Alterations In Neuro Function

Front 1

alertness with orientation to person, place and time

Back 1

consciousness

Front 2

inability to think clearly

Back 2

confusion

Front 3

impaired awareness of person, place or time

Back 3

disorientation

Front 4

slowed vocalization and decreased motor skills present

Back 4

lethargy

Front 5

awakening in response to continual stimulation

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obtundation

Front 6

decreased spontanous movements and vocalization in response only to vigorous stimuli

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stupor

Front 7

no vocalization and no arousal to any stimulus

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coma

Front 8

psychogenic arousal is when:

Back 8

an individual appears unconscious but is psychologically awake

Front 9

a defect in the recognition of form and nature of objects

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agnosia

Front 10

an impairment in the comprehension or production of language

Back 10

dysphasia

Front 11

What are the two major types of dysphasia?

Back 11

expressive (or fluent): trouble communicating
and receptive (or nonfluent): trouble understanding

Front 12

difficulty communicating or translating thoughts into meaningful speech or writing indicates damage in what are of the brain?

Back 12

Broca's area

Front 13

difficulty understanding the speech of others or written material, indicates damage to what area of the brain?

Back 13

Wernicke's area

Front 14

loss of voluntary movement despite consciousness and normal peripheral nerve and muscle function

Back 14

hypokinesia

Front 15

paresis

Back 15

weakness or partial loss of muscle function

Front 16

paralysis

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complete loss of muscle function

Front 17

bradykinesia

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voluntary movements are slower than normal, often difficult to start

Front 18

akinesia

Back 18

\decreased voluntary movements

Front 19

What are the three major groups of causes of altered levels of arousal?

Back 19

structural, metabolic, and psychogenic

Front 20

What LOC is seen with injury to the diencephalon?

Back 20

impaired consciousness (confusion, disorientation, lethargy, and/or obtundation)

Front 21

What LOC is seen with injury to the midbrain?

Back 21

stupor to coma

Front 22

What LOC is seen with injury to the pons?

Back 22

coma

Front 23

What LOC is seen with injury to the medulla oblongata?

Back 23

coma

Front 24

What level of brain injury would result in pupils that are small and reactive and intact oculocephalic and oculovestibular reflexes?

Back 24

diencephalon

Front 25

What level of brain injury would result in pupils that are midposition fixed and impaired oculocephalic and oculovestibular reflexes?

Back 25

midbrain, pons, medulla oblangata

Front 26

What sort of muscle tone would be expected with injury to the medulla oblongata?

Back 26

flaccidity

Front 27

What sort of muscle tone would be expected with injury to the midbrain or the pons?

Back 27

decebrate posturing

Front 28

What sort of muscle tone would be expected with injury to the diencephalon?

Back 28

decorticate posturing, some purposeful movement in respose to pain, and combative movement

Front 29

What level of brain injury results in Cheyne-Stokes respiration?

Back 29

injury to the diencephalon

Front 30

What level of brain injury results in neurogenic hyperventilation?

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injury to the midbrain

Front 31

What level of brain injury results in apneustic respirations?

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injury to the pons

Front 32

What level of brain injury results in ataxic respirations?

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injury to the medulla oblongata

Front 33

What are ataxic respirations?

Back 33

an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by complete irregularity of breathing, with irregular pauses and increasing periods of apnea

Front 34

What is neurogenic hyperventilation?

Back 34

an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by deep and rapid breaths

Front 35

What are apneustic respirations?

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an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by deep, gasping inspiration with a pause at full inspiration followed by a brief, insufficient release

Front 36

What are Cheyne-Stokes respirations?

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an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by periods of breathing with gradually increasing and decreasing tidal volume interspersed with periods of apnea

Front 37

What is cerebral death?

Back 37

irreversible coma; death of the cerebral hemispheres, though cerebellum and brain stem are still functioning, allowing the brain to maintain body's homeostasis

Front 38

What is brain death?

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irreversible brain damage so extensive that the brain can no longer maintain the body's internal respiratory and cerebral vascular functions; involves the destruction of brain stem and cerebellum

Front 39

What is epilepsy?

Back 39

seizure activity that recurs in the absence of tx; caused by genetic mutations that result in chemical imbalances or abnormal nerve connections

Front 40

What is an epileptogenic focus?

Back 40

a group of neurons, lacking afferent stimulation, with hypersensitive plasma membranes;
they are more easily activated by hyperthermia, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, repeated sensory stimulation, and certain sleep phases

Front 41

What are the two phases of a grand mal seizure?

Back 41

tonic and clonic

Front 42

What is the tonic phase of a grand mal seizure?

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neural excitation in the epileptogenic focus spreads to the subcortical, thalamic, and brain stem areas; results in increased muscle tone and loss of consciousness

Front 43

What is the clonic phase of a grand mal seizure?

Back 43

rhythmic, alternating contractions and relaxation of muscles; begins as inhibitory neurons in the cortex, anterior thalamus, and basal ganglia begin to inhibit the cortical excitation

Front 44

Seizures that are confined to one brain hemisphere; do not result in a loss of consciousness

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simple partial seizures

Front 45

What are the differences between partial and generalized seizures?

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partial seizures: originate in a small group of neurons in one hemisphere

generalized seizures: simultaneous disruption of normal brain activity in both hemispheres from the onset

Front 46

What are the two types of generalized seizures?

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absence seizures and tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures

Front 47

Characteristics of Jacksonian seizure d/o

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simple partial seizure
no change in consciousness
disturbances in motor capacity

Front 48

Characteristics of psychomotor seizure d/o

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complex partial seizure
loss of consciousness with automatisms
dyscognitive states, loss of awareness

Front 49

Characteristics of Grand Mal seizure d/o

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generalized seizure
loss of consciousness
major tonic-clonic movement

Front 50

Characteristics of absence seizure d/o

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generalized seizures without convulsions
transient loss of consciousness
blank spells, akinetic seizure (drop attack), myoclonic jerks

Front 51

The three most common pathological mechanisms that cause cognitive disorders are:

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1) direct destruction of brain tissue caused by ischemia and hypoxia

2) indirect destruction of brain tissue caused by compression

3) damage to tissues caused by toxins and chemicals

Front 52

What is selective attention deficit?

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the inability to select appropriately from available, competing environmental stimuli for conscious processing

Front 53

Waht is anterograde amnesia?

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inability to form new memories

Front 54

What is retrograde amnesia?

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the loss of past memories

Front 55

What characterize executive function deficits?

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difficulty planning, managing time, remembering, remaining focused, and moderating impulsive behavior

Front 56

What is an acute confusional state?

Back 56

the inability to maintain a coherrant stream of thought or action, usually due to drug intoxication or nervous system disease

Front 57

What is dementia?

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the loss of more than one cognitive or intellectual function (orientation, vigilance, recent or remote memory, language, reasongin, etc.)

Front 58

What are the two types of cortical dementia?

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amnesiac dementia: loss of recent memory
cognitive dementia: loss of remote memory

Front 59

What characterizes subcortical dementia?

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· slowed thought processes

· personality changes

· loss of motor function

Front 60

Loss of consciousness occurs when there is injury to the:

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cerebral cortex

Front 61

The period of time immediately following a seizure is the:

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postictal phase

Front 62

The displacement of the temporal lobe into the tentorial notch resulting in brain stem compression is know as a(n):

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uncal herniation

Front 63

A decrease in cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is related to what physiological change?

Back 63

Decrease in arterial blood pressure

Front 64

A increase in cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is related to what physiological change?

Back 64

Increased cerebral blood flow

Front 65

Excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulation in the ventricles or subarachnoid space is a condition called:

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hydrocephalus

Front 66

the maintenance of abnormal posture through muscular contractions

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dystonia

Front 67

What produces rigidity?

Back 67

tonic reflex activity

Front 68

Flexion of the upper extremities with adduction combined with extension and internal rotation of the lower extremities is a motor response known as:

Back 68

decorticate posturing

Front 69

Lack of motor tone

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Atonia

Front 70

Increased leakage of plasma proteins into the brain tissue

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Vasogenic cerebral edema

Front 71

Tumor arising from cells that line the ventricles and those that are involved in CSF production

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ependymoma

Front 72

tumors arisisng from the neuroglial cells that fill the spaces between neurons and surround blood vessels

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astrocytoma/glioblastoma

Front 73

slow-growing tumor arising from neuroglial cells that deposit myelin in the CNS

Back 73

oligodendroglioma