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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anatomy Definition
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The study of the structure of and organism and the relationships of its parts
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Physiology Definition
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The study of the functions of living organisms and their parts
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Metabolism definition and types
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Metabolism: life sustaining reaction within the body
Types of metabolism Catabolism: complex substances are broken down into simplier compounds Anabolism: Simple Compounds used to make more complex materials |
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Feedback Loop
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Feedback loop: control system in body
Receptor (sensor): Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli). Sends information to control center Control center •Determines set point •Analyzes information •Determines appropriate response Effector : Provides a means for response to the stimulus |
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Axial and Appendicular regions
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Axial region: Head, neck, and torso or trunk
Appendicular region: Upper and lower extremities |
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Atoms
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•Atoms: smallest unit of matter, cannot be broken down.
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Molecules
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• Molecules: Composed of two or more atoms united on the basis of their electron structures. Can be made of like atoms or atoms of different elements
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Elements
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• Chemical substance with one type of atom, pure substance
•Substances that make matter 92 natural occurring elements |
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Matter
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Matter: Occupies space and has mass. Composed of elements
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Compounds
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Compounds: Composed of two or more elements, molecules have more than one kind of atom.. Eg Carbon Dioxide
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Atom Parts
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• Nucleus-central core of atom
• Proton (+): Positively charged particle in nucleus • Neutron (0): Non-charged particle in nucleus •Atomic mass: Number of protons in the nucleus. Determines the type of atom |
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Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous
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Homogeneous: Indistinguishable from one another
Heterogeneous: the substances do not mix |
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Solvent vs. Solute
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Dissolving substance, present in larger quantity
Solute: smaller quantity |
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Suspension vs. Colloid
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Suspension: material is not dissolves, it will settle out
Colloids: molecules do not dissolve yet they remain evenly distributed in the suspending material. |
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Electrolytes
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Electrolytes— ionic bonds form compounds that release ions when they are in solution. Influence homeostasis (stable condition of normal organism). Conduct electronic current. Molecule that dissociates (breaks apart) in water to form individual ions
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Ionic Bond
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Ionic Bonds
• Electrons transferred between atoms form ionic bonds. • Ionic bonds form when positive and negative ions attract each other because of electrical attraction |
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Covalent Bond
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Covalent Bonds
• A chemical bond in which atoms share electrons • Do not ordinarily easily dissociate in water • Atoms share electrons, difficult to separate • Ex.-H has 1 electron→2 H atoms share their electrons Types Non-polar covalent bond: equally shared elections Polar covalent bond: non equally shared, part of molecule is more nagative and one part is more positive at any one time. |
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Acid, Base and Salts
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•Acid can donate hydrogen ion (H+)
•Base (alkali) can accept hydrogen ion (H+) •Salt is formed by a reaction between an acid and a base |
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PH
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• Represents relative concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide ions in a solution
• Scale from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most basic) • Each unit represents a 10-fold change •Body fluids usually 7.35-7.45 pH •7=neutral (water) |
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Buffer
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•Chemicals that prevent sharp changes in hydrogen ion concentration and maintain relatively constant pH in body fluids
•Body maintains narrow range of pH by Excreting excess H+ in urine. Increasing CO2 loss by the respiratory system Chemicals in blood that maintain pH: Neutralize when added, Carbonic acid (H2CO3) and Bicarbonate (HCO3-) |
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Carbohydrates
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Carbon and water bonds
Monosaccharide (1): Glucose Disaccharide (2): Sucrose and Lactose Polysaccharide (many): Glycogen and Starch |
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Lipids
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Fats and oils
Lipids in the body Triglycerides: Formed by glycerol and and fatty acids. Stores energy Phospholipids: Phosphorous unit at head of each molecule with 2 fatty acids Forms cell membrane Cholesterol :Steroid lipid with 4 carbon rings at core. Transports lipids. Stabilizes cell membrane. Basis of steroid hormones: estrogen, testosterone, and cortisone |
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Proteins
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Large molecules of amino acids
Held together in chains by peptide bonds Contain Nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and water Shape determines role in body chemistry Glycoproteins: Protein with sugars attached Lipoproteins : Lipid-protein combination: HDL, LDL Structural proteins: Form structures of body Collagen is a fibrous protein that hold many tissues together Keratin forms tough, waterproof fibers in outer layer of skin Functional proteins: Participate in chemical processes Ex: hormones, cell membrane channels and receptors, enzymes |
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Enzyme
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•Proteins that are essential for metabolism
•Catalysts, increase speed of chemical reactions •Substrate: the substance on which the enzyme works on. •Help chemical reactions occur •Lock-and-key model: enzyme must match the shape of substrate in order to work. •Each enzyme fits a particular molecule that it acts on •Denaturation: when an enzymes shape is altered and no longer fits the substrate. |
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Peroxisomes
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• Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes
• Detoxify harmful substances • Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals) • Replicate by pinching in half |
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Centrioles
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• Paired organelles
• Lie at right angles to each other near nucleus • Function in cell reproduction |
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Protein Synthesis
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• Process of transferring genetic information from nucleus to cytoplasm where proteins are produced requires completion of transcription and translation
• Each gene has a nucleotide code that codes for the building of aminoacids into a specific cellular protein • DNA = cells master blueprint • Regions of the DNA can be switched on and off under the influence of hormones • RNA is the interpreter of the blueprint • Protein synthesis-occurs in cytoplasm, thus genetic information must pass from the nucleus to the cytoplasm |
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Meiosis vs Mitosis
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• Meiosis: number of chromosomes is cut in half, 23 in sex cells
• Mitosis: daughter cells have same amount of chromosomes than mother cell, 46 |
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Dyalisis
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Dialysis: is diffusion of solutes
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Ion Pump
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Ion Pump: An ion pump is protein complex in cell membrane. Ion pumps use energy from ATP to move substances across cell membrane against their concentration gradients. Examples: sodium-potassium pump, calcium pump. Some ion pumps work with other carriers so that glucose or amino acids are transported along with ions
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Phagocytosis
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Phagocytosis: protective mechanism often used to destroy bacteria. Particles are engulfed by the plasma.
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Pinocytosis
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Pinocytosis is used to incorporate fluids or dissolved substances into cells. The plasma membrane engulfs droplets of fluid, large protein molecules in suspension travel into the cell
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