Anatomy Chapter 25

Front 1

List the parts of the urinary system

Back 1

(2 kidneys, draining each kidney - 2 Ureters, drain the urine - in the 1 bladder, drain bladder - 1 Urethra). Kidneys filter the blood and pull out solutes & solvents & together they make up urine.

Front 2

renal capsule

Back 2

fibrous, transparent, membrane that prevents infection. tough fibrous covering.

Front 3

adipose capsule

Back 3

a fatty capsule that provides cushioning and protection for the kidneys.

Front 4

renal fascia

Back 4

dense fibrous CT that surrounds the outside of the kidney and anchors them to surrounding organs.

Front 5

ptosis

Back 5

a dropped kidney, can be due to too little fatty tissue in the adipose capsule, can cause kinks in the ureter ->hydronephrosis.

Front 6

hydronephrosis

Back 6

urine backed up in the kidney.

Front 7

pyelitis

Back 7

infection of the renal pelvis ->inflammation.

Front 8

pyelonephritis

Back 8

infection of the entire kidney.

Front 9

Describe blood flow through the kidney

Back 9

Front 10

nephron

Back 10

functional unit of the kidney; tubular structure; where you have blood filtration.

Front 11

glomerular filtration

Back 11

the process by which fluid and solutes are forced from the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule.

Front 12

BP

Back 12

the major force pushing materials out of the blood flow -> glomerulus.

Front 13

tubular reabsorption

Back 13

the reclaiming of necessary items (electrolytes, solutes, water) from the urine before it leaves the kidney.

Front 14

tubular secretion

Back 14

moving wastes back into the urine before it leaves the kidney; usually done at the distal tubule and collecting duct.

Front 15

peritubular capillaries

Back 15

capillaries that run alongside the PCT and DCT and allow an exit route for tubular reabsorption of metabolites as well as provide blood supply for tubular secretion of metabolites and water.

Front 16

intercalated cells

Back 16

cells in the collecting ducts of the kidneys that can absorb potassium if necessary.

Front 17

juxtaglomerular complex

Back 17

the DCT comes up next to the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle; a collection of cells surround this area including smooth muscle cells; function is to control the diameter of the afferent arteriole thereby controlling BP inside the glomerulus.

Front 18

Describe the production of urine in the kidney

Back 18

1. Water and solutes are pushed out of the glomerulus in the renal corpuscle capsule space by BP

2. Tubular secretion and reabsorption of water and solutes occurs between the PCT/nephron loop/DCT and the peritubular capillaries as the urine flows through these parts of the nephron.

3. Urine is collected by the collecting duct which merges at the base of the medullary pyramids and drains the urine from the kidneys via the ureters.

Front 19

urea

Back 19

protein breakdown product; nitrogenous waste.

Front 20

uric acid

Back 20

a nucleic acid breakdown product; nitrogenous waste.

Front 21

creatinine

Back 21

a muscle metabolism waste product; nitrogenous waste.

Front 22

diuretics

Back 22

medications that increase urine output.

Front 23

inulin

Back 23

a polysaccharide completely excreted by the kidney; used to measure kidney function.

Front 24

urochrome

Back 24

a yellow pigment from hemoglobin or bile breakdown that is secreted in the urine.

Front 25

specific gravity

Back 25

density of a liquid; compared to pure (distilled) water.

- The normal range of urine is 1.001-1.035.

Front 26

trigone

Back 26

triangular region of the bladder that encompasses the 2 ureter and 1 urethral openings; infections persist here.

Front 27

detrusor muscle

Back 27

smooth muscle layer around the bladder; 3 layers.

Front 28

urethral sphincters

Back 28

swelling of muscle layer to allow closing off of the urethra; 2: 1 internal (smooth muscle) and 1 external (skeletal muscle).

Front 29

micturition or voiding

Back 29

clinical term for urination.

Front 30

urinary retention

Back 30

Inability of the bladder to expel its contents.

Front 31

cystoscopy

Back 31

a viewing tube that is threaded through the urethra up into the bladder in order to examine the mucosa.

Front 32

catheter

Back 32

a slender, rubber drainage tube that is threaded up through the urethra into the bladder in order to drain.

Front 33

horseshoe kidney

Back 33

found in 1 in 600 people; the kidneys fuse across the midline forming a single U-shaped kidney; asymptomatic, but frequent infections.

Front 34

polycystic kidney

Back 34

kidneys have many urine-filled cysts; develops at birth or gradually; leads to renal failure, transplant needed.

Front 35

cystocele

Back 35

a herniation of the bladder into the vagina; common during a difficult childbirth; leads to permanent incontinence, surgery needed.

Front 36

IVP (intravenous pyelogram)

Back 36

X-ray of the kidney and ureter obtained after an IV injection with a contrast medium; allows assessment of renal BVs and anatomy.

Front 37

cystitis

Back 37

inflammation of the bladder; bladder infection.

Front 38

dysuria

Back 38

difficult urination.

Front 39

incontinence

Back 39

the inability to control urination.

Front 40

nocturnal enuresis

Back 40

an inability to control urination at night during sleep; due to small bladder capacity (children) or underlying emotional issues.

Front 41

hypospadias

Back 41

a congenital abnormality where the urethral opening in males is on the side of the penis; corrected surgically @ 1 yr.

Front 42

anuria

Back 42

abnormally low output; <50ml/day

Front 43

renal calculus

Back 43

a kidney stone made of Ca, Mg, and uric acid salts.

Front 44

lithotripsy

Back 44

shock waves to break up large kidney stones into small kidney stones to pass them.