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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is contraction defined as?
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producing tension
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What happens in an isotonic contraction?
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muscle length changes
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Which type of contraction results in a change in muscle length?
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isotonic
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What happens in an isometric contraction?
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muscle length does not change
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Which type of contraction results in tension production without a change in muscle length?
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isometric
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What happens during a concentric contraction?
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muscle shortens
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Which type of contraction results in shortening of a muscle?
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concentric
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What happens during an eccentric contraction?
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muscle lengthens
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Which type of contraction results in lengthening of a muscle?
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eccentric
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In physical analysis of muscle, what is vector length proportional to?
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force magnitude
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In physical analysis of muscle, what does the orientation of a vector indicate?
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direction in which force is applied
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What is crucial to analyzing how a muscle works in musculoskeletal systems?
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point of force application
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What is a motor unit defined as?
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a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates
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What does the amount of force generated by a muscle depend on?
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number of motor units
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What are the smallest motor units?
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10 myofibers/neuron
(extraocular muscles) |
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What are the largest motor units?
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2,000 myofibers/neuron
gluteal muscles |
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What is a muscle's range of motion proportional to?
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fiber length
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What is a muscle's strength proportional to?
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cross-sectional area
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What arrangement of muscle fibers increases range of motion?
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parallel, serially-arranged
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What arrangement of muscle fibers increases its force-generating potential?
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oblique (pennate)
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What are five functions of tendons?
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attach muscle to bone or muscle
distribute the force applied to the bone over a larger or more focused area allow muscles to be located distantly from the element on which they act reduce friction where muscles slide across other structures permit change in the line of action of a muscle |
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What are the most common axes of rotation?
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flexion-extension
abduction-adduction protraction-retraction rotation about the long axis |
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What are muscle cells specialized for?
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contraction and production of movement
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What is the smallest muscle unit that can be seen grossly?
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fascicles
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What wraps many myofibers into a fascicle?
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perimysium
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What is the smallest repetitive subunit of the contractile apparatus?
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sarcomere
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What is the average length of a sarcomere?
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2.5 um
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What is muscle tension directly related to?
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myofilament overlap in sarcomeres
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What is the typical diameter of large muscle myofibers?
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80 um
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What part of the spinal cord is a motor unit's alpha-motor neuron located?
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anterior horn
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What is the function of a tendon organ?
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monitors tension produced during muscle contractions
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What monitors the tension produced during muscle contraction?
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tendon organs
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What are muscle cells specialized for?
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contraction and production of movement
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What functional role is assigned to the principle muscle initiating contraction to produce a bodily movement?
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prime mover
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What is the functional role of a muscle providing an additive contribution to a prime mover or preventing some unwanted action of the prime mover?
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synergist
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What is the functional role of a muscle that acts as a brake to control movement of prime movers?
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antagonist
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What is the functional role of a muscle that limits movements within the range of joint mobility?
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fixator (stabilizer)
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What is the study of muscle function through the inquiry of the electrical signal the muscles emanate?
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electromyography
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What surrounds a muscle?
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epimysium
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What surrounds a muscle fiber?
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endomysium
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What is a myofiber made up of?
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myofibrils
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What is a myofibril made up of?
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myofilaments
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What distance of striation spacing allows for the greatest tension?
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2.20-2.25 um
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What percentage of body weight is accounted for by liquid?
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60%
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What percentage of body weight is accounted for by intracellular liquid?
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40%
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What percentage of body weight is accounted for by extracellular liquid?
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20%
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What percentage of extracellular liquid (or total body weight) is interstitial liquid?
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75% (15%)
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What percentage of extracellular liquid (or total body weight) is plasma?
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25% (5%)
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What is plasma?
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non-cellular part of blood that mixes continuously with the interstitial liquid through pores of the blood capillary membranes
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What percentage of body weight is accounted for by blood?
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8%
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What percentage of blood (total body weight) is accounted for by red blood cells?
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40% (3.2%)
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What percentage of blood volume is in the systemic circulation?
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84%
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What percentage of blood is in veins?
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64%
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What percentage of blood is in arteries?
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13%
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What percentage of blood is in systemic arterioles and capillaries?
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7%
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What percentage of blood volume is located in the heart?
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7%
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What percentage of blood volume is located in the pulmonary vessels?
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9%
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How much lymph fluid does the body contain?
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12 L
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What are four functions of the lymphatic system?
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circulation of interstitial liquid for homeostasis of cellular environment
return of protein that leaks from blood capillaries absorption and transportation of fats from the intestines circulation of lymphocytes |
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How much protein from blood capillaries does the lymphatic system return each day?
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1%
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What are initial lymphatics called?
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radicles
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What is characteristic about the junctions between lymphatic endothelial cells?
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highly permeable
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What are the structural-functional unit of lymphatic collecting vessels and trunks?
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lymphangions
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What does a lymphangion consist of?
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valve and the following contractile tube of endothelium and smooth muscle
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What are three functions of lymph nodes?
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filtration (before entering venous circulation)
defense (antibody production) lymphatic homing (to areas of inflammation or infection) |
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What are the three notable structures drained by lymphatics?
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skin
mucosa of gastrointestinal tract mucosa of airways |
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Where is lymph recycled?
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great veins at the root of the neck
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What are three organs without lymphatics?
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bone marrow
muscle fascicles central nervous system |
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What can cause edema?
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excess lymph production or disturbed lymph propulsion
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What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?
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tumor
dolor calor rubor functio laesa |
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Do arteries or veins have a higher pressure?
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arteries
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Do arteries or veins have a larger lumen?
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veins
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Do arteries or veins have a thick wall?
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arteries
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Are arteries or veins usually located on the flexion side of joints?
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arteries
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What are capillaries responsible for?
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gas and nutrient exchange between blood and body tissues
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What is carried in blood?
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blood cells, hormones, respiratory gases, waster products
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What is the largest wall layer in veins?
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tunica externa/adventitia
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What is the largest wall layer in arteries?
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tunica media
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Which vessel layer(s) contain(s) smooth muscle?
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tunica media
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Which vessel layer(s) contain(s) areolar connective tissue?
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tunica externa/adventitia
tunica intima |
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Which vessel layer(s) contain(s) endothelium?
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tunica intima
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What are the largest arteries classified as?
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elastic arteries
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What is typically the only wall layer in a capillary?
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tunica intima
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What are the three types of capillaries?
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fenestrated
continuous sinusoidal |
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Which wall layer forms valves in veins?
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tunica intima
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What is the blood flow in systemic circulation?
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heart -> elastic arteries -> muscular arteries ->
arterioles -> capillaries -> venules -> veins -> heart |
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What is the blood flow in pulmonary circulation?
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heart -> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary arteries ->
lungs -> pulmonary veins -> heart |
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What is the blood flow in fetal circulation?
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placenta -> umbilical vein -> ductus venosus ->
veins -> heart -> arteries -> umbilical arteries -> placenta |
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Where are Natural Killer cells found? Where are they made?
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- NK cells made from bone marrow precursors.
- found in blood, spleen, peritoneal exudate |
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What are the two functional divisions of the Nervous System?
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efferent and afferent
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What are the two structural divisions of the Nervous System?
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Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System
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What makes up the Central Nervous System?
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brain and spinal cord
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What makes up the Peripheral Nervous System?
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cranial and spinal nerves
ganglia |
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Which division of the Nervous System sends information to the Central Nervous System?
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afferent
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Which division of the Nervous System receives information from the Central Nervous System?
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efferent
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What is innervated by the Somatic motor division of the nervous system?
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skeletal muscles
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What is innervated by the Autonomic motor division of the nervous system?
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smooth and cardiac muscle
glands of viscera |
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What is the function of neurons?
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respond to stimuli and conduct nerve impulses
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What is the function of glial cells?
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support and protect neurons
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What makes up the chromatophilic substances of a neuron?
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rough endoplasmic reticulum (produces proteins)
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What are the three structural classifications of neurons?
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multipolar (motor neurons)
bipolar (retina and olfactory epithelium) unipolar (sensory neurons) |
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Where are the cell bodies of afferent neurons located?
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ganglia outside central nervous system
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Where are the cell bodies of efferent neurons located?
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central nervous system
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What is unique about the Autonomic Nervous System?
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it uses a two-neuron chain
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Which structural division of the nervous system are interneurons found in?
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central nervous sytem
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Which neurons are located in the posterior horn of the spinal cord?
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sensory
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Where in the spinal cord are sensory neurons located?
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posterior horn
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Which neurons are located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord?
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autonomic motor
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Where in the spinal cord are autonomic motor neurons located?
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lateral horn
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Which neurons are located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord?
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somatic motor
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Where in the spinal cord are somatic motor neurons located?
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anterior horn
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