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111 Cards in this Set
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Integumentary System, ch. 5
1. List 3 functions of skin |
a. water retention: keratin & sebum on surface, waterproof.
b. protection from infection:primary barrier against pathogens c. non verbal communication: facial muscles communicate message |
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2. T or F. Epidermis lack blood vessels & depends on diffusion of nutrient from dermis?
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True. Mitosis needs 02 & nutrients-acquired from bl vessels in dermis.
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3. List cells of epidermis & function?
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a. stem cells: produce keratinocytes
keratinocytes: make keratin b. melanocytes: make melanin c. tactile (merkel): receptors for touch d. dendritic (langerhans): stand guard against toxins |
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4. List 4 layers of epidermis & describe ea one?
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a. basale: base/bottom: where new cells made
b. spinosum: thickest. several layers -keratinocytes. --------waterproof zone--------- c. granulosum: 3-5 layers. Flat keratinocytes. 1/2 width of spinosm d. lucidum: translucent zone. dont take stain. e. corneum: up to 30 layers dead cells. Surfaces. Heels, caluses. |
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5. t or f. New keratinocytes are on surface?
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False.
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6. 3 important things happen when keratinocytes reach granulosum?
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a. cytoskeleton converted to keratin
b. vesicles inside cell burst-lipid coating membrane- waterproofs. c. cells undergo apoptosis |
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7. Define dermal papillae, epidermal ridges?
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Wavy boundary between epidermis & dermis. Like corrugated cardboard, allows for strength.
Upward waves: dermal Papillae Downward waves: epidermal ridges |
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8. Waterproof barrier betw what 2 layers ?
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Spinosum & granulosum
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9. Job of hypodermis? Is it official skin?
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Job: energy, insulation, absorption
a. SQ inject spot % highly vascularizd b. Not a true part of skin |
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10. Eumelanin, Pheomelanin
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a. Eumelanin: brownish black
Pheomelanin: reddish yellow |
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11. t or f. Dark people have more melanocytes?
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False. Dark people produce ↑ quant. & loose more slowly.
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12. Describe 3 types hair?
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a. lanugo-fetal hair (peach fuzz). Unpigmented
b. vellus- lanugo replaced by vellus @ birth. Unpigmented. Children. c. Terminal-puberty, course, pigmented.Eybrows. Pubic |
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13. ident parts of hair?
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a. bulb-swelling @ base where orignates in dermis. Only living cells near bulb, nourished by dermal papilla. DP prov nutrition.
b. root: remainder of hair in follicle. Below surface c. shaft: above skin surface d. medulla (x-sect) innermost e. cortex-external to medulla. dead f. cuticle-outermost layer. Overlaps |
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14. Growth center of hair?
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a. Mitotically active ✔Hair Matrix
b. Above papilla |
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15. Growth center of nails?
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a. Nail Matrix-under nail root
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16. 4 Cutaneous glands. (Found in dense irregular connective tissue?
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a. merocrine (sweat) Most abundant. Watery. Cools. Forehead, palms, soles.
b. aprocrine: (sweat) axial, beard, groin. Stinky, Job: production of pheromones. c. Ceruminous: ear wax. Waterproofs. Kills bacteria d. Mammary: milk producing |
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17. Part of skin affected by 1st degree burns?
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✔ Epidermis.
Redness, edema, pain. Seldom scars |
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18. Part of skin affected by 2nd degree burn?
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✔ Epidermis & part of dermis.
Partial thickness. May leave scar. 2 wks to months to heal. |
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19. From which burn can skin regenerate?
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1st & 2nd. (3rd degree needs grafts)
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Bone tissue, ch. 6
1. Define terms: |
✔ osteology: study of bones
✔ diaphysis: (long bone) shaft. Provides leverage ✔ epiphysis: expanded ends. Tendons & ligaments attach here. ✔epiphyseal plate: growth zone ✔periosteum: outer fibrous protective covering of shaft. Has inner osteogenic layer of bone forming cells. Has blasts & clasts ✔ endosteum: (internal). Has blasts clasts ✔ articular cartilage: Jt surface where bones meet, covered w/hyaline. Enables jt to move easy. ✔diploe: in skull, has 2 outer layers compact & inner layer of spongy bone ✔trabeculae: (spongy bone) thin plates ✔spicules: (spongy bone) rods/spines |
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2. List 3 functions of skeleton?
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a. support-framework of body
b. protection- enclose & protect organs c. movement-action of muscles on bones |
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3. 4 types cells in bones? function?
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✔stem cells: give rise to most other cells
✔osteoblasts: make organic matrix collagen (bone forming) ✔osteocytes: stress detector ✔osteocrasts: bone dissolving |
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4. t or f. Matrix of bone has both organic & inorganic compounds to provide strength w/ sm amt of flexibility?
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True. Protein gives bone flex, without it , bone is excessively brittle.
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5. Describe basic structural units of compact bone (osteon)?
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Concentric lamellae arranged around central (osteonic/haversian) canal & connected to ea other by canaliculi.
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6. T or f. Spongy bone is soft.
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pg. 160. False. Although calcified & hard, spongy bone is named for appearance.
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7. What is hemopoesis? Where?
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Production of blood cells. Takes place in red bone marrow @ end of long bones & inner mass of all other bones.
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8. Name 3 places where bone marrow is found?
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a. medullary cavity of long bones
b. spaces amid trabeculae (spongy) c. larger central canals |
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9. distinquish betw red & yellow marrow & where located in adult?
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Red marrow turns to yellow w/age.
✔Red: skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, part pelvic girdle, proximal heads of humerous & femur ✔yellow: rest of skeleton. No longer produces blood except in ER (anemia) |
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10. 2 methods bone formation? Flat bones? most of body?
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✔flat bones= intramembraneous ossification
✔rest of body=endochondral ossification |
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Further: (know this)
Intramembraneous ossification: |
-flat bones
bones of skull & clavicle |
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endochondral ossification
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long bones
vertebrae ribs sternum scapula pelvis bones of limbs ephyseal plate how fetus made |
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11. What is stress fracture:
What is pathologic fracture: |
stress: abnormal trauma, (accident)
patho: % disease (osteoporosis, CA) |
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12. If you broke bone & had surgery, open or closed reduction?
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Open reduction
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13. Causes of osteoporosis? (9)
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white
female light build postmenopausal inadequate exercise low calcium intake smoking vita c deficiency DM |
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14. What is kyphosis?
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Exaggerated thoracic curvature
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15. Process of healing bone fracture?
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✔FORMATION OF HEMATOMA & GRANULATION TISSUE-
a. fx severs bl vessel, forms fx hematoma. b. fibroblast, macrophages, osteoclasts & osteogenic cells invade tissue convert clot to granulation tissue ✔FORMATION OF SOFT CALLUS a. fibroblast deposit collagen, some osteogenic bec chondroblasts b. chondoblasts produce patches of cartilage=soft callus. ✔ CONVERSION TO HARD CALLUS a. other osteogenic bec osteoblasts, wh produces bony collar (hard callus) around fx. b. Hard callus acts as temporary splint (4-6 wks to form) ✔REMODELING a. Hard callus persists 3-4 mo. while osteoclasts dissolve sm. fragments broken bone b. Osteoblasts deposit spongy bone to bridge gap c. Spongy bone gradually fill to bec compact bone. |
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ch. 9 Joints
1. T or f. All joints are movable? |
False
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2. List 4 classes of joints, immovable to movable?
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bony
fibrous cartiliginous synovial |
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3. Give example of bony jt & degree of movement?
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✔ fusion of ilium, ischium & pubis to form hip bone
✔immovable |
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4. Give 2 examples of fibrous jt, degree of movement?
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a. serrate sutures (coronal suture)- immovable
b. gomphoses- (tooth in socket) slight give |
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5. 2 examples of cartiliginous jt, degree of movement for each?
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a. pubic symphysis
b. intervertebral discs -slightly movable |
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6. Identify parts of synovial jt & tell function of each?
✔ Articular cartilage |
facing surfaces covered with this along with layer hyaline cartilage
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✔joint cavity
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a narrow space, the joint (articular) cavity, lies betw the bones surfaces, filled w/ synovial fluid
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✔Joint capsule
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Cavity composed of outer fibrous capsule & inner synovial membrane
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✔articular disc
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fibrocartilage pad (crosses entire joint capsule) between articulating bones
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✔meniscus
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(knee) pair of cartilage extend inward from L. & R. but do not cross entire joint, absorb shock/pressure, stabilize, guide bones across ea other, improve fit betw bones.
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✔synovial fluid
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slippery lubricant
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7. Describe synovial fluid?
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-rich in albumin & hyaluronic acid
-viscous, slippery texture -similar to egg white -nourishes articular cartilage -removes waste -makes movement at synovial jts-almost friction free |
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8. Describe a bursa. How is it different from a synovial joint?
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-Fibrous sac filled w/ synovial fluid, --located between muscles,or
-betw where a tendon passes over a bone -or between bone & skin |
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9. What is a tendon sheath, & where are they most numerous in the body?
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Elongated, cylinder shaped bursae wrapped around a tendon; especially in the hands & feet.
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10. Define:
ball & socket |
multiaxial
shoulder & hip |
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saddle joint-biaxial
trapeziometacarpal sternoclavicular |
biaxial
1. wrist & metacarpal of thumb -like a condyloid but deeper articulating surfaces |
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condyloid joint-ellipsoid (movemt in 2 directions)
radiocarpal metacarpophalangeal |
1. between 1st phalanx & metacarpal (saying no)
2. Between occipital & 1st cervical vertebrae (atlas) |
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Pivot joint-monaxial (rotation around length of bone)
atlantoaxial joint proximal radioulnar joint |
1. elbow
2. jts betw phalanges of fingers & toes |
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Gliding-plane-bone surfaces slide over ea other.
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1. wrists
2. ankles |
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hyperextension
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extreme extention beyond zero position. Ea backswing of lower limb when walking hyperexends the hip.
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abduction
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away from midline (take away)
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adduction
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towards midline (add back)
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elevation; depression
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raises vertically frontal plane. Dropping shoulders, opening mouth.
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protraction/retraction
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anterior movement of body part in transverse plane. Retraction is posterior movement-i.e. shoulder movement when rowing a boat.
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lateral/medial excursion
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chewing, grinding actions. Side to side movement.
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flexion
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movement that decreases jt angle. Bending fingers to close hand.
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circumduction
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large imaginary circle in air. Combo of : flexion, abduction, extension & adduction.
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rotation
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twisting or turning of bone on own axis, turning head side to side to say.. no.
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supination
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palm up (holding soup bowl) or forward
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pronation
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palm down or backward
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inversion
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turning sole inward, facing opposite foot.
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eversion
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turns sole outward, away from body
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dorsiflexion
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elevates toes by pulling foot upward
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plantar flexion
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movement of foot so toes point downward
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opposition; reposition
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Two term unique to thumb
a. Moving thumb to touch tip of any of fingers. b. Resposition is return to zero position. |
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12. Osteoarthris
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Inflammatory jt dx, (Common). Wear and tear.
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12.a. Rheumatoid arthritis
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More severe. Autoimmune % antibody rheumatoid factor which damages synovial membranes. Crippling.
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protraction/retraction
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anterior movement of body part in transverse plane. Retraction is posterior movement-i.e. shoulder movement when rowing a boat.
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lateral/medial excursion
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chewing, grinding actions. Side to side movement.
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flexion
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movement that decreases jt angle. Bending fingers to close hand.
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circumduction
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large imaginary circle in air. Combo of : flexion, abduction, extension & adduction.
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rotation
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twisting or turning of bone on own axis, turning head side to side to say.. no.
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ch. 10 Muscle tissue
1. 3 types of muscle tissue |
a. Voluntary-(striated) skeletal (attache 2 bones)
b. Involuntary-cardiac (striated) c. Involuntary-smooth |
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2. List 3 properties of muscle cells?
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a. excitability- responsiveness
b. conductivity-stimulation of muscle fiber creates wave of excitation-travels along fiber & initiates contraction. c. contractility- ability to shorten when stimulated, allows pull on bones/ other tissues. |
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3. Why do skeletal muscles have bundle w/i bundle arrangement?
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For strength
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4. Describe bundle within bundle arrangement?
a. basic structure |
a whole skeletal muscle is pkg'd like series of tubes w/i other tubes
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b. Fascicle
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1st subdivided into bundle of long tubes called_______.
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c. skeletal muscle cells
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Ea fascicle is bundle of skeletal muscle cells.
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d. myofibrils
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Ea skeletal muscle cell is bundle of myofibrils.
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protein filaments
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Ea myofibril is composed primarily of 2 different protein filaments:
actin myosin |
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Size is different
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myosin- thick filament
actin- thin filament |
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Sarcomere
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a. Ea protein are part of repeated unit called a ________.
b. Structural & function unit for muscle contraction. |
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4.a. Name connective tissue that surrounds ea bundle?
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Epimysium is tough, fibrous, connective tissue that completely surrounds the outside of a whole muscle.
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5. Define parts of muscle cell?
sarcolemma |
plasma membrane of muscle fiber
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sarcoplasma
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cytoplasm of muscle fiber
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transverse or
t-tubule |
tunnel like extension of sarcolemma -extending from 1 side of muscle fiber to the other.
-Conveys electrical signals from the cell surface to it's interior. |
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sarcoplasmic reticulum
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-a calcium reservoir, with gates in membrane
-allows flood of calcium into cytoplasm, where activates muscle contraction |
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terminal cisternae
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-dilated ends of sarcoplasmic reticulum
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6. What contractile proteins make up thin filament of skeletal muscles?
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myosin & actin are called contractile proteins bec they accomplish shortening of muscle fiber.
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6.a. What are the regulatory proteins associated with thin filament?
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Tropomyosin and troponin are called regulatory proteins bec they act like a switch to determine when the fiber can contract or not contract.
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7. In which region of a sarcomere do actin & myosin overlap?
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they overlap in the part of the A. band in striations of skeletal or cardiac muscles.
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8. What carries stimulus that signals skeletal muscle to move?
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somatic motor neurons
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9. Place where nerve meets muscle is:
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neuromuscular junction or motor end plate
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10. Where is calcium stored in muscle cell?
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sarcoplasmic reticulum
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11. In skeletal muscle contraction, what does calcium bind to?
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Binds to troponin of thin filaments
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12. After binding of calcium, what compound is displaced from actin's binding sites.
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Troponin -Tropomysin complex changes shapre exposing active sites on the actin filaments that can bind t myosin heads.
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13. When actin's binding sites are free, what binds to them?
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This induces tropomyosin to move away from active sites on actin, so these sites are exposd to the action of myosin.
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14. What fuels the sliding of filaments past ea other?
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heads of myosin molecules activated by ATP
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15. What is a motor unit?
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a. somatic motor neurons (nerve cells) w/ cell bodies in brainstem & spinal cord stimulate muscle fiber & all muscle fibers in innervates collectively is "motor unit."
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16. Which type muscle cell have intercalcated disc? what is purpose
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cardiac
purpose: it's electrical gap junction allows ea myocyte to stimulate neighbors & mechanical junctions to hold myocytes together. |
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17. Define smooth muscle tone?
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-fatique resistance & latch bridge mechanism
-allows maintenance of smooth muscle tone (tonic contraction) -keeps arteries in state of partial constriction called vasomotor tone. -also keeps intestines partially contracted. |
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17a. Define Peristalsis
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-distention of esophagus w/ food or
-colon w/ feces -causes wave of contraction (peristalsis) |
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18. Define Multi-unit (smooth muscle)
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autonomic nerve innervation is similar to motor nerve innervation of skeletal muscle, with motor units that control independently:
large arteries pulmonary air passages pilorector muscles iris |
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18a. Single unit
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Myocytes electrically coupled to ea other by gap junctions so that cells directly stimulate ea other & can contract as a unit.
most bl. vessels digestive respiratory urinary repro (also called visceral muscle) |
