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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is semantics?
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The study of meanings of linguistic expressions and how these are conveyed
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Lexical semantics?
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Meanings of words
Number of words in a language is finite |
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Compositional semantics?
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The way in which word meanings and syntactic structures combine into meaningful phrases
Number of words in a language is not finite |
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Word's sense?
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The notion of meaning in our mind
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Reference?
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Collection of ll the referents of a word
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Dictionary Style of storing words?
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Words defined in terms of other words and reflects how speakers use it
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Mental images of storing words?
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Words connected to images in the mind
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Hyponym?
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Words whose meanings are specific instances or a more general word.
Ex) Red is a hyponym of colors |
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Synonym?
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Two words which have similar reference.
Ex) Easy/Simple and Loud/Noisy |
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Antonym?
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Two words that have related meanings that are contrast with each other.
Ex) Easy/Difficult and Loud/Quiet |
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Cooperative Principle?
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Underlying a conversation is the understanding that what one says is intended to contribute to the purposes
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Maxim of Quantity?
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Make your contribution as informative as required
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Maxim of Quality?
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Do not say what you believe to be false
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Maxim of Relevance?
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Be relevant, say what is related to the conversation.
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Maxim of Manner?
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Avoid obscurity of expression and be brief and orderly.
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Flounting Maxims?
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To break one of the Grice's maxims in order to get across a message that is unrelated to what is actually said.
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Innateness Hypothesis?
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Part of our ability to acquire language is innate and that children learn language by inventing rules specific to their language
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Imitation theory?
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Children learn language by listening to the speech around them and reproducing what they hear
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Reinforcement theory?
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Children learn to speak like adults because they are reinforced when they use the right form and are corrected when they use the wrong form
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Active Construction of a Grammar?
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Because of an innate ability, children invent rules of grammar themselves. These rules are based on the speech around them which is analyzed to determine patterns and is changing and evolving as they discover new patterns
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Connectionist theory?
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Children learn a language by creating a neural connections in the brain through exposure and using a language
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Social interaction theory?
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Language is acquired through social interaction with older children and adults
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Genie?
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Was the child who was involved with the "forbidden experiment" and was not around any language.
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Order of babies producing sounds? (1-4)
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1. Cooing
2. Babbling 3. Repeated babbling 4. Variegated babbling |
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How do adults speak to children?
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Use high pitch voices, whispering, and easy to understand words.
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Code-switching?
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Switching back and fourth between two languages during a sentence.
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What is neurolinguistics?
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Study of language and the physical brain.
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What is psycholinguistis?
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Study of language and the mind
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Parts of the brain used for comprehending language?
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1. Language centers
2. Broca's area 3. Wernicke's area |
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What is Broca's Aphasia?
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Unable to put sentences together that are gramatically correct.
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What is Wernicke's Aphasia?
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An inability to use or understand more than the most basic nouns and verbs.
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Speech Production models?
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Fromkin and Levelt.
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Metathesis?
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Switching of two units, each taking the place of the other.
Ex) Fill the pool - Fool the pill |
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Spoonerism?
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Switching the FIRST sounds of the two seperate words.
Ex) Ease my tears - Tease my ears |
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Perseverations?
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An earlier unit is substitutes for a later unit or when an earlier unit is added later in the utterance.
Ex) Cup of tea - Cup of Cea |
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Anticipations?
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Later unit is substituted for earlier or when a later unit is added earlier in an utterance.
Ex) Cup of tea - Tup of Tea |
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Additions?
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Adding extra units
Ex) Spic and span - Spic and splan |
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Deletions?
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Omit units
Ex) Specific - Pecific |
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Subsitutions?
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One unit is replaced with another.
Ex) It's hot in here - It's cold in here |
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Shifts?
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When a unit is moved from one location to another.
Ex) She decides to hit it - She decide to hits it |
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Blends?
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When two words fuse into a single item
Ex) Chomsky + Skinner = Chinner |
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Malapropism?
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A speaker uses a semantically incorrect word in place of a phonetically similar word.
Ex) Drug prescriptions - Drug subscriptions |
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Importance of speech errors?
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Fromkin and Levelt's model are slips of the tongue!
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Voiced dounds
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Vocal chords will vibrate
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Voiced dounds
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Vocal chords will vibrate
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Voiceless sounds?
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Vocal chords will not vibrate when word is spoken
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Voiced dounds
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Vocal chords will vibrate
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Voiceless sounds?
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Vocal chords will not vibrate when word is spoken
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Sound waves: Lower frequency equals what?
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Lower pitch
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Voiced dounds
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Vocal chords will vibrate
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Voiceless sounds?
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Vocal chords will not vibrate when word is spoken
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Sound waves: Lower frequency equals what?
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Lower pitch
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Sound waves: higher frequency equals what?
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Higher pitch
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Voiced dounds
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Vocal chords will vibrate
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Voiceless sounds?
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Vocal chords will not vibrate when word is spoken
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Sound waves: Lower frequency equals what?
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Lower pitch
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Sound waves: higher frequency equals what?
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Higher pitch
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Spectrograms?
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Records the sounds of English
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Voiced dounds
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Vocal chords will vibrate
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Voiceless sounds?
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Vocal chords will not vibrate when word is spoken
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Sound waves: Lower frequency equals what?
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Lower pitch
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Sound waves: higher frequency equals what?
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Higher pitch
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Spectrograms?
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Records the sounds of English
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Dark lines in a spectrogram?
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Vowels
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Voiced dounds
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Vocal chords will vibrate
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Voiceless sounds?
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Vocal chords will not vibrate when word is spoken
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Sound waves: Lower frequency equals what?
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Lower pitch
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Sound waves: higher frequency equals what?
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Higher pitch
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Spectrograms?
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Records the sounds of English
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Dark lines in a spectrogram?
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Vowels
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Blank areas in spectrogram?
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Stops in speaking
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Voiced dounds
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Vocal chords will vibrate
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Voiceless sounds?
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Vocal chords will not vibrate when word is spoken
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Sound waves: Lower frequency equals what?
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Lower pitch
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Sound waves: higher frequency equals what?
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Higher pitch
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Spectrograms?
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Records the sounds of English
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Dark lines in a spectrogram?
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Vowels
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Blank areas in spectrogram?
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Stops in speaking
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What is in the middle of Spectrograms?
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Fricitives
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Voiced dounds
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Vocal chords will vibrate
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Voiceless sounds?
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Vocal chords will not vibrate when word is spoken
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Sound waves: Lower frequency equals what?
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Lower pitch
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Sound waves: higher frequency equals what?
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Higher pitch
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Spectrograms?
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Records the sounds of English
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Dark lines in a spectrogram?
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Vowels
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Blank areas in spectrogram?
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Stops in speaking
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What is in the middle of Spectrograms?
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Fricitives
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What is on the sides of Spectrograms?
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Vowels
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What is phonology?
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Study of distribution of sounds in a language and the interactions between those different sounds
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What is phonology?
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Study of distribution of sounds in a language and the interactions between those different sounds
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What is a phoneme?
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A class of speech sounds identified by a native speaker as the same sound
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What is phonology?
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Study of distribution of sounds in a language and the interactions between those different sounds
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What is a phoneme?
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A class of speech sounds identified by a native speaker as the same sound
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What is an allophone?
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Various ways a phoneme is pronounced
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What is phonology?
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Study of distribution of sounds in a language and the interactions between those different sounds
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What is a phoneme?
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A class of speech sounds identified by a native speaker as the same sound
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What is an allophone?
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Various ways a phoneme is pronounced
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Assimilation?
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Segment affected my rule takes on a property from a nearby segment
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What is phonology?
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Study of distribution of sounds in a language and the interactions between those different sounds
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What is a phoneme?
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A class of speech sounds identified by a native speaker as the same sound
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What is an allophone?
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Various ways a phoneme is pronounced
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Assimilation?
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Segment affected my rule takes on a property from a nearby segment
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Dissimilation?
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Two neighboring sounds become different to make for easier articulation. Ex) "fifths" - "fifts"
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Insertion?
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Segment not present is added. Ex) "dance" - "dants"
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Deletion?
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Segment left out to make a word easier to say. Ex) "Parade" - "prade"
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Deletion?
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Segment left out to make a word easier to say. Ex) "Parade" - "prade"
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Metathesis?
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Two segments are switched. Ex) "ask" - "aks"
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Deletion?
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Segment left out to make a word easier to say. Ex) "Parade" - "prade"
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Metathesis?
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Two segments are switched. Ex) "ask" - "aks"
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Strengthening?
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Makes a sound stronger. Ex) the p in "Putt" is stronger than the p in "sPot"
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Deletion?
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Segment left out to make a word easier to say. Ex) "Parade" - "prade"
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Metathesis?
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Two segments are switched. Ex) "ask" - "aks"
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Strengthening?
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Makes a sound stronger. Ex) the p in "Putt" is stronger than the p in "sPot"
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Weakening?
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Sounds become weaker. Ex) flapping
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What is sociolinguistics?
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Study of the relationship between language and human society
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What is sociolinguistics?
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Study of the relationship between language and human society
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What is dialect?
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Variety of language defined by geographical and social factors.
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What is accent?
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Phonological variation in any person's speech.
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What are phonetic variations?
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Sounds that function the same have some physical differences
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What are regional dialects?
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Dialect differences based on geography
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What is age variation?
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Younger speakers do not speak the same as older speakers.
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What are gender variations?
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Women tend to use the prestige language more often than men
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What is ethnic variation?
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Ethnic group is influenced by particular language of their heritage or culture
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What is socioeconomic variation?
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Dialect of those who enjoy positions of power, wealth, and education
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What is the northern cities vowel shift?
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Affects 6 different vowels
Caught--->Cot Bit----> Bet or but |
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What is phonological variation?
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Different pronunciations of words in a language.
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What is morphological variation?
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Two different morphemes for the same function. Basically a little part of the words is switched in pronunciation.
(Himself -----> hisself) |
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What is syntactic variation?
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Words belong to different syntactic categories.
(She DONE already told you The crops need watered The lawn needs mowed) |
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Lexical variations?
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Differences in the words people use to mean the same thing in different areas of the world.
(Pop and soda Butt and bottom) |
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What is the first thing you do for phonology problems?
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Check for minimal pairs
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If there is minimal pairs, what kind of distribution is it?
If there is not minimal pairs, what kind of distribution is it? |
Yes= Contrastive
No= Complementary |
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What do you do for contrastive distribution?
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Two separate phonemes
With NO RULE! (minimal pairs) |
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What do you do for complementary distribution?
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Allophones from separate or some phonemes?
MAKE THE CHART! Then apply the rule |
