Allied Skeletal System

Front 1

articulations

Back 1

A movable joint between inflexible parts of the body

Front 2

skeletal system

Back 2

two major types of connective tissue:
1. bone
2. cartilage
*consists of the bones, joints, cartilage, and ligaments associated with the joints
* By the time you reach adulthood, approximately 350 bones have either developed or fused into the 206 bones that you will use throughout your life

Front 3

skeletal system in a living body

Back 3

1. has active tissue that consumes nutrients
2. requires a blood supply
3. has an active metabolism
4. has the ability to change shape or remodel in response to variations in stress or trauma
5. performs multiple functions for the body that are essential to movement, protection, homeostasis, and well-being

Front 4

skeletal system functions

Back 4

1. support -a basic framework for the body
2. Protection -Protects the structures enclosed within and around the bones.
3. movement -Assists in the movement of our bodies.
4. Storage -Serves as a storehouse for important minerals such as calcium.
5. hematopoiesis -Forms blood cells through this process "to make blood"

Front 5

hematopoiesis

Back 5

"to make blood" process that forms blood cells in the skeletal system in red bone marrow

Front 6

4 main types of bones

Back 6

1. Flat - thin, flat, and often curved. Examples include the ribs, breastbone, and skull.
2. Long - longer than they are wide. ie. humerus & bones found in the arms and legs.
3. Short - shaped like cubes with vertical and horizontal dimensions approximately equal. ie. carpals & ankle bones.
4. Irregular - irregularly shaped bones that do not fit the classification of long, short, or flat. ie. spinal, vertebrae and the hip bones
* some scientist also include sesamoid (like a sesame seed) a bone embedded within a tendon. An example of a sesamoid bone is the kneecap (patella).

Front 7

basic bone components

Back 7

A typical bone is made up of both bone and cartilage and contains additional layers and structures that perform functions for the body and provide for its metabolism.

Front 8

Microscopic Structure of Bone

Back 8

1. Compact - dense bone found primarily in the shaft of long bones (diaphysis) and near the surfaces of the bone where great strength is required
2. Spongy bone - porus bone, is less dense and is located primarily at the ends of long bones (epiphyses) and in the center of other bones. constructed of trabeculae

Front 9

diaphysis

Back 9

*the shaft of long bones
*hollow tube made of hard compact bone, hence a rigid and strong structure light enough in weight to permit easy movement.

Front 10

epiphyses

Back 10

* located primarily at the ends of a bone
* red bone marrow fills in small spaces in the spongy bone composing the epiphyses

Front 11

long bone structure

Back 11

1. Diaphyis
2. Medullary cavity
3. Epiphyses
4. Articular cartilage
6. Peristeum
6. Endosteum

Front 12

Cartilage

Back 12

1. cartilage cells are called chondrocytes
2. No blood supply or vessels so cartilage repairs slowly after an injury
3. More flexibility than bones
4. Collagenous fibers that are embedded in a firm gel instead of in a calcified cement substance that is in bones
5. cartilage consists more of intercellular substance than of cells
6. collagenous fibers reinforce the matrix of the tissue
7. nutrients must diffuse through the matrix to reach the cells
8. rebuilds very slowly after injury because of no blood supply.

Front 13

chondrocytes

Back 13

*cartilage cells
* located in the lacunae
* suspended like air bubbles in a block of firm gelatin

Front 14

Bone Formation and Growth (Ossification)

Back 14

1. begins as cartilage and fibrous structures (with cartilage in long bones) Calcified bone matrix replaces the cartilage and real bone formation begins to occur
2. bone-resorbing cells called osteoclasts and bone-forming cells called osteoblasts work constantly to sculpture and remodel growing bones as they transition from cartilage to adult bones. blood vessels invade
3.formation of cavity in shaft of bone
4. Ossification in Epiphysis
5. appearance of epiphyseal (growth) plate
6. Mature bone

Front 15

osteoclasts

Back 15

bone-resorbing (destroying) cells

Front 16

osteoblasts

Back 16

bone forming cell (when babies bones turn from cartilage to bone)
*deposits to both organic and inorganic bone matrix

Front 17

Ossification

Back 17

bone tissue formation - process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts.

Front 18

red bone marrow

Back 18

soft connective tissue found inside the hard walls of some bones that produces both red and white blood cells.

Front 19

medullary cavity

Back 19

the hollow area inside the diaphysis (shaft) of a bone; stores and contains soft, yellow bone marrow, an inactive, fatty form of marrow found in the adult skeleton.

Front 20

articular cartilage

Back 20

* thin layer of cartilage covering each epiphysis
* functions like a small rubber cushion when placed over the ends of bones where they form a joint

Front 21

Periosteum

Back 21

strong, fibrous membrane covering a bone everywhere except at joint surfaces, where it is covered by articular cartilage

Front 22

Endosteum

Back 22

thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity

Front 23

flat bone structure

Back 23

1. Compact (dense) bone - a thin outer layer of bone surrounding cancellous bone. it's dense and hard. Haversian. *does not contain a network of open spaces
2. Cancellous bone (spongy bone or diploe in flat bone) - porous bone on the inside of the thin layer of compact bone. can be filled with marrow
3. Trabeculae - needle-like threads of the spongy bone that surrounds the open spaces.

Front 24

osteons (Haversian system)

Back 24

* structural unit of compact bone
* each Haversian system consists of mature osteocytes arranged in concentric circles, like a long cylinder, around blood vessels.

Front 25

lamella

Back 25

* layer or " circular rings" of an osteon
* composed of calcified matrix

Front 26

central canal

Back 26

*contains blood vessels in an osteon
*surrounded by circular rings or lamella

Front 27

osteocytes

Back 27

* mature bone cells within the hard bone matrix of bone tissue
* osteon (formerly the active bone building cells called osteoblasts)
* lie between the hard layers of the lamellae in little spaces called lacunae

Front 28

lacunae

Back 28

a small matrix or space containing an osteocyte in bone or chondrocyte in cartilage

Front 29

canaliculi

Back 29

* microscopic canals or passageways between the various lacunae of ossified bone.
* contains cytoplasmic extensions of the osteocyte that connect the lacumae with one another and with the central canal in each osteon.

Front 30

endochondral ossification

Back 30

* bones in the body formed by cartilage models
* bone forming from cartilage

Front 31

epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

Back 31

* a layer of cartilage between an epiphysis and the diaphysis
* when this has all transformed (disappeared) into bone growth stops and the individual is at full adult height
* The skeleton can still grow as long as there is cartilage left in the epiphyseal plate

Front 32

epiphyseal line

Back 32

marks the location where the two centers of ossification have fused together.

Front 33

Compact (dense) bone

Back 33

a thin outer layer of bone surrounding cancellous bone. it's dense and hard. *does not contain a network of open spaces

Front 34

Cancellous bone (spongy bone or diploe in flat bone)

Back 34

Cancellous bone (spongy bone or diploe in flat bone) - porous bone on the inside of the thin layer of compact bone. can be filled with marrow

Front 35

Trabeculae

Back 35

needle-like threads of the spongy bone that surrounds the open spaces.
* present in dense, compact bone
* present in spongy bone

Front 36

axial skeleton

Back 36

*consists of the 80 bones that form the vertical axis (center) of the body.
*The bones of the skull, vertebral column, parietal, ribs, spine, chest, hyoid, and sternum all belong to the axial skeleton.

Front 37

appendicular skeleton

Back 37

composed of 126 bones that form the appendages (the arms and legs) (or extremeties) and the bones that attach those appendages to the axial skeleton.
ie. shoulder, pectoral girdles, arms, wrists, clavical and hands

Front 38

The skull consists of:

Back 38

*Eight bones that form the cranium
*Fourteen bones that form the face
*Six tiny bones in the middle ear
*Even though the ear bones—the malleus, incus, and stapes—are the smallest bones in the body, they are mature at birth.

Front 39

spine or vertebral column

Back 39

*consists of a series of vertebrae (separate bones) connected in a column that forms a flexible curved rod. *The curves of the spine provide strength for support and balance to help us stand erect.

Front 40

lordosis

Back 40

condition of having a "swayed back"

Front 41

kyphosis

Back 41

abnormal spine (thoracic) curvature condition or having a "hunchback"

Front 42

scoliosis

Back 42

condition of having a "side to side curvature of the spine"

Front 43

Thorax (chest)

Back 43

*contains 12 pairs of ribs attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae
*All of the ribs, with the exception of the lower two pair, are also attached to the sternum
*contains the sternum (breastbone) and thoracic vertebrae

Front 44

floating ribs

Back 44

last two pair of ribs (11 & 12) in the thoracic vertebrae that are not directly attached to the sternum

Front 45

true ribs

Back 45

first seven pairs of ribs are attached to the sternum by costal cartilage

Front 46

false ribs

Back 46

The eighth, ninth, and tenth pairs of ribs that are attached to the cartilage of the seventh ribs

Front 47

pectoral (shoulder) girdle

Back 47

The appendicular bones that attach the upper extremities to the axial skeleton (shoulder)
*Each shoulder contains two bones: one clavicle and one scapula.
* Each upper limb contains the bones of the arm, wrist, forearm, and hand.

Front 48

pelvic girdle (hip)

Back 48

*connects the legs to the trunk
*made up of two large coxal or pelvic bones on each side of the pelvis:
1. Two ilium, two ischium, and two pubic bones fuse to form two bones, which, in adulthood, make up the majority of what is referred to as the pelvis.
2. Attached to the pelvic girdle are the bones of the thighs, legs, ankles and feet.

Front 49

pelvis

Back 49

Two ilium, two ischium, and two pubic bones fuse to form two bones,
*in adulthood, is referred to as the pelvis.

Front 50

2 divisions of the human skeleton

Back 50

1. axial skeleton
2. appendicular skeleton

Front 51

sinuses

Back 51

spaces or cavities inside some of the cranial bones.

Front 52

paranasal sinuses

Back 52

*four pairs of them (those in the frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, ethmoid bones) have openings into the nose
* frontal sinusitis
*mucous membrane that lines them become inflamed, swollen, and painful.

Front 53

Mastoiditis

Back 53

*inflammation of the air spaces within the mastoid portion of the temporal bone (behind the ear)
*very serious if not treated right away
*sometimes caused by infectious material from middle ear infections

Front 54

sutures

Back 54

*two parietal bones on topside of skull that give shape to the bulging topside of the skull and form immovable joints with several bones.
*joint between cranial bones

Front 55

fontanels

Back 55

"soft spots" on a baby's skull
*areas where ossification is incomplete at birth
*allows baby to pass through the birth canal without compressing the skull
*form into sutures by age 2
*can be used to determine the position of the baby's head before birth

Front 56

epiphyseal fracture (Salter fracture)

Back 56

*a fracture involving the epiphyseal plate of a long bone, which causes separation or fragmentation of the plate.
*especially in young child or preadolescent athletes
*caused by overstressing the growing long bone.

Front 57

avulsion fracture

Back 57

* separation of a small fragment of bone cortex at the site of attachment of a ligament or tendon that "breaks away"
*caused by violent contraction or overstretching of a muscle in skeletally immature individuals.

Front 58

palpable

Back 58

perceivable by touch

Front 59

concave curves

Back 59

cervical and lumbar curves of the spine

Front 60

convex curves

Back 60

thoracic and sacral curves of the spine

Front 61

scapula

Back 61

shoulder blade

Front 62

clavicle

Back 62

collar bone

Front 63

sternoclavicular joint

Back 63

*direct point of attachment between bones of the clavical and the sternum (breastbone)
*very small joint

Front 64

humerus

Back 64

long bone of the arm and the second longest bone in the body.
* only bone in the arm
*attached to the scapula at its proximal end and articulates with the two bones of the forearm at the elbow joint (radius and ulna).

Front 65

forearm bones

Back 65

1. radius
2. ulna

Front 66

cranon process

Back 66

large bony process of the ulna

Front 67

olecranon fossa

Back 67

large depression on the posterior surface of the humerus

Front 68

olecranon process

Back 68

*prevents the arm from being hyperextended

Front 69

trochlea hinged joint

Back 69

allows the arm to be flexed or bent at the elbow

Front 70

palm of the hand bones

Back 70

27 total bones
*8 carpal (wrist)
*5 metacarpal (supporting structure for the palm of the hand)
*14 phalanges (finger bones)

Front 71

infants coxal bone

Back 71

made up of 3 separate bones that grow together to become one bone in an adult:
1. ilium
2. ischium
3. pubis

Front 72

femur

Back 72

*the only bone in the thigh
*longest bone in the body
* articulates proximally (toward the hip) with the coxal bone in a deep, cup-shaped socket called the acetabulum

Front 73

acetabulum

Back 73

a deep, cup-shaped socket near the femur

Front 74

patella

Back 74

* knee cap
* Actual knee is a hinge joint

Front 75

tibia

Back 75

*shin bone
*forms a rather sharp edge or crest along the front of the lower leg.

Front 76

fibula

Back 76

*slender, non-weight-bearing and fragile bone
*lies along the outer or lateral border of the lower leg.

Front 77

metatarsals

Back 77

part of the foot between the ankle and the toes, its skeleton being the 5 bones (metatarsals) extending from the tarsus to the phalanges.

Front 78

tarsals (ankle)

Back 78

the 7 bones (talus, calcaneus, navicular, medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiform, and cuboid) composing the joint between the foot and leg.

Front 79

calcaneus (heel bone)

Back 79

*bone in the tarsals (ankle)
*second largest tarsal bone
*articulates with the tibia at the ankle joint

Front 80

vertebroplasty

Back 80

*an orthopedic procedure that involves the injection of a "super glue" type of bone cement to repair fractured and compressed (collapsed) vertebrae.
*bone cement is injected by needle into the area of compression, were ti quickly hardens and thus stabilizes and seals the fracture.

Front 81

flat feet

Back 81

"fallen arches" weakened foot ligaments and tendons

Front 82

medial longitudinal arch

Back 82

arch on the inside part of the foot

Front 83

lateral longitudinal arch

Back 83

arch that lies along the outer edge of the foot

Front 84

transverse or metatarsal arch

Back 84

arch that extends across the ball of the foot

Front 85

ulna

Back 85

*the inner and larger bone of the forearm.

Front 86

manubrium

Back 86

upper part of the sternum

Front 87

occipital bone

Back 87

*skull bone that articulates with the first vertebra
*spinal cord enters through a large hole in the occipatal bone

Front 88

articulations (joints)

Back 88

where two bones come together.
3 types of articulations:
1. Synarthroses -immovable joints
2. Amphiarthroses - slightly movable joints
3. Diarthroses - freely movable joints

Front 89

skeletal differences men vs. women

Back 89

1. Men - perform lifting and weight bearing
a. funnel-shaped pelvis
b. larger skeleton overall
c. narrow pubic angle
d. narrow pelvic outlet
e. narrow pelvic inlet
2. Women - accommodate childbearing
a. basin-shaped pelvis
b. wide pelvic outlet
c. smaller skeleton overall
d. wide pubic angle
e. wide public inlet

Front 90

Synarthroses (sutures)

Back 90

immovable joints
a. hold bones of the skull together
b. bound by fibrous connective tissue grown between the articulating bones
ie. joints between cranial bones

Front 91

Amphiarthroses

Back 91

slightly movable joints
a. located between the intervertebral disks of the spine
b. cartilage connects the articulating bone
c. flex forward, sideways , circumduct and rotate
ie. symphysis pubis, joints between vertabrae

Front 92

Diarthroses

Back 92

* freely movable joints Diarthrotic joints
* can move many directions or only one or two directions
* all have a joint capsule, a joint cavity and a layer of cartilage over the ends of two joining bones
* found throughout the body such as at the shoulders, arms, elbows, fingers, legs, and toes.

Front 93

classifications of diarthrotic joints

Back 93

1. Ball and socket - circumduction
2. Hinge - flexion or extension
3. Pivot- rotation
4. Saddle -
5. Gliding -
6. Condyloid - abduction

Front 94

Ball and socket joint

Back 94

*permits the widest range of movement.
*The ball-shaped end of one bone fits into the cup-shaped socket of another.
ie. can be found in the shoulder and hip joints.

Front 95

Hinge joint

Back 95

*occur where the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone
*making movement possible in two directions
*flexion and extension
ie. knee and the elbow joints.

Front 96

Pivot joint

Back 96

* allow for rotation around the length of a bone.
* rotation occurs as the atlas pivots on the axis and provides a side-to-side movement.
ie. head of radius rotating against ulna, or dens of axis rotating against atlas, neck pivots or rotates

Front 97

Saddle joints

Back 97

*provides the same movement that would be available to one sitting in a saddle
*provides a wide range of movement and dexterity.
ie. thumb (trapezium joint or first carpometacarpal joint) - only saddle joint in the body
*flex, extend, abduct, adduct, and circumduct
* between the metacarpal bone of each thumb and a carpal bone of the wrist

Front 98

Gliding joint

Back 98

*relatively flat articulating surfaces that allow limited gliding movements
* the least movable of the diarthroses joints.
ie. joints between the carpals and the tarsals, articular processes between vertebrae

Front 99

Condyloid joint

Back 99

*characterized by an oval-shaped surface that fits into an oval-shaped cavity (or elliptical socket).
*provide flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, and circumduction movements
ie. joint between the distal end of the radius into depressions in the carpal bones, atlantoccipital joint.

Front 100

hyoid

Back 100

* bone in which the tongue is anchored
* located in the back of the neck
* only bone in the body that doesn't connect at a joint

Front 101

herniated (slipped) disk

Back 101

1. damage to a disk caused by the pressure of sudden exertion or injury may push its wall into the spinal canal.
2. severe pain results if the disk presses on the spinal cord.

Front 102

joint capsule

Back 102

*made of the body's strongest and toughest material (fibrous connective tissue)
*lined with a smooth, slippery synovial membrane.

Front 103

ligaments

Back 103

* cords or bands made of the same strong fibrous connective tissue as the joint capsule
* grows out of the periosteum
* firmly lashes two bones together

Front 104

flexion

Back 104

* bending a joint (elbow)
* reduces the angle of a joint
* opposite of flexion is extension

Front 105

tension

Back 105

*or extension
*straightening out a joint (ie. elbow)
*increases the angle of a joint

Front 106

condyle

Back 106

an oval projection

Front 107

palpable bony landmarks

Back 107

*bones that can be touched and identified through the skin
*serve as reference points in identifying other body structures.
ie. patella, calcaneus and Zygomatic bone

Front 108

knee joint

Back 108

*largest and most vulnerable joint

Front 109

Total Hip replacement (THR)

Back 109

*most common orthopedic surgery in the elderly
*replacement of the femoral head by a metal prosthesis and the acetabular socket by a porous material that allows natural growth of bone to mesh with the artificial material.
*introduced in 1953

Front 110

arthroplasty

Back 110

total joint replacement
ie. hip, knee, ankle, foot, shoulder, elbow, wrist, and fingers.

Front 111

abduction

Back 111

*move a body part away from the baseline
*increases the angle of a joint

Front 112

adduction

Back 112

*decreases the angle of a joint
*moving a part towards the midline

Front 113

bone diseases:

Back 113

1. Metabolic
2. Infections
3. Neoplasms

Front 114

Metabolic

Back 114

*Osteoporosis - loss of minerals (Calcium) and collagen from bone matrix that weakens the skeleton. theory is low sex hormones in blood causes this. Mostly in postmenopausal women.
*Osteomalacia—a metabolic disorder involving mineral loss in bones. In osteomalacia, the volume of bone matrix remains about the same, even though the mass of hard mineral crystals decreases. In osteoporosis, the total volume of organic bone matrix decreases. ie. Rickets disease
*Gout—a metabolic joint disease due to an increase in uric acid in the blood
*Paget disease—metabolic disorder of older adults that is characterized by abnormal bone remodeling

Front 115

Osteomyelitis

Back 115

* bone infection
* general name for bacterial infections of bone and marrow tissue.
* caused by the Staphylococcus bacteria—is often in another part of the body and spreads to the bone via the blood.
* Affected bone may have been predisposed to infection because of recent trauma.

Front 116

Bone Fractures

Back 116

*Open (Compound)
*Closed (Simple)
*Impacted
*Incomplete
*Comminuted
*Linear
*

Front 117

Open (Compound) fracture

Back 117

Fractures protrude through the surrounding tissue and skin. This can be a problem because it presents an open pathway for infection or osteomyelitis

Front 118

Closed (Simple) fracture

Back 118

Fractures do not penetrate the skin so there is less chance of bacterial invasion or bone infection.

Front 119

Impacted

Back 119

Fractures occur when bone fragments are driven into each other.

Front 120

Incomplete

Back 120

Fractures still have pieces of the bone partially joined together.

Front 121

Comminuted

Back 121

Fractures are crushed into small pieces with many fragments.

Front 122

linear fracture

Back 122

fracture that runs parallel to the long axis of a bone. Also called fissured fracture.

Front 123

osteoarthritis

Back 123

*degenerative joint disease (DJD)
*most common noninflammatory disorder of movable joints
* bone spurs are a common sign
* degeneration of articular cartridge or wearing away of articular cartilage
* usually affects hips, lumbar spine and knees
* advanced cases usually require partial or total hip and knee replacements.

Front 124

Joint Disorders

Back 124

1. Noninflammatory
2. Inflammatory

Front 125

Noninflammatory

Back 125

* joint disorders do not involve inflammation of the synovial membrane and do not produce systemic signs or symptoms.
* Traumatic injury is often the cause

Front 126

Arthroscopy

Back 126

* examine the internal structure of a joint, assess the degree of damage, and perform less invasive surgery

Front 127

dislocation of joints

Back 127

occurs most commonly by trauma or a fall, although some are also caused by unusual physical effort or the weight of a limb.

Front 128

skeletal disorders

Back 128

include pathologic conditions associated with bone, cartilage, ligaments, and joints
ie. osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma

Front 129

Osteoporosis

Back 129

* loss of minerals and collagen from bone matrix that weakens the skeleton
* theory is low sex hormones in blood causes this.
* most common and serious bone disorder
* characterized by excessive loss of calcified bone matrix
*progressive increase in bone porosity
*spontaneous fractures may occur
*Mostly in postmenopausal women.

Front 130

Dowager's hump

Back 130

compression fractures of the vertebrae result in a shortened stature and the classic kyphosis of the thoracic spine

Front 131

Osteomalacia

Back 131

* a metabolic disorder involving mineral loss in bones.
* usually Vitamin D deficient
* volume of bone matrix remains about the same, even though the mass of hard mineral crystals decreases.
ie. Rickets disease (bowing of the legs)

Front 132

Paget disease (osteitis deformans)

Back 132

*metabolic disorder of older adults that is characterized by abnormal bone remodeling
* common sites - spine, skull, pelvis, and long bones
*symptoms - pain, deafness, blindness, headaches, and facial paralysis

Front 133

Osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bones disease)

Back 133

* lack of production of the organic matrix of bone.
* genetic disease

Front 134

complete fraction

Back 134

bone fragments separate completely

Front 135

greenstick fractures

Back 135

an incomplete fracture in which a bone is bent but broken only on the outer curve of the bend.
* common in children
* heal quickly

Front 136

Fracture types:

Back 136

1. Linear fracture - fracture line is parallel to the bone's long axis
2. Transverse fracture - fracture line is at a right angle to the bone's long axis.
3. Oblique fracture - fracture line is diagonal to the bone's long axis.

Front 137

spiral fracture

Back 137

an oblique fracture line seems to spiral around a bone like the stripe on a candy cane

Front 138

callus

Back 138

boney framework that occurs after a fracture occurs, the bone bleeds, becomes inflamed and then forms a callus.

Front 139

bone spur

Back 139

abnormal formation of new bone at joint surfaces

Front 140

Bouchard nodes

Back 140

nodes at both the proximal interphalangeal joints with Osteoarthritis

Front 141

Heberden nodes

Back 141

nodes at both the distal interphalangeal joints with Osteoarthritis.

Front 142

Degenerative joint disease (DJD)

Back 142

* etiology is unknown
Risk factors include:
* advanced age
* joint damage caused by "wear and tear"
* obesity

Front 143

dislocation (subluxation)

Back 143

when the articular surfaces of bones forming the joint are no longer in proper contact with each other.

Front 144

sprain

Back 144

* an acute injury to the ligaments around a joint.
* twisting or wrenching movement oftern associated with "whiplash" type injuries.

Front 145

strain

Back 145

* describes an injury involving the "musculotendinous unit"
* may involve the muscle, the tendon, and the junction between the two as well as their attachments to bone.

Front 146

avulsion fracture

Back 146

* caused by violent muscle contractions
* a piece of bone is pulled free

Front 147

epiphyseal fracture

Back 147

* caused by violent muscle contractions
* fracture between the epiphysis and diaphysis of the involved bone.

Front 148

Inflammatory Joint Disease (Arthritis)

Back 148

joint disease such as arthritis may be caused by a variety of factors, and signs and symptoms are usually apparent.
* general name for many different inflammatory joint diseases
* Caused by: infection, injury, genetic factors, and autoimmunity
types:
1. Rheumatoid arthritis
2. Gouty Arthritis
3. Infectious arthritis

Front 149

Rheumatoid arthritis

Back 149

* believed to be a type of autoimmune disease
* involves chronic inflammation of connective tissues
* begins in the synovial membrane and spreads to cartilage and other tissues
* can cause severe crippling
* systemic disease - causing fever, anemia, weight loss and profound fatigue
Characteristics - ulnar deviation

Front 150

ulnar deviation (drift)

Back 150

* deformity of the hands in Rheumatoid arthritis
* swelling of the metacarpophalangeal joints (the big knuckles at the base of the fingers)
* causes the fingers to become displaced, bending towards the little finger

Front 151

Juvenile Rheumatoid arthritis

Back 151

* more severe than the adult form
* often destroys growth of cartilage
* growth of long bones is arrested (stopped)
* most common in girls, starts in early childhood

Front 152

Gouty arthritis

Back 152

* excess uric acid is deposited as sodium urate crystals in distal joints and other tissues
* crystals trigger the chornic inflammation and tissue damage

Front 153

Infectious arthritis

Back 153

* ie. Lyme arthritis (disease)

Front 154

Lyme arthritis (disease)

Back 154

* caused by a spirochete bacterium carried by deer ticks.
* characterized by inflammation in the knees or other joints accompanied by a variety of systemic signs and symptoms
* treated with antibiotics

Front 155

Ehrlichia

Back 155

* group of bacteria carried by ticks
* carries agents that can cause various forms of Ehrlichiosis
* Similar symptoms to Lyme disease, but is more prevalent than Lyme Arthritis in some parts of the US.
* treated with antibiotics

Front 156

Cheekbone

Back 156

zygomatic

Front 157

Mandible

Back 157

lower jawbone

Front 158

Frontal

Back 158

forehead

Front 159

coxal

Back 159

hip bone

Front 160

damaged meniscus

Back 160

in a knee = torn cartilage

Front 161

epiphysis

Back 161

* the rounded end of a long bone
* a joint with adjacent bones

Front 162

chondrosarcoma

Back 162

cancer of the cartilage

Front 163

skull bones:

Back 163

1. mandible
2. frontal bone
3. zgomatic bone (cheek)
4. Occipital bone
5. Maxilla

Front 164

Upper extremity bones: (arm, forearm, wrist, shoulder and hand)

Back 164

1. ulna
2. humerus
3. scapula
4. metacarpals
5. clavicle
6. carpals

Front 165

trunk bones:

Back 165

1. rib
2. sternum

Front 166

lower extremity bones: (thigh, leg, ankle, and foot)

Back 166

1. metatarsals
2. tibia
3. fibula
4. femur
5. patella

Front 167

arm bones:

Back 167

1. humerus
2. ulna
3. radius

Front 168

Adult Vertebrae column:

Back 168

26 Total Bones
* 7 Cervical
* 12 Thoracic Vertebrae
* 5 Lumbar Vertebrae
* 1 Sacrum
* 1 Coccyx