Anatomy Col3 33 Telencephalon, Cerebral Cortex

Front 1

fBorders of occipital lobe:

Back 1

Parietooccipital sulcus to preoccipital notch

Front 2

Fontal lobe – sulci(3):

Back 2

Superior,inferior frontal sulcus, precentral sulcus

Front 3

Fontal lobe – gyri(4):

Back 3

Superior,middle, inferior frontal gyrus, Precentral gyrus

Front 4

temporal lobe – sulci(2):

Back 4

Superior and inferior temporal sulcus

Front 5

temporal lobe – gyri(3):

Back 5

Superior,middle, inferior temporal gyrus

Front 6

Parietal lobe – sulci(2):

Back 6

PostCentral sulcus, intraparietal sulcus

Front 7

Parietal lobe – gyri(6):

Back 7

Postcentral gyrus,
superior parietal lobule,
inferior parietal lobule (supramaringal + angular gyrus)

Front 8

Superior occipital sulcus is an extension of:

Back 8

intraparietal sulcus

Front 9

inferior occipital sulcus is an extension of:

Back 9

inferior temporal sulcus

Front 10

occipital lobe – sulci(2):

Back 10

Superior occipital, + inferior occipital sulcus

Front 11

occipital lobe – gyri(3):

Back 11

Superior, middle, inferior occipital gyrus

Front 12

insular lobe – sulci(3):

Back 12

central, short insular, precentral sulcus

Front 13

insular lobe – gyri(2):

Back 13

Anterior + posterior insular lobule

Front 14

Anterior insular lobule consist of:

Back 14

Anterior, middle posterior short insular gyrus

Front 15

posterior insular lobule consist of:

Back 15

Anterior + posterior long insular gyrus

Front 16

Sulcus of medial surface of cerebral hemisphere:

Back 16

Callosal,
cingulate,
rostral,
paracentral
,subparietal,
parietooccipital,
calcarine
,anterior calcarine

Front 17

gyri of medial surface of cerebral hemisphere:

Back 17

Cingulate
,subcallosal,
medial frontal gyrus,
paracentral lobule,
precuneus,
cuneus
and lingular gyrus

Front 18

Sulcus of inferior surface of cerebral hemisphere:

Back 18

Olfactory and H shaped orbital sulcus

Front 19

gyri of inferior surface of cerebral hemisphere:

Back 19

gyrus rectus + anterior,posterior,medial, lateral orbital gyrus

Front 20

Brodmann area in frontal lobe:

Back 20

4,6,8, 9-10-11, 44-45

Front 21

Brodmann area in temporal lobe:

Back 21

41,42, 21-22, 37

Front 22

Brodmann area in parietal lobe:

Back 22

3-2-1, 5-7-40, 39

Front 23

Brodmann area in occipital lobe:

Back 23

17, 18-19

Front 24

Wernicke's area ba?:

Back 24

21-22

Front 25

Broca's area. Ba?:

Back 25

44-45

Front 26

The cortex thickness:

Back 26

about four millimeters

Front 27

The molecular layer contains:

Back 27

the cell bodies of neuroglial cells.

Front 28

The external granular layer is very dense and contains:

Back 28

small granular cells and small pyramidal cells.

Front 29

The medial pyramidal layer contains:

Back 29

pyramidal cells arranged in row formation. The cell bodies of some association fibers are found here.

Front 30

The internal granular layer is thin but its cell structure is the same as:

Back 30

that of the external granular layer.

Front 31

The ganglionic layer contains(3):

Back 31

small granular cells, large pyramidal cells as well as the cell bodies of some association fibers.

Front 32

The fusiform layer contains;

Back 32

its axons enter white matter. Its function is unknown.

Front 33

The fusiform layer is also known as:

Back 33

the multiform layer;

Front 34

Cerebral cortex – “functional data”(4):

Back 34

-receiving the information predominantely from external environment
-processing the information
-making conscious decision
-carrying out the response

Front 35

Cerebral cortex composed of:

Back 35

gray matter (containing about 10-20 bilions of neurons)

Front 36

Cerebral cortex comprising x% of of brain mass:

Back 36

40-50%

Front 37

Cerebral cortex is a mixture of:

Back 37

neurons, glia and blood vessels

Front 38

Neocortex “comes from”:

Back 38

Isocortex

Front 39

Neocortex contains which areas:

Back 39

Association areas and Primary sensory-motor areas

Front 40

Allocortex divides into:

Back 40

Archicortex and Paleocortex

Front 41

The parts of Allocortex has which areas:

Back 41

Limbic and paralimbic areas

Front 42

Limbic system takes care of:

Back 42

“home”
-Homeostasis
-olfaction
-Memory
–Emotions

Front 43

Structures of paleocortex:

Back 43

-Olfactory bulb
-Olfactory tract
-Olfactory trigone
-Olfactory striae
-Cortex of anterior part of uncus -semilunar (GS) and ambient (GA) gyri

Front 44

paleocortex layers:

Back 44

Trilayered cortex or cortical-like areas

Front 45

Archicortex layers:

Back 45

Three to five layers can be distinguished

Front 46

paleocortex Engagement in:

Back 46

in olfaction

Front 47

Archicortex Engagement in:

Back 47

in memory system

Front 48

Archicortex areas+gyrus:

Back 48

Dentate gyrus - Hippocampus and adjacent areas

Front 49

Layers of Neocortex:

Back 49

I. molecular
II. external granular
III. external pyramidal
IV. internal granular
V. internal pyramidal
VI. Multiform

Front 50

Cellular composition – Neocortex:

Back 50

Two chief neuronal types:
-pyramidal -stellate
+horizontal (I) and Martinotti cells (VI)

Front 51

Fibers’ composition – Neocortex:

Back 51

outer and inner Baillarger’s bands

Front 52

Cerebral cortex is organized into:

Back 52

vertical columns (through all six layers) of functional activity

Front 53

Cerebral cortex “unit” size + contains which kind of fibers:

Back 53

unit’s size: 300-600 µm wide +
possesses: afferents, interneurons and efferents

Front 54

Connections of cortical neurons:
Input

Back 54

- association and commissural connections
- projection fibers from thalamic nuclei

Front 55

Sources of additional afferent fibers to cortical neurons is(3):

Back 55

projection fibers from certain chemically specified nuclei:
-from brainstem (noradrenergic, dopaminergic, serotoninergic)
-from hypothalamus (histaminergic)
-from forebrain (cholinergic)

Front 56

Role of additional afferent fibers to cortical neurons is(3):

Back 56

- modulatory pathway
- determination of overall state of processing the information
- are part of ascending reticular activating system

Front 57

Connections of cortical neurons(2):
Output

Back 57

- association and commissural connections
- projection fibers to: thalamus, basal nuclei, brainstem, spinal cord

Front 58

Cerebral cortex – cytoarchitectural division(3):

Back 58

-Agranular
-Eugranular
–Hypergranular

Front 59

Heterotypical cortex – parts + do what:

Back 59

-Agranular areas sending projection („motor”) -
-Hypergranular areas receiving projection („sensory”)

Front 60

Homotypical cortex – parts:

Back 60

association areas

Front 61

Motor areas are where:

Back 61

frontal lobe

Front 62

Somatosensory areas are where:

Back 62

parietal lobe

Front 63

Visual areas are where:

Back 63

occipital lobe

Front 64

Auditory areas are where:

Back 64

temporal lobe

Front 65

Main motor areas of the frontal lobe + location(3):

Back 65

-primary motor area(first order) - BA 4 -
-premotor area - BA 6
-supplementary motor area – medial surface of superior frontal gyrus - BA 6

Front 66

First-order motor cortex location:

Back 66

precentral gyrus and anterior portion of paracentral lobule - BA 4:

Front 67

First-order motor cortex function:

Back 67

- controls voluntary movements of the contralateral half of the body
- final station for conversion of the movement’s design into execution

Front 68

Area of the cortex controlling the particular movement is proportional To:

Back 68

the skill involved in performing the movement and is unrelated to the mass of muscle participating in the movement

Front 69

Premotor cortex location:

Back 69

posterior portions of superior, middle and inferior frontal gyri - BA 6):

Front 70

Premotor cortex function:

Back 70

-prepares the movements -programs the activity (design of movement’s pattern) of primary motor area

-controls more complicated movements mainly of contralateral hemisphere

Front 71

Supplementary motor cortex location:

Back 71

superior frontal gyrus on medial aspect of hemisphere - BA 6

Front 72

Supplementary motor cortex function:

Back 72

- controls both contra
- and ipsilateral body halves
- takes part in planning, programming and executing complex movements
- ”mentally” executes the movement

Front 73

Frontal eye field (FEF)location:

Back 73

mid-part of middle frontal gyrus - BA 8

Front 74

Frontal eye field (FEF) function:

Back 74

Controls conjugate movements of eyes toward the opposite side

Front 75

Functional areas of the frontal lobe:

Back 75

First-order motor cortex , Premotor cortex , Supplementary motor cortex function , Frontal eye field (FEF)

Front 76

Primary somatosensory cortex (first order) location:

Back 76

postcentral gyrus and posterior portion of paracentral lobule - BA 3, 1, 2

Front 77

First-order somatosensory cortex function:

Back 77

-general sensation from the contralateral half of the body

Front 78

Gustatory area location:

Back 78

BA 43

Front 79

Sensory association area location:

Back 79

superior and inferior parietal lobule - BA 5,7,39,40

Front 80

Sensory association area function:

Back 80

- cognition of body itself
- ability to recognize objects held in hand
- stereognosis
- visuomotor coordination –> integration of different sensory modalities

Front 81

Functional areas of the parietal lobe:

Back 81

First-order somatosensory cortex ,Gustatory area, Sensory association area

Front 82

First-order visual cortex location:

Back 82

BA 17 (occipital)

Front 83

First-order visual cortex function:

Back 83

-visual stimuli concerning the contralateral half of the field of vision

Front 84

Visual association cortex location:

Back 84

BA 18, 19, visual areas in temporal and parietal cortex

Front 85

Visual association cortex function:

Back 85

-receives stimuli from BA 17
-reflexive movement of the eye (following the object)
-streams of visual processing
– ventral („what”) and dorsal („where”)

Front 86

Functional areas of the occipital lobe:

Back 86

First-order visual cortex, Visual association cortex

Front 87

First-order auditory cortex location:

Back 87

transverse temporal [Heschl’s] gyri - BA 41,42):

Front 88

First-order auditory cortex function:

Back 88

-auditory stimuli concerning both ears

Front 89

Second order auditory areas location:

Back 89

BA 22 - posterior part of superior temporal gyrus

Front 90

Second order auditory areas function:

Back 90

-interpretation of sounds
(differentiation into speech and non-speech)
-integration of auditory input with other sensory information

Front 91

Temporal association cortex function:

Back 91

recognition and identification of highly processed sensory informations (face recognition)

Front 92

Temporal association cortex location:

Back 92

fusiform gyrus

Front 93

Functional areas of the temporal lobe :

Back 93

First-order auditory cortex , Second order auditory areas , Temporal association cortex

Front 94

Heteromodal association areas of the cortex:

Back 94

Prefrontal cortex,
Parietal-temporal-occipital cortex

Front 95

Prefrontal cortex location:

Back 95

(BA 9, 10, 11, 12)
- frontal pole, most part of superior, middle and inferior frontal gyri, orbital gyri

Front 96

Prefrontal cortex location divided into:

Back 96

- divided into orbitofrontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Front 97

Prefrontal cortex - Mediation of social convention rules(3):

Back 97

- makeup of individual’s personality
- social behaviour, emotional control
- decision making –> value representation and motivational modulation

Front 98

Prefrontal cortex - Executive functions:-

Back 98

-working memory
-concentration
- intellectual abilities,
-problem solving , volition,
decision making
- planning and recalling
– judgment

Front 99

unimodal sensory association areas do what:

Back 99

input from primary sensory areas -> analysis and processing

Front 100

Agnosia (visual / auditory / somatosensory) – failure to:

Back 100

recognize and understand the previously known symbolic significance of sensory stimuli despite the intactness of sensory pathways and the absence of mental disorders and dementia

Front 101

unimodal motor association areas do what:

Back 101

analysis,
processing,
programming -> output to primary motor areas

Front 102

Apraxia?

Back 102

inability to execute learned voluntary function without any detectable motor or sensory deficits.

Front 103

Hemispheric specialization =

Back 103

tendency of some functions to be lateralized
(e.g. processed) to the left or right hemisphere

Front 104

hypothesis?

Back 104

to avoid delay caused by callosal transmission time

Front 105

„marker” for dominance?

Back 105

Language functions

Front 106

Function for Dominant hemisphere:

Back 106

-handedness
-language (most aspects)
-analytical thinking
-calculating
-skilled motor formulation

Front 107

Function for Non-dominant hemisphere:

Back 107

-attention mechanisms
-language (some aspects - prosody)
-visuo-spatial perception and analysis
–artistic skills (drawing, composing music)
-face recognition

Front 108

skilled complex motor tasks for both right and left limbs are programmed mainly by:

Back 108

dominant (left) hemisphere

Front 109

SPATIAL ATTENTION - attending to both sides engages only:

Back 109

RIGHT hemisphere
this specialization is more highly conserved than left hemisphere dominance for language)

Front 110

Parietal association cortex function:

Back 110

Visuospatial attention + Visuo-spatial analysis

Front 111

Parietal association cortex - Visuospatial attention works how:

Back 111

left hemisphere responds to stimuli on the right side, while right hemisphere responds to both left- and right-sided stimuli but more strongly to stimuli on the left

Front 112

Parietal association cortex - Visuo-spatial analysis works how:

Back 112

dorsal stream of visual analysis – „where”
+ proprioceptive, auditory, vestibular info

Front 113

Neglect?

Back 113

lack of awareness of space contralateral to damage

Front 114

Communication areas:

Back 114

Heard speech,
Written speech,
Spoken language,
Written language

Front 115

Written speech location:

Back 115

BA 39 - angular gyrus in dominant hemisphere

Front 116

Heard speech location:

Back 116

sensory speech area -aka Wernicke’s area -
– BA 22 –
posterior part of superior temporal gyrus in dominant hemisphere

Front 117

Spoken language location:

Back 117

motor speech area -aka Broca’s area -
BA 44,45 –
triangular and opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus of dominant hemisphere

Front 118

Written language location:

Back 118

chief production area: -
posterior part of middle frontal gyrus in dominant hemisphere (Exner’s area)

Front 119

Language areas connections?

Back 119

are bidirectionally connected by arcuate fasciculus

Front 120

Other areas engaged in speech:

Back 120

insula,
supplementary motor cortex,
prefrontal cortex,
association cortices of frontal and temporal cortices

Front 121

Aphasia?

Back 121

diminished or abolished ability to comprehend and/or produce language

Front 122

Which cortex is part of limibic system:

Back 122

Paleo and archicortex

Front 123

Functional unit of cerebral cortex is called:

Back 123

Cortical columns

Front 124

Chief input layer of a cortical column + get fibers from?:

Back 124

Internal granular layer receives afferent fibers from the thalamic nuclei

Front 125

Cortical columns has granular “sublayers”:

Back 125

Supragranular(1-3), Granular(4), Infragranular(4-5)

Front 126

Infragranular layers (5-6) are for:

Back 126

Output.
Layer 5 give rise to fibers destined for -> corpus striatum, brainstem and spinal cord.
Layer 6 project fiber to the thalamus

Front 127

supragranular layers (1-3) are for:

Back 127

associative and connect with other parts of cerebal cortex

Front 128

Connect types of cerebral cortex:

Back 128

Intracortical, association, commissural and subcortical

Front 129

association fibers occur from + to where:

Back 129

Occur from gyrus to gyrus and from lobe to lobe in the same hemisphere.

Front 130

commissural occur from + to where:

Back 130

occurs between homologus areas of the two hemisphres

Front 131

subcortical occur from + to where:

Back 131

Connect the cerebral cortex with subcortical nuclei

Front 132

Neglect is due to:

Back 132

Lesions in parietal association area

Front 133

Stereognosis?

Back 133

ability to recognize objects held in hand

Front 134

Problem at First order motor cortex leads to:

Back 134

Paresis or paralysis of some muscle groups

Front 135

problem at First order somatosensorycortex leads to:

Back 135

Anaesthesia

Front 136

problem at First order visual leads to:

Back 136

Hemianopsia homonyma

Front 137

problem at First order auditory leads to:

Back 137

Cortical deafness (for bilateral injury)

Front 138

Problem at heteromodal association cortex leads to:

Back 138

Disorders of mood, affect, personality, social behaviour, obsessive-compulsive disorder

Front 139

Exner’s area?

Back 139

Written language area

Front 140

Cerebral cortex – cytoarchitectural division is due to:

Back 140

Presence and width of granular layer

Front 141

prozody ?

Back 141

(melody of speech –stress, timing and intonation)
-perception of emotional context
-giving of emotional context

Front 142

pragmatics?

Back 142

usage of appropriate sentences in given social environment

Front 143

Brocas aphasia leads to:

Back 143

-Comprehension intact!

-Halting speech
-Tendency to repeat phrases or words
-Disordered syntax
-Disordered grammar
-Disordered of words

Front 144

Wernickes aphasia leads to:

Back 144

-Comprehension not intact!

-Fluent speech
-Little spontaneous repetition
-Syntax, gramar adequate
-Inappropriate words