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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where do the ligamenta flava attach?
what is their function? |
the laminae of vertebrae
they limit flexion of the vertebral column |
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what is the pulmonary ligament? what is its function?
why might you want to incise it, and why should you be careful if you do? |
a two layered fold of pleura passing inferiorly from the pleural sleeve around the structures entering the root of the lung. it has no function.
It is incised to mobilize the lung, either for certain surgeries on the lung, or to gain access to the posterior mediastinum. Must be careful not the carry the cut superiorly into the inferior pulmonary vein |
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blood supply to heart:
A. Left main coronary B.right coronary C. LAD D. circumflex coronary E. acute marginal F. diagonal G. obtuse marginal H. PDA a)supplies left ventricle in a right coronary dominant heart b)supplies interventricular septum in left coronary dominant heart c)supplies left atrium in a left coronary dominant heart d)supplies right ventricle in a left coronary dominant heart |
a)ABCDFGH
b)ACDH c)AD d)ABCDEH |
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Activity in what part of ANS leads to erection of the penis?
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parasympathetic
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trace the path of axons that cause penile erection from the spinal cord to the penis
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S3, S4 spinal gray-->S3,S4 ventral roots-->S3,S4 spinal nerve--> S3,S4 ventral rami -->pelvic splanchnic nerves-->pelvic plexus-->cavernous nn-->penis
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surgery on which two organs entails the highest risk of producing impotence by virtue of injuring the nerves along this pathway?
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rectum and prostate gland
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Name the nerves with the following function and state their spinal segments of origin:
a)provides motor innervation to rectus abdominis b)carries sensation from 6th rib c)carries sensation from glans penis d)carries sensation from nipple e)provides motor innervation to semispinalis capitis f)carries sensation from labium minus |
a)6th-11th intercostal nn, subcostal n, T6-T12
b)5th and 6th intercostal nn, T5-T6 c)pudendal n, S2-S4 d)4th intercostal nerve, T4 e)cervical dorsi rami, C2-C8 f)pudendal n. S2-S4 |
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in some cases of pancreatic cancer, alcohol is injected around the celiac ganglia. The alcohol stops axonal functioning. what is the benefit?
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the visceral afferent (pain) axons from the pancreas and nearby structures pass through the celiac ganglia on their way to the greater splanchnic n. and spinal cord. Stopping the impulse conduction of these axons eliminates pain.
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why may surgery on the superior half of the rectum lead to male infertility without affecting penile erection?
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the superior half of the rectum has the inferior hypogastric plexus on its sides. These carry sympathetic supply to the internal urethral sphincter. If these nerves are damaged, the sphincter wont contract during ejaculation and you will get retrograde ejaculation
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effect of sympathetic nervous system on:
a)bronchiolar diameter b)heart rate c)gastric motility d)sweating of palms |
a)increases
b)increases c)decrease d)increases |
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Where do the ligamenta flava attach?
what is their function? |
the laminae of vertebrae
they limit flexion of the vertebral column |
|
|
what is the pulmonary ligament? what is its function?
why might you want to incise it, and why should you be careful if you do? |
a two layered fold of pleura passing inferiorly from the pleural sleeve around the structures entering the root of the lung. it has no function.
It is incised to mobilize the lung, either for certain surgeries on the lung, or to gain access to the posterior mediastinum. Must be careful not the carry the cut superiorly into the inferior pulmonary vein |
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blood supply to heart:
A. Left main coronary B.right coronary C. LAD D. circumflex coronary E. acute marginal F. diagonal G. obtuse marginal H. PDA a)supplies left ventricle in a right coronary dominant heart b)supplies interventricular septum in left coronary dominant heart c)supplies left atrium in a left coronary dominant heart d)supplies right ventricle in a left coronary dominant heart |
a)ABCDFGH
b)ACDH c)AD d)ABCDEH |
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Activity in what part of ANS leads to erection of the penis?
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parasympathetic
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trace the path of axons that cause penile erection from the spinal cord to the penis
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S3, S4 spinal gray-->S3,S4 ventral roots-->S3,S4 spinal nerve--> S3,S4 ventral rami -->pelvic splanchnic nerves-->pelvic plexus-->cavernous nn-->penis
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surgery on which two organs entails the highest risk of producing impotence by virtue of injuring the nerves along this pathway?
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rectum and prostate gland
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Name the nerves with the following function and state their spinal segments of origin:
a)provides motor innervation to rectus abdominis b)carries sensation from 6th rib c)carries sensation from glans penis d)carries sensation from nipple e)provides motor innervation to semispinalis capitis f)carries sensation from labium minus |
a)6th-11th intercostal nn, subcostal n, T6-T12
b)5th and 6th intercostal nn, T5-T6 c)pudendal n, S2-S4 d)4th intercostal nerve, T4 e)cervical dorsi rami, C2-C8 f)pudendal n. S2-S4 |
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in some cases of pancreatic cancer, alcohol is injected around the celiac ganglia. The alcohol stops axonal functioning. what is the benefit?
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the visceral afferent (pain) axons from the pancreas and nearby structures pass through the celiac ganglia on their way to the greater splanchnic n. and spinal cord. Stopping the impulse conduction of these axons eliminates pain.
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why may surgery on the superior half of the rectum lead to male infertility without affecting penile erection?
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the superior half of the rectum has the inferior hypogastric plexus on its sides. These carry sympathetic supply to the internal urethral sphincter. If these nerves are damaged, the sphincter wont contract during ejaculation and you will get retrograde ejaculation
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effect of sympathetic nervous system on:
a)bronchiolar diameter b)heart rate c)gastric motility d)sweating of palms |
a)increases
b)increases c)decrease d)increases |
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state the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the following:
a)esophageal motility b)the phyloric sphincter c)sweating of the palms d)the external anal sphincter |
a)increase
b)relaxes c)none d)none |
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What is referred pain?
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pain perceived as coming from an undamaged region of the body wall due to a diseased viscera innervated by same spinal cord segment
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why is referred pain from appendicitis felt in the vicinity of the belly button?
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both the appendix and the belly button are innervated by T10 of the spinal cord
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Where is McBurney's point and what is its significance?
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On a line from the anterior superior iliac spine to umbilicus, one third of the way from the asis. pressure applied here elicits pain if appendix is inflamed
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Compare and contrast normal lymphatic drainage of the testis and ovary
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testis drains to para-aortic nodes between origins of mesenteric arteries.
ovary drains to same para-aortic nodes and also to internal iliac nodes. |
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When the posterior portion of the prostate enlarges, which two structures will it indent and in each case state what is the clinical significance?
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a)urethra, causing difficulty urinating
b)rectum, enabling the enlargement to be assessed by a digital exam |
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Which ventral rami are connected to sympathetic chain by white rami? by gray rami?
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white: T1-L2
gray- all |
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an injury to the right renal vein is repaired. an injury to the right half of the left renal vein is treated by tying off the vein. What is the anatomic explanation that allows this difference in treatment
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because the left renal vein receives the gonadal v. the subrarenal v.. these may be used as alternate routes of venous drainage if left renal v. is tied off. same is not true on right
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blood leaking from abdominal aortic aneurysm spreads throughout retroperitoneal space. Why does the blood from a lacerated kidney not spread throughout the retroperitoneal space?
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because it is surrounded by Gerota's fascia which seals off perirenal space
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the celiac trunk and SMA have two major sites of anastomoses. What vessels are involved?
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a)anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal with inferior pancreaticoduodenal
b)gastro-epiploic arcade with middle colic |
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name the arteries that supply the anterolateral abdominal wall
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superior epigastric, inferior epigastric, musculophrenic, 10th-11th intercostal, subcostal, lumbar, deep circumflex iliac, superficial epigastric, superficial circumflex iliac
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what is the most common anatomical injury allowing anterior slippage of L5 on S1 body?
what is this slippage called? what nerves are compressed? |
bilateral fracture through pars interarticularis of lamina.
this slippage is called spondylolisthesis. no nerves are compressed |
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why is the spread of gonorrhea into the peritoneal cavity a risk in women but not men?
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because vaginal lumen communicates with peritoneal cavity via uterine tube and uterine tube cavities. the latter opens into the peritoneal cavity
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for epidural: an anesthesiologist starts to palpate left and right sides of her back superior to her buttocks, what is she trying to feel?
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iliac crests, to use them to find spinous process of L4
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what spinal nerve is likely to be compressed by a slipped disc between C6 and C7?
What about between L5 and S1? |
C7
S1 |
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two reasons you might want to place a clamp across the hepatoduodenal ligament in a person with a laceration of the liver
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to control bleeding due to torn branches of the portal vein or hepatic a.
to see if there is bleeding from torn tributaries of hepatic v. |
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draw and label structures within the hepatoduodenal ligament
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see picture midterm 2006
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on drawings, where do you place stethescope to hear:
A. apical segment of left upper lobe. B. posterior segment of right upper lobe. C. mitral valve. D. tricuspid valve E. medial segment of middle lobe F. aortic valve G. anterior segment of right upper lobes |
see picture midterm 2006
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what is the anatomical basis for the symptom Caput Medusae in cirrhosis of the liver?
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blood backed up in portal v. passes through paraumbilical v. into thoraco-epigastric vv. the latter radiate out from umbilicus and when dilated, produce sign known as caput medusae
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in a person with portal hypertension, trace path of venous flow from jejunum to right atrium that contributes to causing esophageal varices
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jejunal vv-->SMV-->portal vein-->gastric v-->esophageal v-->asygos v/hemiazygos v-->SVC-->heart
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Describe the surface anatomy of the superficial inguinal ring
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immediately superolateral to the pubic tubercle
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What is the difference between an indirect and direct inguinal hernia?
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indirect inguinal hernias pass through the deep ring, direct inguinal hernias pass medial to the deep ring, through inframuscular gap (or Hesselbach's triangle)
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Why are indirect inguinal hernias more common in males than females?
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males have larger inguinal canals because of testicular descent
and newborn males may have a patent processus vaginalis |
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what is one kind of groin hernia that is equally or more common in women than in men, and why?
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femoral hernia, because femoral ring is wider in women than in men.
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relationships in hepatoduodenal ligament
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common bile duct is lateral, proper hepatic artery is anterior, portal v. is posterior.
above epeiploic foramen of winslow above IVC |
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identify two reasons you might want to place a clamp across the hepatoduodenal ligament in a person with a laceration of the liver
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to control bleeding due to torn branches of the portal v. or hepatic a.
to see if there is bleeding from torn tributaries of hepatic vv. |
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What is the artery of Adamkiewics and how does knowledge of its existence influence where the aorta is clamped in an accident victim who has lost a great deal of blood and in whom aortic clamping is done to direct more of the cardiac output to the brain.
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It is a spinal branch from the lower intercostal or upper lumbar aa. You clamp as close to the abdominal diaphragm as possible in hopes that the a. of A. comes off from a vessel arising above your clamp, thereby preserving blood suppy to the spinal cord
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put needle in intercostal space. Where within this space do you pass needle and why?
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close to the superior border of the rib, so as to avoid injury to the intercostal vessels running along lower border of rib
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a female patient presents with swelling and pain at the lower lateral vaginal opening and a lump or mass near the left labium minus, which is swollen and painful. A tender mass can be palpated on the posterolateral margin of the vaginal vestibule. What structure is likely to have an abscess?
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Bartholin's gland
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what is the anatomic basis for the symptom Caput Medusae in cirrhosis of the liver?
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blood backed up in portal vein, passes through paraumbilical vv. into thoraco-epigastric vv. The latter radiate out from umbilicus and when dilated produce sign known as caput medusae
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How can pancreatic disease produce painless jaundice and an enlarged gall bladder?
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cancer of head of the pancreas can compress the common bile duct that lies posterior to it.
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In a person with hypertension, trace the path of venous flow from the jejunum to the right atrium that contributes to causing esophageal varices.
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jejunal vv--> SMV--> portal v--> left gastric--> esophageal vv--> azygos v/hemiazygos v.--> SVC--> heart
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What region of the body sends its lymphatic drainage to the superficial inguinal nodes?
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skin and subQ tissue inferior to a transverse plane through umbilicus
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Multiple Sclerosis can result in various problems with vision. If it affects the right optic tract so as to prevent neural impulses from proceeding to the brain, what will be the patients symptoms?
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loss of left half of visual field
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where is the canal of Schlemm and what is its function?
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It is in the root of the anterior chamber of the eye. It drains aqueous humor and plays a role in intraocula pressure.
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