? |
Intial mitosis that divides the zygote into 2 cells 16 celled offspring 100 celled offspring Outline of the Blastocyte. Inner Cell Mass: attaches to Uterine Lining, Embyronic Disc: evolves from ↑ which will later create other layers |
|
|
How many days after Implantation does the Trophoblast begin activity? How many days after ovulation is this? |
6-7 Days 2 weeks |
|
|
What is a Cytotrophoblast? What is the Syncytiotrophoblast? |
inner layer of Trophoblast (closer to membrane) outer layer of Trophoblast that invades uterine endometrium |
|
|
What does Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin hormone do? |
Secreted by Trophoblast cells which maintain Corpus Leuteum to keep secreting Progestrone to prevent shedding of Endometrium |
|
|
What are 3 structures that form from the Trophoblast which will eventually become the Placenta? |
Chorion: enlargement of Syncytiotrophoblast Chorionic Villi: projections of ↑ that penetrate further into endometrium; eventually becomes umbilical arter/vein Lacunae: lie b/w villi, fill with maternal blood. |
|
|
What are the 2 Membranes that evolve from the Blastocyte? |
Amnion and Yolk Sac |
|
|
What are the subdivisions of the Amnion and their functions? |
Embryonic Disc: becomes other membranes later on; dorsal surface Amnionic Fluid: fills the amnionic cavity to cushion, provide homeostasis, and allow baby mvmt later |
|
|
What is the function of the Yolk Sac? What is the Allantrois? |
Evolves from the amnionic disc, located ventrally, forms digestive tube and produces blood and germ cells
Caudal tail that becomes the umbilical cord and bladder |
|
|
What is Gastrulation? What are the initial 2 Layers? What happens? What do these layers evolve into? |
Evolution from 2 layered to 3 layered embryo Epiblast and Hypoblast Epiblast begins folding into itself and forms new layer Epiblast→Ectoderm Epiblast→Mesoderm Hypoblast→Endoderm |
|
|
What does the Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm form later in life? |
Ectoderm: Outer Coverings (Skin and nervous tissue) Mesoderm: Middle Structures (Muscle, Bones, CT, Circulation) Endoderm: Inner Linings (lungs, GI tract, ducts, kidneys) |
|
|
What are Somites? What are the subcategories |
segments that grow during developing spinal cord Dermatome: outer wall Myotome: central wall Sclerotome: ventral and medial, vertebrae and ribs |
|
|
What occurs at 2 weeks of pregnancy? 4 weeks? 8 weeks? |
Implantation Heart Beats Bone ossification |
|
|
What happens at 3 months of pregnancy? 7 months? |
Organ templates formed Lungs become adequate for gas exchange |
|
|
What signals the start of Partruition/Labor? |
Fetal nervous system |
|
|
Describe the events of Labor |
↑ Fetal Cortisol→↑ ACTH Stimulate Placenta to release more estrogen Estrogen stimulates uterine mms to synthesize Oxytocin receptors Fetus produces Oxytocin Oxytocin stimulates uterine contxns |
|
|
What is an APGAR score? |
a score of 0-2 in 5 categories to tell if the baby is healthy |
