Anatomy Exam 3

Front 1

Pulmonary Circuit

Back 1

carbon dioxide rich blood from heart to lungs and returns oxygen rich blood to heart

Front 2

Systemic Circuit

Back 2

oxygen rich blood from heart to the rest of the body and returns carbon dioxide rich blood to the heart

Front 3

Arteries

Back 3

transport blood away from the heart

Front 4

veins

Back 4

return blood to the heart

Front 5

capillaries

Back 5

small vessels that interconnect arteries and veins

Front 6

what are exchange vessels?

Back 6

another name for capillaries because their thin walls permit exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste products between blood and tissues

Front 7

pericardial cavity

Back 7

heart is located here.
anterior chest wall, posterior to sternum between the 2 pleural cavities in the mediastinum

Front 8

pericardium

Back 8

serous membrane lining the pericardial cavity (parietal) and the heart (visceral)

Front 9

which are the only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood?

Back 9

the pulmonary arteries

Front 10

which are the only veins that carry oxygenated blood?

Back 10

pulmonary veins

Front 11

types of arteries

Back 11

elastic, muscular, arterioles

Front 12

elastic arteries

Back 12

large vessels that carry large volumes of blood from heart. ex. aorta

Front 13

muscular arteries

Back 13

medium sized-distribute blood to skeletal muscles and organs. ex. renal

Front 14

arterioles

Back 14

smallest arteries that can change their diameter in response to body conditions

Front 15

veins

Back 15

collect blood from all tissues and organs and return it to the heart

Front 16

arteries

Back 16

carry blood away from the heart

Front 17

types of veins

Back 17

venules, medium-sized, large

Front 18

venules

Back 18

smallest veins that collect blood from capillaries

Front 19

medium-sized veins

Back 19

correspond to medium-sized arteries

Front 20

large veins

Back 20

large vessels that transport large volumes of blood into the heart. ex. superior/inferior vena cava

Front 21

venous valves

Back 21

infoldings of the tunica intima that prevent backflow of blood in the veins

Front 22

3 layers of the heart wall

Back 22

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

Front 23

epicardium

Back 23

outermost layer of the heart that forms the external surface of the heart (visceral pericardium)

Front 24

myocardium

Back 24

middle layer of the heart that consists of interlocking layers of cardiac muscle tissue, associated connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves

Front 25

what's the difference between atrial and ventricular myocardium?

Back 25

atrial is thinner

Front 26

endocardium

Back 26

innermost layer of the heart, consists of simple squamous epithelium

Front 27

cardiocytes

Back 27

cardiac muscle cells-relatively small cells with centrally placed nucleus, myofibrils, sarcomeres alligned to form striations

Front 28

intercalated discs

Back 28

specialized cell junctions unique to cardiac muscle tissue

Front 29

desmosomes

Back 29

locks the cell membranes of two cardiac cells together

Front 30

gap junctions

Back 30

connect cardiac muscle cells so that an action potential can move from one cell to another as if the membranes were continuous

Front 31

functional syncytium

Back 31

"fused mass of cells" describes the contraction of cardiac muscle

Front 32

fibrous skeleton

Back 32

internal connective tissue of the heart-collagen and elastin fiber

Front 33

anatomy of the heart

Back 33

base is superior portion, apex is inferior portion, superior border=base, right border=right atrium, left border=left ventricle, inferior border=right ventricle
sternocostal surface and diaphragmatic surface

Front 34

function of the atria

Back 34

receives venous blood as a passive chamber

Front 35

auricle

Back 35

expandable extension of the atrial walls

Front 36

coronary sulcus

Back 36

groove that marks the border between the atria and ventricles

Front 37

function of the ventricles

Back 37

propel blood around the systemic and pulmonary circuits

Front 38

anterior interventricular sulcus

Back 38

depression on anterior surface of the heart-marks the division of the right and left ventricles

Front 39

posterior interventricular sulcus

Back 39

depression on the posterior surface of the heart-marks the division of the right and left ventricles

Front 40

valves of the heart

Back 40

folds of endocardium that extend into the openings between the atria and ventricles that open and close to prevent backflow of blood

Front 41

function of right atrium

Back 41

receives oxygen poor blood from systemic circuit via the superior and inferior vena cava

Front 42

superior vena cava

Back 42

opens into the posterior, superior portion of right atrium, delivers venous blood from head, neck, upper limbs and chest

Front 43

inferior vena cava

Back 43

opens into posterior and inferior portion of the right atrium, delivers blood from the rest of the trunk, viscera and lower limbs

Front 44

coronary sinus

Back 44

collecting vessel in which all coronary veins drain

Front 45

pectinate muscles

Back 45

muscular ridges that extend along the inner surface of right atrium

Front 46

interarial septum

Back 46

separates right and left atria

Front 47

fossa ovalis

Back 47

depression marking remnant of the foramen ovale-fetal opening between right and left atria that closes 48 hrs after birth

Front 48

function of the right ventricle

Back 48

receives oxygen poor blood from the right atria via the right atrioventricular valve

Front 49

chordae tendineae

Back 49

bundles of collagen fibers to which the cusps of the right atrioventricular valve

Front 50

papillary muscles

Back 50

cone shape muscular projections of the inner ventricular surface to which the chordae tendineae attach

Front 51

function of the papillary muscles

Back 51

limit movement of valve cusps and prevent backflow of blood

Front 52

trabeculae carneae

Back 52

irregular muscular folds of the internal surface of the ventricle

Front 53

interventricular septum

Back 53

separates the right and left ventricles

Front 54

moderator band

Back 54

ventricular muscle that extends from the interventricular septum to the anterior wall of the right ventricle

Front 55

conus arteriosus

Back 55

cone-shaped superior end of the right ventricle

Front 56

pulmonary semilunar valve

Back 56

3 thick semilunar cusps that lead to the pulmonary trunk and prevent backflow

Front 57

pulmonary trunk

Back 57

start of the pulmonary circuit

Front 58

right and left pulmonary arteries

Back 58

branches of the pulmonary trunk that lead to the lungs

Front 59

right and left pulmonary veins

Back 59

formed from small veins branching from the pulmonary capillaries and carry blood back to the heart

Front 60

function of the left atruim

Back 60

receives oxygen rich blood from the right and left pulmonary veins

Front 61

left atrioventricular valve

Back 61

-bicuspid or mitral valve-located between the left atrium and left ventricle to prevent backflow

Front 62

function of the left ventricle

Back 62

receive oxygen rich blood from the left atrium, thickest chamber allowing it to force blood around entire systemic circuit

Front 63

aortic semilunar valve

Back 63

3 half moon shaped (semilunar) cusps that lead to the ascending aorta and prevent backflow

Front 64

aortic sinuses

Back 64

saclike dilations of the base of the ascending aorta that help prevent individual cusps from sticking to the walls of the aorta when the valve opens

Front 65

aortic branches

Back 65

ascending aorta-oxygen rich blood from left ventricle ascends from base of heart, aortic arch, descending aorta-descends into thoracic cavity

Front 66

ligamentum arteriosum

Back 66

fibrous band that marks the remnant of the ductus arteriosus (fetal circulation)

Front 67

coronary circulation

Back 67

supplies blood to heart muscle via the coronary blood vessels

Front 68

major branches of the right coronary artery

Back 68

atrial arteries, marginal arteries, posterior interventricular artery, branches to the conducting system

Front 69

right coronary artery

Back 69

artery that branches off aorta and follows coronary sulcus

Front 70

atrial arteries

Back 70

arteries that supply the myocardium of the right atrium

Front 71

marginal arteries

Back 71

branches of the right coronary artery that extend across the ventricular surface

Front 72

posterior interventricular artery

Back 72

branch from the right coronary artery in the posterior interventricular sulcus that supplies the septum and portions of ventricles

Front 73

left coronary artery

Back 73

artery that branches off the aorta between the left atria and ventricle

Front 74

branches of the left coronary artery

Back 74

circumflex artery, anterior interventricular artery

Front 75

anastomoses

Back 75

interconnections between arteries

Front 76

circumflex artery

Back 76

branch of the left coronary artery that curves to left within the coronary sulcus and reaches the posterior surface of the heart

Front 77

anterior interventricular artery

Back 77

branch of the left coronary artery in the anterior interventricular sulcus supplying myocardium of it and anterior ventricular myocardium

Front 78

cardiac veins

Back 78

veins that collect blood from myocardial capillaries and deliver it back to the right atrium

Front 79

direct cardiac veins

Back 79

anterior cardiac veins that drain the anterior surface of the right ventricle

Front 80

indirect cardiac veins

Back 80

deliver blood via the coronary sinus-great, middle, posterior, and small cardiac veins

Front 81

great cardiac vein

Back 81

vein that runs in the anterior interventricular sulcus

Front 82

middle cardiac vein

Back 82

vein that runs in the posterior interventricular sulcus

Front 83

posterior cardiac vein

Back 83

vein that drains the posterior surface of the heart

Front 84

small cardiac vein

Back 84

drains the posterior surface of the right atrium and ventricle

Front 85

systole

Back 85

contraction/emptying

Front 86

diastole

Back 86

relaxation/filling

Front 87

autorhythmicity

Back 87

heart contracts on its own without neural or hormonal stimulation

Front 88

nodal cells

Back 88

specialized cells that establish the rate of cardiac contraction

Front 89

conducting fibers within the heart

Back 89

fibers that distribute the contractile stimulus throughout the myocardium

Front 90

layers of the walls of a blood vessel

Back 90

tunica intima-innermost layer of endothelial and CT
tunica media-middle layer of concentric sheets of smooth muscle in loose CT
tunica externa-outermost layer forming a CT sheath

Front 91

components of the pulmonary circuit

Back 91

carry deoxygenated blood and include pulmonary trunk, left and right pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins

Front 92

components of the systemic circuit

Back 92

begin at the aortic valve and end at entrance to the right atrium, includes ascending and descending aorta and aortic arch

Front 93

inferior mesenteric vein

Back 93

part of hepatic portal system, collects blood from inferior portion of large intestine

Front 94

left colic vein

Back 94

part of hepatic portal system, collects blood from descending and sigmoid colon

Front 95

superior rectal vein

Back 95

part of hepatic portal system, collects blood from rectum

Front 96

splenic vein

Back 96

part of hepatic portal system, formed from the inferior mesenteric vein and veins from spleen, lateral border of stomach, and pancreas

Front 97

superior mesenteric vein

Back 97

part of hepatic portal system, collects blood from stomach, small intestine, and first 2/3 of large intestine

Front 98

umbilical arteries

Back 98

deliver blood from the fetus to the placenta

Front 99

umbilical veins

Back 99

return oxygen rich blood and nutrients from the placenta to the fetus

Front 100

ductus venosus

Back 100

fetal circulation-vessel that collects blood from the veins of the liver and from the umbilical vein and delivers it to the inferior vena cava

Front 101

foramen ovale

Back 101

fetal interatrial opening which allows blood to flow freely from the right to left atrium, bypassing pulmonary circulation

Front 102

ductus arteriosus

Back 102

fetal circulation-small bypass between the pulmonary and aortic trunks, allows for bypass of pulmonary circulation

Front 103

fossa ovalis

Back 103

remnant of the foramen ovale

Front 104

ligamentum arteriosum

Back 104

remnant of the ductus arteriosus

Front 105

round ligament

Back 105

aka ligament teres, remnant of the umbilical vein

Front 106

circulatory changes at birth

Back 106

first breath changes internal pressure when lungs and pulmonary vessels expand, this causes fetal shunts to close

Front 107

2 functional divisions of the respiratory tract

Back 107

conductive portion-extends from nasal cavity to smallest bronchiole of lung-heats air
respiratory portion-respiratory bronchioles and alveoli-gas exchange

Front 108

2 anatomical divisions of respiratory tract

Back 108

upper respiratory system and lower respiratory system

Front 109

upper respiratory system

Back 109

filter, warm and humidify air to protect lower resp. system. includes nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx

Front 110

lower respiratory system

Back 110

larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Front 111

functions of the respiratory system

Back 111

gas-exchange between air and blood, breathing, protects resp. surfaces from dehydration, temp changes, variations, pathogens, produces sound, assists in regulating blood volume and composition

Front 112

respiratory epithelium

Back 112

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium that lines entire respiratory tract except for inferior part of pharynx and finest portions of alveoli

Front 113

mucus escalator

Back 113

cilia in the lower portions of the respiratory tract that beat towards the pharynx and clean the respiratory passageways

Front 114

vestibule of the nose

Back 114

portion of nasal cavity supported by nasal cartilage, contains coarse hairs to trap and prevent foreign particles from entering nasal cavity

Front 115

nasal septum

Back 115

separates the nasal cavity into right and left portions-bony portion(posterior) ethmoid and vomer bones
soft portion(anterior)hyaline cartilage

Front 116

turbinate bones

Back 116

superior, middle and inferior nasal conchae function to create air turbulence and promote filtration, allows time for warming and humidifying of air

Front 117

meatuses of the nose

Back 117

superior, middle, and inferior spaces between turbinate bones

Front 118

hard palate

Back 118

floor of the nasal cavity formed from the maxillary and palatine bones

Front 119

soft palate

Back 119

marks the boundary line between the superior nasopharynx and the rest of the pharynx, uvula at end

Front 120

internal nares

Back 120

point where the nasal cavity opens into the nasopharynx

Front 121

pharynx

Back 121

shared passageway for respiratory and digestive systems

Front 122

3 regions of the pharynx

Back 122

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Front 123

nasopharynx

Back 123

superior portion of pharynx connected to nasal cavity by internal nares and to oral cavity by soft palate

Front 124

pharyngeal tonsils

Back 124

lymphoid function, on posterior wall of nasopharynx

Front 125

auditory tube

Back 125

located on lateral wall of the nasopharynx and leads to inner ear

Front 126

oropharynx

Back 126

middle of the pharynx, extends from soft palate and base of tongue-lining is stratified squamous epithelium

Front 127

uvula

Back 127

posterior edge of soft palate

Front 128

pharyngeal arches

Back 128

posterior edge of the soft palate-palatoglossal arch and palatopharyngeal arch, with openings called fauces

Front 129

laryngopharynx

Back 129

inferior portion of pharynx, between hyoid bone and entrance to esophagus-lined by stratified squamous epithelium

Front 130

larynx

Back 130

voice box-surrounds and protects the glottis

Front 131

glottis

Back 131

narrow opening air passes through as it leaves the pharynx

Front 132

laryngeal cartilages

Back 132

thyroid-largest, forms anterior and lateral walls of larynx (adams apple)
cricoid-inferior to thyroid cartilage
both protect glottis and entrance to trachea

Front 133

epiglottis

Back 133

superior to glottis, supported by epiglottal cartilage-folds over glottis during swallowing

Front 134

paired laryngeal cartilages

Back 134

2 arytenoid, 2 corniculate, 2 cuneiform

Front 135

laryngeal ligaments

Back 135

intrinsic-bind all 9 cartilages
extrinsic-attach larynx to hyoid and trachea
vocal-between thyroid and arytenoid cartilages
vestibular-between thyroid and arytenoid cartilages

Front 136

vestibular folds

Back 136

false vocal cords, mucosal folds in the laryngeal wall that have a protective function

Front 137

vocal folds

Back 137

true vocal cords-folds in laryngeal wall that produce sound

Front 138

laryngeal musculature

Back 138

intrinsic-regulate tension in vocal folds, open/close glottis
extrinsic-position/stabilize larynx

Front 139

trachea

Back 139

windpipe-begins anterior to C6 continues to T5 where it branches into right/left primary bronchi

Front 140

connective tissue of the trachea

Back 140

lamina propria that overlays the epithelium

Front 141

anular ligaments

Back 141

bind the 15-20 c-shaped tracheal cartilages to one another

Front 142

primary bronchi

Back 142

extrapulmonary structures (located outside lungs), right and left distal branches of trachea

Front 143

carina

Back 143

ridge on the base of the trachea that marks its division into the primary bronchi

Front 144

hilus

Back 144

region of the lung where right and left primary bronchi enter (as well as blood vessels)

Front 145

regions of the lungs

Back 145

apex-conical tip that points superiorly
base-concave inferior portion that rests on the superior surface of the diaphragm

Front 146

lobes of the lung

Back 146

superior, middle, inferior in right lung
superior and inferior in the left lung

Front 147

horizontal fissure

Back 147

separates superior and middle lobes of the right lung

Front 148

oblique fissure

Back 148

one separates superior and inferior lobes of the right lung, another separates same in the left lung

Front 149

cardiac notch

Back 149

concavity formed from position of heart in the mediastinum

Front 150

lung surfaces

Back 150

costal surface-anterior surface,faces ribs
mediastinal surface-medial surface, hilus located on it
diaphragmatic surface-inferior surface that faces diaphragm

Front 151

bronchopulmonary segments

Back 151

segments of lungs that are smaller than lobes and are associated with a single tertiary bronchus

Front 152

bronchial tree

Back 152

formed from the primary bronchi and their branches

Front 153

primary bronchi

Back 153

extrapulmonary structures that divide into smaller branches, called intrapulmonary bronchi, as they enter the lung

Front 154

right primary bronchus

Back 154

divides into 3 secondary bronchi:superior, middle, inferior lobar bronchi

Front 155

left primary bronchus

Back 155

divides into 2 secondary bronchi:superior and inferior lobar bronchi

Front 156

tertiary bronchi

Back 156

aka segmental
serve each bronchopulmonary segment (walls of secondary and tertiary bronchi contain cartilage plates)

Front 157

terminal bronchioles

Back 157

divisions of tertiary bronchi, walls lack cartilage support, made of smooth muscle

Front 158

sympathetic stimulation of the bronchioles

Back 158

leads to enlargement of the airway, or bronchodilation

Front 159

parasympathetic stimulation of the bronchioles

Back 159

leads to bronchoconstriction

Front 160

respiratory bronchioles

Back 160

branches of the terminal bronchioles that deliver air to each individual lung lobule

Front 161

alveolar ducts

Back 161

passageways that connect respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

Front 162

alveolar sacs

Back 162

terminal ends of alveolar ducts that connect several alveoli

Front 163

alveoli

Back 163

pockets at the end of the bronchial tree where gas exchange with the blood occurs-lined with simple squamous epithelium called type 1 cells, or respiratory epitheliocytes

Front 164

septal cells

Back 164

type II cells or surfactant cells-scattered among the epithelium and secrete surfactant, an oily secretion that reduces surface tension in the fluid coating alveolar surface

Front 165

alveolar macrophages

Back 165

phagocytic cells within the epithelium

Front 166

respiratory membrane

Back 166

area of gas exchange, formed fusion of the basement membrane of alveolar epithelium and adjacent capillaries

Front 167

where do the pulmonary arteries enter the lung?

Back 167

at the hilus where they branch with the bronchi as they approach each lobule

Front 168

blood supply to each lobule

Back 168

each lobule receives an arteriole, venule, and a network of capillaries that surrounds each alveolus

Front 169

alveolar capillaries

Back 169

provide a mechanism for gas exchange and are primary source of ACE, which converts circulating angiotensin I to angiotensin II

Front 170

angiotensin II

Back 170

a hormone involved with regulation of blood volume and pressure

Front 171

pulmonary ventilation

Back 171

breathing-movement of air into and out of bronchial tree

Front 172

alveolar ventilation

Back 172

prevents build up of CO2 and ensures continuous supply of O2

Front 173

respiratory muscles

Back 173

diaphragm, external intercostals, internal intercostals, accessory muscles

Front 174

diaphragm

Back 174

contraction increases the volume of the thoracic cavity by flattening its floor, this draws air into the lungs (inhalation)

Front 175

external intercostals

Back 175

muscles that assist by elevating ribs during inhalation

Front 176

internal intercostals

Back 176

muscles that depress the ribs and reduce the width of the thoracic cavity (exhalation)

Front 177

accessory respiratory muscles

Back 177

active when the depth and frequency of respiration must be increased

Front 178

eupnea

Back 178

quiet, normal breathing that involves muscular contractions, but expiration is passive

Front 179

diaphragmatic breathing

Back 179

deep breathing, contraction of the diaphragm provides necessary change in thoracic volume drawing in air, exhalation occurs when diaphragm relaxes

Front 180

costal breathing

Back 180

shallow breathing-thoracic volume changes because rib cage changes shape, contraction of external intercostal muscles elevate ribs and enlarges thoracic cavity-inhalation, muscles relax-exhalation

Front 181

hypernea

Back 181

forced breathing that involves active inhalation and exhalation, accessory muscles assist (heavy exercise)

Front 182

breathing control in the brain

Back 182

respiratory control centers are located in the pons and medulla oblongata

Front 183

functions of the digestive system

Back 183

ingestion, mechanical processing , digestion, secretion, absorption, compaction, excretion

Front 184

4 major layers of the digestive tract

Back 184

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

Front 185

mucosa

Back 185

inner lining of digestive tract made up of epithelium containing plicae, areolar CT called lamina propria that is covered by the muscularis mucosae-layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibers

Front 186

plicae

Back 186

tranverse or longitudinal folds that increase surface area for absorption in digestive tract

Front 187

muscularis mucosae

Back 187

outermost layer of the mucosa, two concentric layers-circular inner layer that encircles lumen and longitudinal outer layer with parallel fibers

Front 188

submucosa

Back 188

layer of areolar tissue that surrounds the muscularis mucosae-contains blood vessels, lymphatics, exocrine glands that secrete buffers and enzymes

Front 189

submucosal plexus

Back 189

network of fibers and scattered neuron cell bodies that innervate the mucosa

Front 190

muscularis externa

Back 190

layer of smooth muscle that surrounds the submucosa and contains circular (inner) and longitudinal (outer) muscle layers

Front 191

myenteric plexus

Back 191

network of autonomic ganglia and fibers between the circular and longitudinal layers

Front 192

parasympathetic stimulation of myenteric plexus

Back 192

increases muscular tone and stimulates contraction

Front 193

sympathetic stimulation of myenteric plexus

Back 193

promotes inhibition of muscular activity and relaxation

Front 194

sphincters

Back 194

thickened areas of circular muscle that prevent material from moving along the tract at an inappropriate time or in the wrong direction

Front 195

serosa

Back 195

serous membrane that covers the muscularis externa, located in most regions of digestive tract

Front 196

adventitia

Back 196

dense network of collagen fibers that covers the muscularis externa of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and rectum, instead of a serosa layer

Front 197

accessory structures of the digestive system

Back 197

teeth, tongue, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, salivary gland

Front 198

organs and structures of the digestive tract

Back 198

pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, oral cavity

Front 199

contractile proteins of smooth muscle

Back 199

do not form sarcomeres but are capable of strong contraction

Front 200

plasticity

Back 200

ability of smooth muscle cells to stretch and adapt to a new length, then contract again

Front 201

2 types of movement in digestive tract

Back 201

peristalsis and segmentation

Front 202

peristalsis

Back 202

contractions of the muscularis externa that propel material through the digestive tract

Front 203

bolus

Back 203

small oval mass of food

Front 204

peristaltic wave

Back 204

event where the circular muscles contract behind digestive contents, then longitudinal muscles contract shortening adjacent segements, finally a 2nd wave of contraction in circular muscles forces the material in the desired direction

Front 205

segmentation

Back 205

movements in areas of the small intestine that churn digestive materials, mix the contents with intestinal secretions, but produce no net movement

Front 206

mesenteries

Back 206

fused, double sheets of peritoneal membrane that stabilize attached organs

Front 207

greater omentum

Back 207

"fatty apron" double layer of mesentery that hangs anteriorly from the stomach

Front 208

lesser omentum

Back 208

mesentery that runs between the stomach and liver

Front 209

mesentery proper

Back 209

suspends and wraps the small intestine, provides stability but permits a degree of independent movement

Front 210

mesocolon

Back 210

suspends and wraps the colon and includes the transverse and sigmoid mesocolon

Front 211

functions of oral cavity

Back 211

analysis of material before swallowing, mechanical processing with teeth etc, lubrication by mixing mucous and salivary secretions, limited digestion of carbs by salivary enzymes

Front 212

buccal cavity

Back 212

lined with oral mucosa of stratified squamous epithelium that does not keratinize and protects the mouth from abrasion

Front 213

what supports the oral cavity mucosa

Back 213

buccal fat pads and buccinator muscle

Front 214

vestibule of oral cavity

Back 214

space between cheeks, lips and teeth

Front 215

what forms the roof of the oral cavity?

Back 215

hard and soft palates

Front 216

uvula

Back 216

structure that dangles from the center of the soft palate

Front 217

what organ forms the floor of the oral cavity?

Back 217

tongue

Front 218

parts of the tongue

Back 218

body-anterior oral portion
root-point of attachment
dorsum-contains numerous fine projections called papillae
frenulum-thin fold of mucus membrane that connects the tongue to the mucosa of the oral floor

Front 219

muscles of the tongue

Back 219

intrinsic muscles within tongue and extrinsic muscles outside of tongue

Front 220

3 pairs of salivary glands

Back 220

parotid, sublingual, submandibular

Front 221

parotid glands

Back 221

largest salivary glands, on lateral side of face anterior to ear, ducts drain into vestibule near 2nd upper molar

Front 222

sublingual glands

Back 222

salivary glands that are covered by the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth, ducts drain near lingual frenulum

Front 223

submandibular glands

Back 223

located near the medial surface of mandible, ducts drain on either side of the lingual frenulum

Front 224

saliva

Back 224

70% submandibular, 25% parotid, 5% sublingual, contains salivary amylase to begin carb digestion, mucins that are glycoproteins for lubrication

Front 225

structure of teeth

Back 225

inner matrix dentin surrounded by crystals called enamel, pulp cavity, root canal, apical foramen, periodontal ligament, crown, neck, gingival sulcus

Front 226

dentin

Back 226

mineral matrix in tooth, covered by densely packed calcium crystals

Front 227

pulp cavity

Back 227

spongy, highly vascular hollow inside of a tooth that contains blood vessels and nerves

Front 228

root canal

Back 228

narrow tunnel located at the base, or root of the tooth

Front 229

apical foramen

Back 229

opening into root through which blood vessels and nerves enter

Front 230

periodontal ligament

Back 230

collagen fibers anchor the tooth to its bony socket

Front 231

crown

Back 231

exposed surface of the tooth

Front 232

neck of tooth

Back 232

marks the boundary between the root and the crown

Front 233

gingival sulcus

Back 233

where gum and tooth meet

Front 234

types of teeth

Back 234

8 incisor, 4 cuspids, 8 bicuspids, 12 molars

Front 235

dental succession

Back 235

deciduous-(primary, baby, milk) 20 teeth replaced by
permanent-(secondary) 32 teeth

Front 236

3 phases of swallowing

Back 236

buccal, pharyngeal, esophageal

Front 237

buccal phase of swallowing

Back 237

compression of bolus against hard palate, followed by retraction of tongue forcing bolus into pharynx and elevating soft palate. voluntary until enters oropharynx

Front 238

pharyngeal phase of swallowing

Back 238

when bolus touches posterior pharyngeal wall the larynx elevates and the epiglottis folds pushing the bolus towards the esophagus

Front 239

esophageal phase of swallowing

Back 239

upper esophageal sphincter opens, peristalsis begins and lower esophageal sphincter opens

Front 240

esophagus

Back 240

transports food and liquids to the stomach, folds run length to allow expansion, no serosa, adventitia anchors esophagus in position against dorsal body wall

Front 241

stomach

Back 241

j-shaped organ that occupies the left hypochondriac, epigastric, and portions of the umbilical region of the abdominal cavity

Front 242

chyme

Back 242

semi-fluid mixture of ingested food and digestive secretions that is found in stomach

Front 243

anatomy of stomach

Back 243

lesser curvature-medial surface,greater curvature-lateral surface,rugae, regions:cardia,fundus,body,pylorus

Front 244

cardia region of stomach

Back 244

located under the heart

Front 245

cardiac orifice

Back 245

opening connected with the esophageal lumen

Front 246

fundus of stomach

Back 246

bulge above the esophageal opening that contacts the diaphragm

Front 247

body of stomach

Back 247

largest region, functions as a mixing tank for ingested food and gastric secretions

Front 248

pylorus

Back 248

inferior end that terminates at the muscular pyloric sphincter, which regulates the release of chyme into the first portion of the small intestine

Front 249

rugae of the stomach

Back 249

longitudinal folds of the stomach mucosa that permit expansion of the gastric lumen

Front 250

mesenteries associated with stomach

Back 250

greater and lesser omentum

Front 251

musculature of the stomach

Back 251

muscularis mucosae and muscularis externa contain an extra layer-outer longitudinal, middle circular, and inner oblique for added strength

Front 252

lining of stomach

Back 252

simple columnar epithelium forms a secretory sheet

Front 253

gastric pits

Back 253

depressions that open into the gastric surface, mucous cells at the base of each pit divide to replace superficial cells shed into chyme

Front 254

gastric glands

Back 254

simple branched tubular glands found in the underlying lamina propria

Front 255

3 types of cells found in gastric glands

Back 255

parietal, chief, and enteroendocrine

Front 256

parietal cells

Back 256

secrete HCl to kill micoorganisms, break down cell walls of food, and activate chief cells, and secrete intrinsic factor that facilitates absorption of vitamin b12

Front 257

chief cells

Back 257

secrete pepsinogen the inactive form that is converted by acids to pepsin, and secretes rennin and gastric lipase that are important for newborn milk digestion

Front 258

enterendocrine cells

Back 258

G cells=most abundant, secrete gastrin-hormone that stimulates the activity of parietal and chief cells and promotes smooth muscle activity in stomach, released when food enters stomach

Front 259

regulation of stomach

Back 259

CNS,ANS,vagus nerve, celiac plexus, hormones released by small intestine via stimulation by liver and pancreas, parasympathetic stimulates gastric juice production, sympathetic inhibits gastric secretions

Front 260

hormones that regulate the stomach

Back 260

cholecystokinin and secretin

Front 261

small intestine

Back 261

plays the primary (90%) role in digestion and absorption of nutrients, in all abdominal regions but left hypochondriac and epigastric

Front 262

plicae circularis

Back 262

transverse folds of the intestinal lining that function to increase surface area

Front 263

regions of the small intestine

Back 263

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Front 264

duodenum

Back 264

retroperitoneal, c-shaped, shortest and widest portion connected to the pylorus of the stomach that functions as a mixing bowl that receives chyme from the stomach and digestive enzymes from the pancreas and liver

Front 265

pyloric sphincter

Back 265

guards the connection of the pylorus and duodenum which functions to prevent backflow

Front 266

jejunum

Back 266

second portion of the small intestine where the bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs

Front 267

duodenojejunal flexure

Back 267

curve that marks the point where the duodenum becomes the jejunum

Front 268

ileum

Back 268

3rd and final portion of the small intestine that functions primarily for absorption

Front 269

ileocecal valve

Back 269

junction between large and small intestines, controls the flow of material

Front 270

duodenum

Back 270

no supporting mesentery because it is retroperitoneal it is fixed in position between L1 and L4

Front 271

what supports the jejunum and ileum?

Back 271

supported by the mesentery proper

Front 272

intestinal villi

Back 272

fingerlike projections formed by the mucosa, covered by simple columnar epithelium

Front 273

microvilli

Back 273

sub-microscopic size projections on single cells of villi. brush boarder appearance

Front 274

intestinal crypts

Back 274

pockets at the base of each villus that extend deep into the underlying lamina propria

Front 275

duodenal submucosal glands

Back 275

aka brunner's glands-produce mucus that protects the epithelium from the acid chyme arriving from the stomach and contains buffers that help elevate the pH of chyme

Front 276

duodenal papilla

Back 276

point where the common bile duct of the liver and gallbladder and the pancreatic duct from the pancreas come together

Front 277

duodenal ampulla

Back 277

entry point for the duodenal papilla duct

Front 278

function of the duodenum

Back 278

mixing and churning

Front 279

function of the jejunum and ileum

Back 279

absorption

Front 280

aggregate lymphoid nodules

Back 280

peyer's patches-lymphoid centers near the entrance to the large intestine, contains numbers of potentially harmful bacteria

Front 281

regulation of the small intestine

Back 281

nervous system-local reflexes, parasympathetic stimulates secretions, sympathetic inhibits secretions, hormones-cholecystokinin and secretin regulate and coordinate secretory activities of stomach, duodenum, liver, pancreas

Front 282

large intestine

Back 282

colon-inferior to stomach and liver, reabsorbs water and electrolytes, compacts contents to feces, absorbs vitamins produced by bacteria, stores fecal material

Front 283

cecum

Back 283

expanded pouch at proximal end of colon

Front 284

ileal papilla

Back 284

opening of ileum into the cecum

Front 285

ileocecal valve

Back 285

covers ileal papilla and regulates the passage of material

Front 286

vermiform appendix

Back 286

lymphoid tissue attached to surface of cecum and suspended by a band of mesentery called mesoappendix

Front 287

haustra

Back 287

pouches along the walls of the colon that permit considerable distension and elongation created by muscle tone

Front 288

taeniae coli

Back 288

3 separate longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle

Front 289

epiploic appendages

Back 289

fatty appendages-fat sacs of the serosa of the colon

Front 290

ascending colon

Back 290

retroperitoneal structure with no mesentery associated

Front 291

right colic flexure

Back 291

hepatic flexure-point where the ascending colon meets the liver and turns right

Front 292

transverse colon

Back 292

supported by the transverse mesocolon and separated from the anterior abdominal wall by the greater omentum

Front 293

gastrocolic ligament

Back 293

attaches the transverse colon to the greater curvature of the stomach

Front 294

left colic flexure

Back 294

aka splenic flexure-point where the transverse colon makes a right angle and bends towards the spleen

Front 295

descending colon

Back 295

begins at the left colic flexure and runs down the left side of the abdomen until it begins to curve into the sigmoid flexure

Front 296

sigmoid colon

Back 296

s-shaped distal region of the colon that lies posterior to the bladder and empties into the rectum, suspended by the sigmoid mesocolon

Front 297

rectum

Back 297

expandable organ for temporary storage of fecal matter

Front 298

anal canal

Back 298

contains small logitudinal folds called anal columns

Front 299

anus

Back 299

terminal end of the anal canal

Front 300

internal sphincter

Back 300

involuntary, formed from the circular muscle layer of the muscularis externa in this region

Front 301

external sphincter

Back 301

voluntary skeletal muscle sphincter that encircles the distal portion of the anal canal

Front 302

histology of the large intestine

Back 302

large diameter, thinner walls that small intestine
lacks villi
more abundant goblet cells

Front 303

regulation of large intestine

Back 303

haustral churning-segmentation movements of the LI
mass movements-periodic peristalsis stimulated by distension of the stomach and duodenum

Front 304

accessory digestive organs

Back 304

produce and store enzymes and buffers that are essential to normal digestive function

Front 305

liver

Back 305

largest visceral organ that provides metabolic regulation, hematological regulation, synthesis and secretion of bile

Front 306

metabolic regulation by the liver

Back 306

all blood leaving the absorptive surfaces of digestive tract enter the hepatic portal system and nutrients and toxins can be extracted from blood before it enters systemic circulation

Front 307

synthesis and secretion of bile

Back 307

bile is stored in the gallbladder and excreted into the lumen of the duodenum where bile salts associate with lipids in chyme so enzymes can break them down into fatty acids

Front 308

lobes of the liver

Back 308

right, left, quadrate, caudate

Front 309

falciform ligament

Back 309

marks the division between the right and left lobes

Front 310

round ligament

Back 310

aka ligamentum teres-in the liver-fibrous band that marks the degenerated umbilical vein

Front 311

coronary ligament

Back 311

between liver and diaphragm

Front 312

hilus of the liver

Back 312

porta hepatis-underside entry point for blood vessels and ducts

Front 313

basic functional units of the liver

Back 313

liver lobules

Front 314

hepatocytes

Back 314

liver cells-arranged around a central vein which creates a series of irregular plates inside each lobule

Front 315

kupffer cells

Back 315

phagocytic cells found in the lobule lining

Front 316

composition of bile

Back 316

water, minor amts of irons, bilirubin and bile salts

Front 317

canaliculi

Back 317

passageways between liver cells that extend outward through each liver lobule and eventually connect with bile ducts by ductules

Front 318

right and left hepatic ducts

Back 318

collect bile from ducts of the liver lobes

Front 319

common hepatic duct

Back 319

formed from the unity of the right and left hepatic ducts, from it bile enters the gallbladder via the cystic duct or enters the duodenum

Front 320

common bile duct

Back 320

common hepatic duct and cystic duct-empties into duodenum at papilla

Front 321

gallbladder

Back 321

hollow, pear shaped muscular organ that stores and concentrates bile before its secretion into duodenum

Front 322

pancreas

Back 322

retroperitoneal organ that extends laterally from the duodenum towards the spleen

Front 323

structure of the pancreas

Back 323

head-near duodenum
body
tail-near spleen

Front 324

function of the pancreas

Back 324

exocrine organ producing digestive enzymes and buffers, also has endocrine functions

Front 325

pancreatic duct

Back 325

delivers pancreatic secretions to the duodenal ampulla

Front 326

histology of the pancreas

Back 326

lumpy nodular texture, lobules are partitioned by CT, acini produce pancreatic juice (mix of water, ion and pancreatic digestive enzymes)

Front 327

pancreatic enzymes

Back 327

lipases, carbohydrases, nucleases, proteolytic enzymes including proteinases and peptidases

Front 328

regulation of pancreas

Back 328

secretion of juices in response to hormonal instruction from the duodenum. secretin and cholecystokinin

Front 329

nephron

Back 329

basic structural and functional unit of the kidney

Front 330

proximal convoluted tubule

Back 330

reabsorbs water, ions, all organic nutrients
part of nephron

Front 331

renal corpuscle

Back 331

produces filtrate, filters out stuff the body still wants so this filtrate still contains things the body wants. filtrate=tubular fluid
part of nephron

Front 332

distal convoluted tubule

Back 332

part of nephron-secretes ions, acids, drugs, toxins, variable reabsorption under hormonal control

Front 333

connecting tubules and collecting duct

Back 333

part of nephron-variable reabsorption of H2O and reabsorption/secretion of sodium, potassium, hydrogen, bicarbonate ion

Front 334

papillary duct

Back 334

part of nephron-delivers urine to minor calyx

Front 335

loop of henle

Back 335

part of nephron-further reabsorption of water in the descending limb, and Na+ and Cl- in ascending limb

Front 336

micturition

Back 336

urination

Front 337

urinary system

Back 337

kidneys and urinary tract (ureters, urinary bladder, urethra)

Front 338

right kidney surface features

Back 338

anterior surface is covered by the liver, hepatic flexure of the colon and the duodenum. superior surface is capped by adrenal gland

Front 339

left kidney surface features

Back 339

anterior surface is covered by the spleen, stomach, pancreas, jejunum, and splenic flexure of the colon. superior surface is capped by adrenal gland

Front 340

3 concentric layers of CT that protect the kidney

Back 340

renal capsule-fibrous tunic-layer of collagen fibers
adipose capsule-perirenal fat-layer of adipose that surrounds the renal capsule
renal fascia-superficial layer of collagen that anchors kidney to surroundings

Front 341

hilus of kidney

Back 341

opening on medial side that marks the entry for renal artery and exit for renal vein and ureter

Front 342

renal sinus

Back 342

region inside the kidney where renal blood vessels and nerves branch

Front 343

cortex of kidney

Back 343

reddish-brown, granular outer layer

Front 344

medulla of kidney

Back 344

internal to the cortex and consists of 6-18 distinct conical structures, called renal pyramids

Front 345

renal papilla

Back 345

tip of each renal pyramid

Front 346

renal columns

Back 346

bands of cortical tissue that separate each renal pyramid

Front 347

renal lobe

Back 347

consists of renal pyramid, overlying area of renal cortex, adjacent tissues of the renal columns-urine produced here

Front 348

minor calyx

Back 348

cup shaped region inferior to each renal papilla-collects discharged urine

Front 349

major calyx

Back 349

formed from the merging of 4-5 minor calyces

Front 350

renal pelvis

Back 350

large, funnel-shaped chamber formed from the merging of the major calyces

Front 351

blood supply of kidney

Back 351

receives 20-25% of total cardiac output, renal artery and renal vein

Front 352

glomerulus

Back 352

part of nephron-capillary network where filtration occurs

Front 353

afferent arteriole of kidney

Back 353

brings blood to the glomerulus

Front 354

efferent arteriole of kidney

Back 354

carries blood away from glomerulus

Front 355

glomerular filtrate

Back 355

protein-free solution produced from filtration across the glomerulus

Front 356

cortical nephrons

Back 356

located almost entirely within cortex-85%

Front 357

juxtamedullary nephrons

Back 357

located closer to the medulla-15%

Front 358

visceral (glomerular) epithelium

Back 358

large cells called podocytes that wrap around glomerular capillaries

Front 359

capsular space

Back 359

separates the parietal and visceral epithelium

Front 360

vascular pole

Back 360

marks the connection of the parietal and visceral epithelium and the connection of the glomerular capillaries to the bloodstream

Front 361

filtration

Back 361

occurs as blood pressure forces fluid and dissolved solutes out of the glomerulus into the capsular space

Front 362

capillary endothelium

Back 362

contains openings that are small enough to prevent passage of blood cells but are to large to restrict diffusion of solutes

Front 363

basement membrane of the nephrons

Back 363

surrounds the capillary endothelium and has several times the density and thickness that is typical. called the "lamina densa" restricts passage of smaller plasma proteins, nutrients, ions

Front 364

filtration slits

Back 364

narrow gaps that separate pedicles (processes of glomerular epithelium that wrap around basement membrane) and allow for only water with dissolved ions, small organic molecules, and few plasma proteins to pass

Front 365

lining of the PCT

Back 365

(proximal convoluted tubule)-simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli

Front 366

descending limb of the loop of henle

Back 366

travels in the medulla toward the renal pelvis

Front 367

ascending limb of the loop of henle

Back 367

returns toward the cortex

Front 368

vasa recta

Back 368

slender capillaries that absorb water from that flows out of the nephron from the loop of henle, returns it to general circulation

Front 369

DCT versus PCT

Back 369

DCT has smaller diameter, lacks microvilli, epithelial cells have distinct boundaries, function is secretion as opposed to absorption

Front 370

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Back 370

endocrine structure formed from structures of the DCT that secretes 2 hormones, renin and erythropoietin-elevate blood volume, hemoglobin levels, blood pressure, restore normal rate of filtration production

Front 371

collecting system of the kidney

Back 371

connecting tubule carries filtrate from DCT to collecting duct which leaves the cortex and descends into the medulla toward a papillary duct that drains into the renal pelves

Front 372

transitional epithelium

Back 372

tolerates cycles of distension and contraction, found in minor and major calyces, renal pelvis, ureters,urinary bladder, proximal portion of urethra

Front 373

ureters

Back 373

paired muscular tubes that begin as continuation of renal pelvis, exit kidney via hilus, extend approx. 12 inches to urinary bladder

Front 374

walls of the ureters

Back 374

inner mucosa-lined by transitional epithelium
middle muscular layer of longitudinal (inner) and circular (outer) smooth muscle
outer CT layer is continuous with fibrous renal capsule

Front 375

male urinary bladder

Back 375

base lies between rectum and symphysis pubis

Front 376

female urinary bladder

Back 376

base sits inferior to the uterus and anterior to vagina

Front 377

median umbilical ligament

Back 377

aka urachus-peritoneal fold that extends from the anterior and superior border to the umbilicus

Front 378

lateral umbilical ligaments

Back 378

peritoneal folds that pass along the sides of the bladder to reach the umbilicus

Front 379

trigone

Back 379

triangular area bounded by ureteral openings and entrance to the urethra-lacks rugae, smooth and thick, funnel that channels urine into the urethra when bladder contracts

Front 380

neck of bladder

Back 380

region surrounding the urethral opening

Front 381

internal urethral sphincter

Back 381

smooth muscle that provides involuntary control over the discharge of urine from the bladder-autonomic control

Front 382

detrusor muscle

Back 382

formed from the longitudinal and smooth muscle layers of the urinary bladder-contraction compresses the bladder and expels its contents

Front 383

walls of urinary bladder

Back 383

mucosa,submucosa,muscularis, serosa

Front 384

female urethra

Back 384

1-1.5 inches, extends from bladder to vestibule

Front 385

external urethral meatus

Back 385

external opening situated near the anterior wall of the vagina

Front 386

male urethra

Back 386

7-8 inches, 3 portions-prostatic urethra passes through prostate-membranous urethra short and penetrates muscular floor of pelvic cavity-penile urethra distal segment extends from urogenital diaphragm to tip of penis

Front 387

external urethral sphincter

Back 387

circular band of skeletal muscle under voluntary control

Front 388

histology of urethra

Back 388

females-transitional epithelium near bladder, rest is stratified squamous
males-neck of bladder to external urethral meatus changes from transitional to pseudostratified columnar or columnar, then stratified squamous

Front 389

calcitrol

Back 389

synthesized by the urinary system, hormone derivative of vitamin D3 that stimulates calcium ion absorption in the intestine