Anatomy - Cvs #4 - Veins 2

Front 1

Sinuses & splenic veins - structure

Back 1

Only the tunica intima. The tunica media is absent and the tunica externa is replaced by the surrounding tissue.

Front 2

Veunles
a. diameter
b. characteristics of layers

Back 2

a. 0.2-1 mm

b. tunica intima, tunica media (thin), tunica externa (strong)

Front 3

a. which veins contains valves
b. structure of valves
c. name of regurgitant veins

Back 3

a. thin leg veins

b. duplication of tunica intima

c. varicose veins

Front 4

Large veins - characteristics of
a. tunica intima
b. tunica media
c. tunica externa

Back 4

a. fragmented lamina elastica interna

b. several layers of smooth muscle cells, quite a loot of tissue, lamina elastica externa is present at all

c. best developed, fibrous base, have longitudinally arranged bundles of smooth muscle cells

Front 5

Carotid sheath\Vagina carotica
a. what, contains
b. which layers blend with it
c. location
d. <-, ->

Back 5

a. The dense fibrous investment of the carotid artery\internal carotid artery, internal jugular vein and vagus nerve on each side of the neck (proximally also contain IX, XI, and XII, which pierce the fascia)

b. the layers of deep cervical fascia blend with it - investing, pretracheal and prevertebral

c. in lateral boundary of retropharyngeal space at the level of the oropharynx and under the
SCM muscle

d. 1st rib\sternum -> base of skull

(the ansa cervicalis(descendens hypoglossi (C1) and descendens cervicalis (C2-C3) is embedded in the anterior wall of the sheath, while the cervical part of the sympathetic trunk is embedded in the prevertebral fascia immediately behind it)

Front 6

Bulb of (internal) jugular vein

Back 6

a. the superior bulb\heister diverticulum is a dilation at the beginning of the internal jugular vein in the jugular fossa of the temporal bone

b. The inferior bulb is a dilated portion of the vein just before it reaches the brachiocephalic ve

Front 7

Superior vena cava - branches

Back 7

1. Brachiocephalic veins
2. Azygos vein
3. Right internal thoracic vein
4. Visceral branches from mediastinal organs

Front 8

Brachiocephalic veins - branches

Back 8

1. Inferior thyroid vein (impar)(<- from the plexus thyroideus impar, -> left brachiocephalic vein)
2. vertebral veins (-> ant., accessory vertebral vein -> post.)
3. Left Internal thoracic vein
4. Supreme intercostal veins (1st)
5. Left superior intercostal vein (2-4th)

(Right: 1st -> right supreme intercostal, 2-4th -> right superior intercostal -> azygos vein, 5-11 -> azygos vein. Left: 1st -> left supreme (-> left brachiocephalic), 2-4th -> left superior intercostal (-> left brachiocephalic), 5-7th -> accessory hemiazygos, 8-11 --> hemiazygos)

Front 9

Accessory vertebral vein

Back 9

A vein that accomanies the vertebral vein, but passes through the foramen of the transverse process of C7 and empties into the brachiocephalic veins

Front 10

Superior intercostal vein
a. left
b. right

Back 10

a. Formed by union of left 2-4th posterior intercostal veins, -> left brachiocephalic vein (in front of aortic arch), frequently communicates with accessory hemiazygos vein

b. <- 2-4th posterior intercostal, -> azygos vein

Front 11

Supreme intercostal vein

Back 11

The vein draining the 1st posterior intercostal space into either the vertebral or the brachiocephalic vein

Front 12

Supreme intercostal artery
a. <-
b. ->
c. anastomosis

Back 12

a.<- costocervical trunk

b. 1-2nd intercostal spaces (posterior intercostal artery 1 and 2)

c. anterior intercostal branches of internal thoracic

Front 13

Tributaries of the internal jugular vein

Back 13

1. Sinuses
a.Via sinuses
1. Cerebral veins
2. Meningeal veins
3. Diploic veins
4. Labyrinthine veins (transverse\inferior petrosal)
5. Emissary veins
b. Unpaired sinuses
1. superior + inferior sagittal
2. Straight
3. Occpital
4. Basilar venous plexus)
c. paired sinuses
1. Transverse
2. Sigmoid
3. Superior + inf. petrosal
4. ant + post intercavernous
5. Sphenoparietal
6. Marginal (petrosquamous)
7. Sinus cavernosus


2. Ophthalmic veins
3. Retromandibular vein
4. Facial vein
5. Lingual vein
6. Pharyngeal veins (venous pharyngeal plexus)
7. Superior + middle thyroid veins

Front 14

Cerebral veins - parts

Back 14

1. Superficial, -> venous dural sinuses
2. Deep -> great cerebral vein of Galen

Front 15

Diploic veins\Dupuytren canal
a. groups
b. structure

Back 15

a. 4 groups: frontal, anterior temporal, posterior temporal, occipital

b. no venous wall

Front 16

Emissary veins
a. what
b. groups

Back 16

a. One of the channels of communication between the venous sinuses of the dura mater and the veins of the diploe and the scalp

b.
External veins
1. Parietal
2. Mastoid
3. Occipital
4. Condylar
5, Foramina ceci

Venous plexu
1.of carotid canal
2. of foramen ovale
3. of canal of hypoglosal canal
4. Sphenoidal emissary foramen\foramen venosum (vein of vesalius)

Front 17

Rupturing emissary vein cause

Back 17

Epidural hematoma

Front 18

Condylar emissary vein

Back 18

Connects sigmoid sinus and the external vertebral venous plexus through the condylar canal of the occipital bone

Front 19

Parietal emissary vein

Back 19

superior sagittal sinus - tributaries of the superficial temporal vein and other veins of the scalp

Front 20

Mastoid emissary vein

Back 20

Sigmoid sinus - mastoid foramen - occipital vein\one tributary of external jugular vein

Front 21

Emissary vein of foramen cecum

Back 21

Frequently impervious, but can mediate

Superior sagittal sinus <-> foramen cecum <-> veins of root of nose

Front 22

Emissary veins of foramen ovale

Back 22

Pterygoid venous plexus (infratemporal fossa) <-> foramen ovale (+ foramen lacerum & emissary sphenoidal foramen) <-> cavernous sinus (infection can affect the CNs in this region: III, IV, V1, V2)

Front 23

Emissary vein connected to anterior facial vein

Back 23

Anterior facial vein <-> ophthalmic veins <-> cavernous sinus ((infection can affect the CNs in this region: III, IV, V1, V2)

Front 24

Danger triangle of the face
a. border
b. significance
c. communication

Back 24

a. Area from the corners of the mouth to the bridge of the nose

b. retrograde infection via venous communications

c. facial vein <-> ophthalmic vein <-> cavernous sinus (infection can affect the CNs in this region: III, IV, V1, V2)

Front 25

dural venous sinuses
a. what

Back 25

a. venous channels between the endosteal and meningeal layer of dura mater. have no venous wall, just endothelium and dura mater

Front 26

Confluence of sinuses\Torcular Herophyli
a. what
b. where
c. <-?
d. -> ?

Back 26

a. Meeting place for sinuses

b. at the internal occipital protuberance

c. sup. + inf sagittal, occipital

d. tranvserse sinuses

Front 27

Willis cords

Back 27

Several fibrous cords crossing the superior sagittal sinus

Front 28

Superior sagittal sinus
a. where
b. <-, ->
c. special feature

Back 28

a. in the superior margin of the falx cerebri

b. <- foramen cecum, -> confluence of sinus -> right transverse sinus

c. drain arachnoid granulations via lateral lacuna of superior sagittal sinus (spongelike labyrinth formed by numerous arachnoid granulations and dural trabeculae)

Front 29

Inferior sagittal sinus
a. where
b. <-, ->

Back 29

a. in the inferior free margin of the falx cerebri

b. <- superficial meiddle cortical veins, -> fuse with great cerebral vein of galen + right & left basal veins to form the straight sinus

Front 30

Straight sinus

Back 30

a. in the junction of falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
b. <- inferior sagittal sinus, great cerebral vein of galen, right & left basal veins, -> left transverse sinus

Front 31

Transverse\lateral sinus
a. where
b. <-, ->

Back 31

a. in lateral border of tentorium cerebelli (groovign the occipital and squamous temporal bones)

b. <- Left: straight, right: superior sagittal, -> sigmoid sinus after receiving superior petrosal sinus (from cavernous sinus)

Front 32

Occipital sinus

Back 32

in falx cerebelli from foramen magnum to confluence of sinuses

Front 33

basilar venous plexus
a. where
b. connections

Back 33

a. on the clivus

b. cavernous sinus, petrosal sinuses, internal vertebral (epidural sinus) venous plexus

Front 34

Back 34

Front 35

Sigmoid sinus

Back 35

a. lies in groove for sigmoid sinus immediately posterior to petrous temporal bone

b. <- transverse sinus, -> join with inferior petrosal sinus to form internal jugular vein (in jugular foramen)

Front 36

Cavernous sinus - where

Back 36

a. lies on the lateral wall of the body of the sphenoid bone, lateral to sella turcica, the pituitary gland and the sphenoidal air sinus

(has a trabecular-like reticular structure)

Front 37

cavernous sinus - lying in it

Back 37

1. internal carotid artery (carotid syphon)(with sympathetic plexus)
2. CN VI (lateral to artery)

(OTOM CAP)
In the wall (sup->inf)
1. CN III
2. CN IV
3. VN V1
4. CN V2

Front 38

cavernous sinus - connections

Back 38

1. ant. & post. intercavernous sinuses
2. Sup. & inf. ophthalmic veins (inf. has connections to pterygoid plexus)
3. Sphenoparietal sinus (<->superior sagittal sinus)
4. Superficial middle cerebral veins (superior anastomotic vein <-> superior sagittal sinus, inferior anastomotic vein <-> transverse sinus)
5. Inf. & superior petrosal sinuses (inf -> internal jugular vein, sup. -> sigmoidal sinus)
6. Emissary veins (via foramen ovale, foramen lacerum, sphenoidal emsissary foramina of vesalius (vesalius vein)(17%). to pterygoid plexus)

Front 39

Sphenoparietal sinus

Back 39

runs alogn the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone and drains into the cavernous sinus

Front 40

Superior petrosal sinus
a. where
b. <-, ->

Back 40

a. Runs along the petrous temporal bone where the edge of the tentorium cerebelli attaches

b. cavernous sinus <-> transverse sinus

Front 41

Inferior petrosal sinus
a. location
b. <-, ->

Back 41

a. in the groove of the petrooccipital fissure

b. cavernous sinus <-> superior bulb of the internal jugular vein in anterior compartment of jugular foramen

Front 42

Jugular foramen
a. borders

Back 42

a. anterior petrous part of temporal bone, behind by occipital bone

b. division according to jugular spine
1. anteromedial compartment\pars nervosa:
a. inferior petrosal sinus
b. CN IX
c. Jacobsen nerve\tympanic nerve (CN IX)
2. Posterolateral\Pars vascularis
a. CN X
b. CN XI
c. Arnold's nerve\auricular branch of CN X (involved in Arnolds reflex where external auditory meatus stimulation causes cough by abdominal mm, recurrent laryngeal n (close glottis) and phrenic nerve)
d. Superior jugular bulb
e. Posterior meningeal artery (<- vertebral)
f. Meningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal nerve

(Vernet syndrome: paralysis of motor components of IX, X and XI as they lie in the posterior fossa, most commonly result of head injury)

Front 43

Pterygoid venous plexus
a. where
b. <-
c. ->

Back 43

a. infratemporal fossa

b. receive veins accompanying the branches of the maxillary artery

c. posteriorly -> maxillary vein, anteriorly -> deep facial vein -> facial vein

Front 44

Inferior ophthalmic vein
a. <-
b. ->

Back 44

a. <- inferior palpebral, lacrimal
b. -> pterygoid plexus or joins superior ophthalmic to cavernous sinus

Front 45

superior ophthalmic veni
a. <-
b. ->

Back 45

a. <- nasofrontal vein (in anteromedial part of orbit, connected with facial via angular vein)
b. -> superior orbital fissure -> cavernous sinus

Front 46

Facial vein
a. <-
b. ->

Back 46

a. <- angular vein (medial angle of eye)
b. ->
1. unite with retromandibular vein to empty into internal jugular
2. deep facial vein -> pterygoid venous plexus

Front 47

External jugular vein
a. <-
b. ->

Back 47

a. <- by junction of posterior auricular vein and the posterior division of the retromandibular vein (anterior division communicates with facial vein) inferior to the parotid gland

b. -> subclavian vein (over SCM)

Front 48

External jugular vein - branches

Back 48

1. Posterior external jugular
2. Anterior jugular
3. Transverse cervical
4. Suprascapular

Front 49

Anterior jugular vein
a. <-
b. ->
c. special structure

Back 49

a. <- Confluence of superficial submandibular and submental veins
b. external jugular vein
c. jugular venous arch (connecting vein between the two anterior jugular veins in the suprasternal space)

Front 50

Double veins in arm distal to
Double veins in foot distal to

Back 50

Cubital fossa
Popliteal fossa

Front 51

In the female the vaginal artery is equivalent to which artery in the male

Back 51

Inferior vesical

Front 52

In the female the uterine artery is equivalent to which artery in the male

Back 52

The middle rectal

Front 53

a. the round ligament is supplied by
b. the ductus deferens is supplied by

Back 53

a. uterine artery
b. inferior vesical (less often superior vesical)

Front 54

External iliac artery - branches

Back 54

1. Deep circumflex iliac
2. Inferior epigastric
a. cremasteric
b. pubic branch

Front 55

Femoral artery - branches

Back 55

1. Superficial epigastric
2. Superficial circumflex
3. Superficial external pudendal
4. Deep external pudendal
5. Profunda femoris
6. Muscular branches
7. Descending genicular branches