Anatomy I - Nerves

Front 1

What innervates the cutaneous trunci muscle?

Back 1

Lateral thoracic nerve

Front 2

What nerves supply the intercostal muscles and a lot of the thoracic wall?

Back 2

Intertercostal nn. (ventral branches of the thoracic nn.)

Front 3

Name the three vital reflex centers in the brainstem.

Back 3

Cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory

Front 4

What is responsible for consciousness and arousal? Where is it located?

Back 4

Reticular activation system (RAS), brainstem

Front 5

What is the cutaneous innervation of the paw by the ulnar nerve?

Back 5

Abaxial 5th (lateral) digit

Front 6

What are ascending and descending tracks of the spinal cord and what do they carry?

Back 6

Extending away from the spinal cord, and brain to muscles or glands (form nerves).

Front 7

Where are upper motor neurons (UMN) located?

Back 7

In the CNS (brain and spinal cord), descending to synapses on LMN (check second portion)

Front 8

What is the recurrent laryngeal nerve? What does it innervate?

Back 8

Branch of the vagus, arises in the thorax and extends back to the larynx to innervate the skeletal muscles of the larynx, including the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis m.

Front 9

What nerve is required to bear weight on pelvic limb?

Back 9

Femoral nerve (L4-6), also extends the stifle.
How about obturator nerve? Without it, wouldn't you have "downer" animal? Lesions of the obturator nerve often do not affect gait in dogs and cats. If an animal is placed on a slippery surface, however, the affected pelvic limb(s) may slide laterally with weight bearing.
Lesions of the sciatic nerve result in a characteristic gait wherein the distal foot is almost "thrown" forward by the movements of the more proximal muscles of the limb. When the animal is weight bearing, the hock joint may over flex resulting in the "dropped-hock" appearance. Atrophy of the muscles of the limb is common with LMN disease. Atrophy associated with sciatic disease is often obvious in the cranial tibial muscle group.

Front 10

What is a branch of the vagus nerve that returns to the neck?

Back 10

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

Front 11

What is the large nerve crossing the heart to the diaphragm?

Back 11

Phrenic nerve

it is more innervation to diaphragm

Front 12

What do the ventral and dorsal branches of spinal nn T13, L1, L2, and L3 supply?

Back 12

Ventral branches: motor to the abdominal muscles and skin of the ventral abdomen.
Dorsal branches: motor and sensory to the area above transverse process of the vertebrae, also sensory to the skin on the dorsal flank (paralumbar fossa)

Front 13

What nerve innervates the extensors of the pelvic limb? What is the cutaneous innervation of this nerve?

Back 13

Common fibular (peroneal) nerve;
dorsal pes

Front 14

What is the cutaneous branch of the femoral nerve?

Back 14

Saphenous nerve to the medial limb

Front 15

Where are lower motor neurons (LMN) located?

Back 15

Extending away from the spinal cord, and brain to muscles or glands (form nerves).

Front 16

Are spinal nerves lower or upper motor neurons?

Back 16

LMN

Front 17

What is the function of most UMN (upper motor neurons)?

Back 17

Inhibit spontaneous activity of LMN until an action is desired

Front 18

What is the function of proprioceptive fibers?

Back 18

Sense position of body parts to each other and to the environment

Front 19

What is a dermatome? Autonomous zone?

Back 19

Area of skin innervated by a nerve; only 1 spinal nerve respectively

Front 20

List the spaces associated with the meninges.

Back 20

Epidural space (between the vertebrae and the dura mater)
Subarachnoid space: between the pia and the arachnoid, it contains CSF.

Front 21

Describe the two expansions of the subarachnoid space used clinically

Back 21

Cisterna magna: located between the caudal surface of the cerebellum and the dorsal surace of the medualla, just inside the foramen magnum
Lumbar Cistern: surrounding the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord

Front 22

List three clinically significant parts/region of the BRAIN STEM.

Back 22

1. Cranial nerves 3-12
2. vital centers (in medulla which control heartbeat, rate of breathing, coughing, swallowing and diameter of blood vessels)
3. reticular activation system

Front 23

What is the function of the vestibular system?

Back 23

Controls posture and balance

Front 24

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Back 24

Coordinate movements, maintain equilibrium and maintain posture

Front 25

What does the trigeminal nerve (CrN 5) innervate?

Back 25

Sensory to most of the head by the 3 branches, and motor to the muscles of masticulation.

Front 26

What does the auriculopalpebral nerve (branch of CrN7) innervate?

Back 26

Eyelids and ear muscles

Front 27

What are the most important functions of the facial nerve clinically?

Back 27

Motor to the orbicularis oculi m. and the lacrimal gland (dry eye)

Front 28

Where are the buccal branches of the facial nerve?

Back 28

Cross the masseter m. laterally and superficially

Front 29

What are the two lower motor neurons of the autonomic nervous system?

Back 29

Preganglionic and postganglionic

Front 30

How does the ANS differ structurally from the somatic nervous system?

Back 30

2 lower motor (efferent) neurons instead of one

Front 31

Which nerve runs to extensors of forearm?

Back 31

Radial nerve...remember the extensors of forearm are craniolateral, and the radial nerve is CRANIAL. (The ulnar and median nerves are closer to elbow, etc.)

Front 32

Spacticity? (what is this a sign of)

Back 32

spastic/altered skeletal muscle performance is one of UMN signs (UMN down), also known as ataxia, can be accompanied by paresis (partial paralysis)

Front 33

What plexus supplies abdominal wall, pelvic limb, peritoneum (serous lining), much more in vicinity?

Back 33

lumbosacral plexus

Front 34

What forms nerve plexuses that are clinically significant?

Back 34

interlacing VENTRAL branches of spinal nerves
(no idea what makes 'em so much more important than dorsal branches but...)

Front 35

limbic system

Back 35

"emotional brain" or "visceral brain" b/c it is often involved in visceral aspects of

Front 36

What cranial nerves are associated with dysphagia (diff swallowing)?

Back 36

glossopharyngeal, vagus, and hypoglossal

Front 37

Horner’s Syndrome

Back 37

is a clinical syndrome caused by damage to the sympathetic nervous system (e.g. of the eye).
Signs found in all patients on affected side of face include; ptosis (which is drooping of the upper eyelid from loss of sympathetic function), and miosis (constricted pupil),
The site of lesion to the sympathetic outflow is on the ipsilateral side of the symptoms.
* First-order neuron disorder: Central lesions that involve the hypothalamospinal pathway (e.g. transection of the cervical spinal cord).
* Second-order neuron disorder: Preganglionic lesions (e.g. compression of the sympathetic chain by a lung tumor).
* Third-order neuron disorder: Postganglionic lesions at the level of the internal carotid artery (e.g. a tumor in the cavernous sinus).

If someone has impaired sweating above the waist affecting only one side of the body, yet they do not have a clinically apparent Horner's syndrome, then the lesion is just below the stellate ganglion in the sympathetic chain.

Pupillary
Light Reflex, Salivation,
etc.

Front 38

Ramus communicans

Back 38

OR communicating branch refers to a nerve which connects two other nerves.

When used without further definition, it almost always refers to a communicating branch between a spinal nerve and the sympathetic trunk.

Front 39

paniculus response

Back 39

- Twitching of cutaneous trunci m. (innervated by lateral thoracic n.) in response to stimulation (to scare flies away).

- Using this, lesions in thora- columbar region (over thoracic and lumbar spinal nn. to spinal cord, up to LT n.) of spinal column can be localized.

- Upon stimulation of dermatome, information is carried up spinal cord (above L4 usually) to origin of lateral thoracic nerve. Motor units of this nerve are stimulated to result in reflex contraction of cutaneous trunci muscle.
Decrease in sensitivity indicates presence of lesion in Regions 1 or 2 cranially.

Front 40

Where is spinal cord damage if panniculus resp disappears at T12 ??

Back 40

The spinal cord damage would be at T10 (segment 2 vertebrae cranial to level of skin) b/c nerve pass caudoventrally.

Front 41

In thorax, where are ventral and dorsal vagal trunks located?

Back 41

on ventral and dorsal sides of esophagus

Front 42

In thorax, what is star-shaped ganglion under the first rib?

Back 42

"Stellate" ganglion aka. cervicothoracic ganglion

Front 43

In ANS of thorax, where do components of vagosympathetic trunks diverge?

Back 43

Near middle cervical ganglion in the thoracic inlet

Middle cervical ganglion is connected to Stellate ganglion via the 2 ansa subclavia, which form a loop around subclavian artery.

Front 44

Autonomic functions are mainly set up by _____ ____.

Back 44

Reflex archs: visceral sensory & motor nn.

Front 45

The visceral effectors of the ANS usually have a _____ innervation.

Back 45

Dual

Front 46

preganglionic and postganglionic fibers are associated with thoracolumbar spinal nerves of ____?

Back 46

Thoracolumbar spinal nerves of sympathetic NS

Front 47

Where does PS arise?

Back 47

craniosacral

Front 48

Are spinal nerves LMN or UMN?

Back 48

LMN (somatic)

Front 49

Where are the cell bodies of a UMN and LMN located?

What are axons of upper and lower motor neurons?

Back 49

in brain and spinal cord respectively

UMN: brain and spinal c.
LMN: periphery

Front 50

What is path of LMN?

Back 50

Leave CNS over VENTRAL roots (only one motor neuron) & spinal n. or cranial n. to periphery

Front 51

What are the motor parts of reflex arcs?

Back 51

LMN

Front 52

Is musculocutaneous nerve an upper or lower motor neuron?

Back 52

LMN