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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Aggression |
Intentional Behavior aimed at the causing harm to someone who is motivated to avoid it. -It is not the same as assertiveness. - harm can be physical or psychological. -Behavior can be physical or verbal. -Success does not determine whether it was an aggressive act or not |
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Hostile aggression |
Reactive. Aggression aimed at inflicting pain or injury |
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Instrumental aggression |
Proactive. Intention to hurt someone in order to accomplish some other goal |
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Direct aggression |
Target of aggressive act is physically present |
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Indirect aggression |
Target of aggressive act is not physically present |
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Active aggression |
Aggressor behaves in a harmful manner |
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Passive aggression |
Aggressor fails to behave in a helpful manner |
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Relational aggression |
Intentionally harming another person social relationships, feelings of acceptance, or inclusion within a group |
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Displaced aggression |
Aggressive act involving a substitute Target |
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Physiological causes of aggression (just the terms) |
Amygdala, prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, impact of alcohol and drugs, pain and discomfort, heightened arousal |
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Amygdala |
Structure in the anterior portion of the temporal lobe associated with fear and aggression |
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Prefrontal cortex |
Area of the brain associated with executive functioning |
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Anterior cingulate cortex |
Structure within the prefrontal cortex that aids in self-regulation |
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Pain and discomfort |
People are more likely to be aggressive when they are uncomfortable. As heat increases so do aggressive tendencies |
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Excitation transfer Theory |
Arousal in one situation can persist and intensify emotional reactions in another |
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Thanatos |
People have an inherent focus on their own mortality, resulting in destructive urges. To protect the self, these urges need to be redirected outward |
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Hydraulic theory/cathartic hypothesis |
Expressions of aggression will reduce subsequent aggressive tendencies |
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Drive theories |
External conditions motivate people to harm others Frustration-aggression hypothesis |
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Frustration-aggression hypothesis |
The blocking of a goal results in frustration which elicits aggressive tendencies |
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Classical conditioning theory of aggression |
Aggressive tendencies are learned when they are paired with a positive outcome |
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Operant conditioning theory of aggression |
Aggressive tendencies are learned through systems of rewards and Punishment |
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Social learning theory of aggression |
Adopting particular behaviors after observing others perform them. Example Bobo doll study |
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Provocation & condescension |
Actions by others that trigger anger in the recipient Expression of arrogance or disdain on the part of others |
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Environmental cues |
Increases accessibility of aggressive cognitive associative networks, thereby influencing subsequent cognitive processes and behavior |
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Social influences on aggression - mass media |
Exposure to violence is associated with aggressive behavior and this is supported by both correlational and experimental research. Impact of age |
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How exposure to violence in Media is associated with aggressive behavior |
Social learning weakens inhibitions new ideas hostile expectation bias neurological activity numbing |
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Personality factors |
Type A personality is more likely to engage in hostile aggression, Not instrumental aggression |
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Hostile attribution bias |
Tendency to interpret ambiguous actions as hostile |
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Cultures of Honor |
Cultures in which social norms indicate that aggression is an appropriate response to attacks on one's honor |
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Reduction in aggression (just the terms) |
- punishment - rewarding alternative Behavior - non-aggressive models - empathy |
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Punishment --- reduction in aggression |
Delivering aversive consequences to individuals when they engage in specific actions |
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Components of punishment for reducing aggression |
Retribution vs deterrence Positive vs negative Severity & effectiveness Frustration & effectiveness Promptness, certainty, strength, justification |
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Rewarding alternative behavior for the reduction of aggression |
Ignore aggression, reward non aggressive behavior |
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Non-aggressive models |
We often determine appropriate behavior by watching others in the situation |
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Empathy for reduction of aggression |
Less aggression towards someone we empathize with |
