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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Composition of earth atmosphere |
1. Nitrogen - 78.00% 2. Oxygen - 21.00% 3. Ozone and Carbon Dioxide - 0.03% 4. Other gases - 0.97% |
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Primary pollutant |
Found in atmospher in the same form as it exists when emitted fr ok m stack Ex. Hydrocarbons, SO2 - sulfer dioxide, NO2 |
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Secondary pollutant |
One that is formed in the atmosphere as a result of reaction (hydrolysis, oxidation) - ex. LA smog |
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Thermal inversion |
Inversion occurs when cold air meets warm air and slides below to create inversion |
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Valley inversion |
In valley, cold air mass sinks and is capped with warm air mass. Pollutants build up at night, during day, reheats and pollutants rise with warm air and trap in inversion layer. When inversion layer disperses, trapped pollutants disperse, spreading throughout valley. |
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Radiation inversion |
Orrurs at night when forg on ground. earth re-radiates so fast as heat rises that the air near the ground becomes cooler than air above, trapping pollutants at extremely low altitudes with fog |
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Subsidence inversion |
LA known for Combination of geological formations and atmospheric phenomena |
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Photochemical smog |
Auto and industry emissions, which results in the high emissions of nitrogen oxides, which combines with oxygen and UV to produce nitrogen dioxide - NO2 |
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Ozone |
O3 - naturally and artificially (photochem smog) Breathing problem |
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Sulfer dioxide |
Human source, electricity and coal generation (burning of fossil fuel). Also from auto emissions. |
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Carbon monoxide |
Colorless gas Headache, dizziness, Too much, loss of consciousness and death |
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Acid rain |
Sulfur oxides releases by burning coal. Mixes with atmosphere moisture creating sulfuric acid. When heavy concentration, releases by rain, resulting in acid rain. SO2 picks up oxygen in atmosphere --> SO3 SO3 + H2O in atmosphere --> S2SO4 Sulfuric acid
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Nitrogen oxide |
Combustion of fossil fuel Respiratory irritant, can cause pulmonary edema and death |
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Sulfer dioxide |
Burning of fossil fuel, Power plants Industrial facilities Automobile Ships Respiratory system, breathing harder |
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Hydrocarbons |
Organic compaund consists of carbon and hydrogen. - used for energy source - fuel Methane, propane, benzene, petroleum, butane etc. |
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4 Air pollution effects on humans |
1. Chronic bronchitis 2. Emphysema - abnormal inflammation of lungs 3. Asthma 4. Lung cancer |
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Particulate matter PM |
Mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in air - can be seen or not seen, dust smoke etc. |
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PM10 & PM2.5 |
PM10 - inhalable particles, diameter 10 micrometers or smaller PM2.5 - fine inhalable particles, diameter 2.5 micrometer and smaller |
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Dust |
Finely divided airborne particles 10 microns or less. Damaging effect may happen when 2.5 microns - micrometer Threshold limit value given by ACGIH - American conference of government industrial conference |
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Asbestosis |
Scarring of the ling by exposure to asbestos |
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Lung cancer |
Lung cancer development increased by asbestos workers who smoke |
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Mesothelioma |
Cancer develops in the lining of lungs, abdomen,or heart caused by asbestos |
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Pneumoconiosis |
Hardening of lung due to chronic inhalation of dust particles |
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Black lung disese |
Coal moners respiratory disease. Affected area of lungs show black in xray |
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Silicosis |
General reference to particulates of various sizes are inhaled into lungs |
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Smoke |
Collodial or microscopic dispersion of solid in gas, usually by combustion - Less than 1 microns |
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Aerosols |
Liquid droplettes suspended in air over long time - Ex. hairspray |
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Hydrolysis |
Chemical breakdown of a coumpound due to reaction with water |
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Oxidation |
Loss of electron Oil Rig - oxidation is loss, reduction is gain |
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Pollen |
Fine to coarse powdery substance made up of pollen grains produced by male microgametophytes which produce male gametes (sperm cells) |
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Ringleman scale |
Oldest measurement for particles. Industry standard to measure opacity of smoke - various transparent films lined, from clear to dark. Each put in front of smoke until smoke can't be seen. Higher the number, worse the smoke. |
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Precipitation |
For Particles greater than 5 microns. Charged particles removed electrostatically. Particles forced between two + charged plates, charged dust/dirt removed |
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Scrubbers |
Absorption- particles removed by- enters inside of absorbing matter Ex. Water absorbed by sponge |
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Impingers |
Common technique used to impinge (remove particulates) by physical barrier (baffles) which the particulates matter hits while air is moving ( must be heavy enough to be removed by gravity) |
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Centrifuge |
Centrifugal force. Kinetic motion spins out particulate matter |
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Catalyst ( catalytic conversion) |
An agent that assists/ accelerates a process of chemical reaction without becoming part of reaction. |
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Catalytic converter |
Converts , unburned fossil fuel byproducts (emissions) such as hydrocarbons, CO, NO into CO2, water vapor and nitrogen. |
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Baghouse filter |
Gas filtration device filters out particulates (not gas) by forcing out air through cloth mesh. |
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Particulate dosimetry |
Gives approx concentration of particulates in air. |
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Absorption tubes (draegar tubes) |
Colorimetric tubes. Test I g gas pass through specially treated tube at determined volume. Depending on gas, special reagent turns different color indicating concentration level of tested gas. |
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Anemometer |
Ventilation capacity meter measured in ft3/min, used for make- up air draft capacities (exhaust vents) test wind volume. |
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Explosimeters |
Reads out present concentration of highly volatile gas in given location. Valuable for firemen, hazmat insp, workers of sewer line. |
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High volume particulate sampling |
Measures amount of air taken during specified period of time - used in asbestos monitoring |
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Indicator paper |
Paper treated with special agent to detect concentration levels of tested agent. Litmus paper, test strip etc. |
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Velometer |
Airspeed measure g device - ex. airport wind speed |
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Greenhouse gas |
Gas in atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within thermal infrared range - Water vapor, CO2, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone |
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Chlorofluorocarbon |
Any class consisting of chlorine, fluorine, carbon, used in volatile derivitatives. Commonly known by Freon - used in refrigerants, propellants in aerosol and solvents. Causes ozone depletion on the upper atmosphere |
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Windrose |
Graph of diagramming of wind direction which details magnitude and direction. Used in haz spills |
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Volatile organic compound |
Organic chemicals that has high vapor pressure at normal room temp. This is from low boiling point. Ex. Benzene, ethylene chloride, formaldahyde |
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Clean air act |
1963, enforced by EPA federal law designed to control air pollution |
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Cal air resources board CARB |
1967 - California government clean air agency. Only state allowed to set emission standards under fed clean air act. Other states can adopt cal or fed standard but can't make their own. |
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Pollution effects on atmosphere |
1. Lower visibility, sundown orange 2. Increase odor 3. Dirt and grime build up in CAR and discoloration |
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Pollution effects on human |
1. Provides number one contribution to photochemical smog 2. 70% hydrocarbon pollution 3. Gas vapor at service station can cause 10-15% hydrocarbon release (vapor recovery system helps reduce) |
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Siderosis |
Metal particles inhaled into lung |
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Panoxyacytl nitrate -PAN |
Form of air pollution that causes eye irritation |
