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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nation? Nationalism?
Diff in Europe and African natlism |
-group united by fellowness
-nation-state, self determiniation, nation rules itself -Europe has one ethnic group with subgroups. Africa has many ethnicities with a common enemy. |
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African natl needs?
Where did they look? |
-Head and body
-They looked forward to a new Africa (blend styles) and then backward for anti-colonial (first chimunrenga, Maji-Maji) |
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Proto nationalist
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-modernizers, western world view, all male. They wanted a fair shake and to get rid of the ceilings for the colonizers, show the shortcomings of the civilizers. Non-violent, used letters and pen (Diagne, Thuku, Javabu)
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Protonationalist uprisings?
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-protests in rural areas over market boards (bought all of crop than sold it on world market for more $) and in urban (copper belt strikes, harbor strikes, railway strikes). Highly successful and solidarity
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Builders on proto-nationalists
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-Nkrumah of Ghana
-Kenyatta of Kenya -Nyerere of Tanzania -Kaunda of Zambia -Senghor of Sengal |
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Patterns of democracy?
French? British? |
-peaceful (60s and bloody (75-94)
-They became weary of the demands and by 1960 made all of its colonies independent. Had had probs with Algeria too, too much -"Veranda Boys"-young activists passing out broadsides -Kenya was diff, part settler col, part not. "White Highlands". And part peaceful and part not. |
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Probs with first democ pres in Af
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-Hopes not sustainable
-Transfer disappointment to Africans “Inevitably, the people are going to be disillusioned, and it’s better they should be disillusioned as a result of the failure of their own people..." |
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SA: Background
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-Dutch establish post for re-provision of ships, 1652. Mission Villages for African converts. Genadendal, Betheldorp, Kuruman.
-British take over in 1800 push the Dutch inland. British abolish slavery which causes the Dutch to relocate, “The Great Trek.” 1830-1840. The Zulu respond militarily. -Diamonds and gold found in 1867 & 1887 -“The Boer War”(1899-1902) was a fight between the English & Dutch for control. Treaty in 1910 forms The Union of South Africa. |
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SA: Before WWI
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-Europe moves away from white supremacy, but SA moves towards it.
They created apartheid, which means "apartness" and its not the same as segregation |
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SA: Segregation
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-seg is response to rapid urbanization. it is like unequal integration because groups are connected economically
-seg is white supremacy adapted to the modern world, only can go so far -3 SA ways: Unequal division of land, Low wages, white monopoly on political power. |
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SA: Shift to Apartheid
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-Some associate with Afrikaner Nationalist Party of 1948, but earlier evidence
-Racial discrimination central to party identity. Made permanant, and enacted legislation to accomplish -No intermarriage, seperation of anemites, Bantu education -Then "Grand Ap" by Verwoerd and Vorster. Creation of "Homelands" with sep govt. No common pol future and elaborate unequal integration |
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ACtivists in 50s
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-Mandela comes out, young and active against them. Escalated protest, "program of action" and "defiance campaign"
-Wrote the freedom charter 55, a non-racial constitution -Climax in Sharpesville, police kill unarmed protestors in 1960, ANC banned. Draconian tactics. SA polarzied, Mandela on trial 1964. |
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Resistance to indep?
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-Came mainly from settler colonies because they had something to lose. Many from Port.
-Portugal was poor and needed resources. They crushed African pol movements so they quickly moved to violence |
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Angola and Mozam I
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-first ones to rebel against port. FRELIMO: Front for Liber of Mozam
-In Angola, three diff armed movements, FNLA (North, Congolese), MPLA (Central, Kimbunda, Marxist) and UNITA (Highlands and east) |
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Angola and Mozam II
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-Coup in 1974 in port ends empire. Mozam smooth X to FRELIMO, but in Angola it is not. MPLA ends up on top. Mozam in civil war until 1990s, conflict continued. And in Angola as well, assasinations
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Southern Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe
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-created Central African Fred, 55-63. Econ union of now Zim, Zam, and Malawi (S, N Rhod and Nyasaland). Did not work. White rhodesia declares indep from Britain Nov 11 1965. UN sanctions
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Southern Rhodesia next phase
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-Banned all pol parties, ZANU and ZAPU. At first Smith did well. But then Second Chimuernga led by Mugabe from bases in Mozam.
-War deepened, million refugees. Ian Smith eventually negotiates elections and Mugabe wins in Apr 1980. |
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South West Africa (Namibia)
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-Administered by SA after WWII
-Low level resistance intensified when the angola struggle spilled over the borders, SA involved -UN calls for election in 1980 to remove SA. |
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First Years of Indep
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-High hopes, majority had it. Great expectations, high particip, and lots energy
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State Appartus of first years of Indep
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-Geared for intervention. Take over shit and use it to African advantage
-Profits from resources for real development. Some african socialism in Tanzania and Ghana. Built on African values (Arusha Declaration, Ujamaa-forced villagization) -Unsucessful, but created a big state and good for nationalist unity -"Para-statal" blend of private and government. Put a state official in charge of factory they get paid from profits, sucessful for a while. - |
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Econ Growth of Africa first years indep
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-GNP of all grew into 60s and early 70s, 2-3% per year
-But no diversity or development of domestic markets. Would later be disatrous -But prices were good in world. Schools and health care built, universities.New currency, new leaders, prosperous villages |
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Omens for first years of indep
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-Investment only in status symbol projects, not in ongoing development
-Developed a sense of identity and initially "tolerant" of opposition" but as things slid downward more and more opposition. |
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Implications of a govt designed for export
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-Fewer opportunities to make a living. Govt positions became prime. Stay in power as long as possible, and don't rock the boat if your in opposition
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Authoritarianism after first years of indep
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-Western powers left behind a weak parliamentary sys. 70s and 80s, one party state became common. All great ones move toward it, and at worst turned into a brutal dictatorship. Gave stability even though bad, and so the people tolerate it
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1970s for Africa?
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-modest prog -> prolonged crisis. World economy down, interest rates rise, Africa borrowed too much. Trade down
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Zambia in 70s decline
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-Copper 90% of export. Needed oil, have to sell more to stay even. Conflicts
-Then had to borrow from World Bank and IMF, they nix nationalization, reduce budgets and make export cheaper, pay off debts. Life gets hard, debt crisis |
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Internal pressures for democracy during 80s and 90s
-generated by Africans themselves |
1) Econ crisis caused by world recession, mismanage and thin resources
2) Popular protest about econ hardships (students, trade unions, urban, etc) 3) Crack-down by govt (but money runs out) 4) Protesters organize in pol parties. 5) Pol liberalization, privatize media, let off steam 6) Opposition does not stop and keeps going. "National conference" when everyone gets together and talks. Platform, and uniquely African |
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External pressures (change in Afr corresponds to outside world)
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-End of Cold War, assistance from West is the only game (IMF and WB central)
-Alliance between world bankers and urban poor to rid closed regimes for different reasons. Pressure from IMF to multi-party elections, free media -More democ from Africans themselves. NOT VICTIMS |
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Democ movements in 90s
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-high water mark, military govts oneby one step aside. BUT African democracy does not turn into western style because of neopatrimonialism.
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Patrimonialism/Neo
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-Individual rules by personal power, ordinary folk are extensions of big mans household, distributes favors to loyal followers. Ruler dominates and stands above the law, acquires wealth rather than serve the people
-Neo is chief executive and his inner circle undermine the mdoern state by using it for patronage and client practices -Informal structures more powerful than formal ones -Incorporation of patrimonial logic into bureaucratic instit |
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Beginning Changes in SA to democ
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-Low Level guerilla war "Black Concious"
-Civil insurrection, Soweto mass protests because of Afrikaans language instead of English. -SA made cautious reforms, neo-apart by Botha. No passbooks ended all white parlia in 83. -Legalize black labor unions in order to negotiate and control but does not work -Then international community pressure. Sanctions, withdrawl of investments, boycotts, deny visas. Popular songs, free mandela rallies. |
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Compromise in SA with Mandela
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-Mandela cultivated reformists in hispower structure and moved faster than his colleagues in ANC
-Botha invites him in 89 for talks. Then De Klerk in 2/2/90 frees mandela, legalizes all pol parties, and stops apartheid. Changes everything -Mandela took a risk when he negotiated with SA. Many in SA opposed. Slow transition to do it |
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First Elections in SA
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-Violence leading up to elections, rumors of coup fighting between ANC and ZULu freedom party
-But elections occur 1994, Mandela wins -But SA massive problems. Crime, class discrim, HIV/AIDS. But stability and economic progress |
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Rwanda background genocide
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-Hutu: original inhab Bantu farmers. Incorp many ethnic groups and pol orgs, all incorp into kingdom of Rwanda in late Iron
-Tutsi: Came from North and East in 15th. Gradual interaction, not take over, from Ethopia. Tutsi held their wealth in cattle and established power over Hutu (tutsi=aristocracy, but mixed ethnic) -Both groups speak same language. Conflict eventually between Rwanda and Burundi so they split. Same peoples -Tutsi tall and slender, Hutu short and stout. Important to genoc, could not tell apart because of intermarriage |
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Colonial fr Rwanda
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-Germans and Belgians elevate the Tutsi as chiefs, as natural aristocrats, racial style.
-Education system run by RC church favors Tutsi, became Western educated elite -Belgians formalized ethnic idenitty by issuing ID cards several years before indep. Caste system. |
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Indep movements in Rwanda
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-Tutsi begin in 50s to ask for indep. But so do Hutu, called for double liberation from Tutsi and Bazungu. Riots ensued, overthrew the Tutsi chiefs. Belgians then backed the Hutu and rolled out.
-Small sacale killing between 59-63. Drove Tutsi into Uganda, approx 600K. RPF formed. |
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Independent Rwanda 70s to genoc
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-Econ problems of 70s began, Burundi mass killings of Hutu by Tutsi drove more Hutu into Rwanda. 73, coup brought Habyarimana into power for 21 years. in 1990, RPF invade Rwanda from base in Uganda
-Civil war from 90-94. Fear of invasion, daily broadcasts of propaganda saying Tutsis are coming so kill them first. Rwanda was losing battles, and Hutu pres of Burundi assas. -Peace negotiated by Pres of RW but he is shot down in his place. Not sure who did it, but Tutsis blamed. Some think Hutu did it because of compro |
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Genocide
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-Hutu moderates killed first, 50K. Then Army and urban poor youths for money drafted. "Cockroaches, vermin, filth". Neighbors kill neighbors (hatred for oneself). The world did nothing
-Moved from village to village just murdering everything, round them up and kill them -Ends when RPF takes the capital. 2 million Hutu flee to congo and destablize it. -Internal prosecution but very slow -Reluctance to testify and much fear of reprisal |
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Disease impacts Africa history
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-Warm climate all year around. Chronic disease like Malaria, Yellow, Ebola
-AIDS is different because true pandemic. African more than others, even if gone today decades to recover -massive deaths, 2008-1.4 mill. 22.4 mil live with it. 80% of infection in AFrica, SA has highest rate |
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Independent Rwanda 70s to genoc
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-Econ problems of 70s began, Burundi mass killings of Hutu by Tutsi drove more Hutu into Rwanda. 73, coup brought Habyarimana into power for 21 years. in 1990, RPF invade Rwanda from base in Uganda
-Civil war from 90-94. Fear of invasion, daily broadcasts of propaganda saying Tutsis are coming so kill them first. Rwanda was losing battles, and Hutu pres of Burundi assas. -Peace negotiated by Pres of RW but he is shot down in his place. Not sure who did it, but Tutsis blamed. Some think Hutu did it because of compro |
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Why rapid spread in Africa
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-Not recognized at first, no tracking systems, and AIDS presents as secondary infection after TB and pneumonia. Easy to deny and not change behavior
-Sex and drugs, hetero and child is bigger. Migrant labor patterns and poverty, and cultural expectations for women. Low status, sometimes sex for favors diff between life and death. Difficult to say no. |
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Genocide
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-Hutu moderates killed first, 50K. Then Army and urban poor youths for money drafted. "Cockroaches, vermin, filth". Neighbors kill neighbors (hatred for oneself). The world did nothing
-Moved from village to village just murdering everything, round them up and kill them -Ends when RPF takes the capital. 2 million Hutu flee to congo and destablize it. -Internal prosecution but very slow -Reluctance to testify and much fear of reprisal |
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Independent Rwanda 70s to genoc
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-Econ problems of 70s began, Burundi mass killings of Hutu by Tutsi drove more Hutu into Rwanda. 73, coup brought Habyarimana into power for 21 years. in 1990, RPF invade Rwanda from base in Uganda
-Civil war from 90-94. Fear of invasion, daily broadcasts of propaganda saying Tutsis are coming so kill them first. Rwanda was losing battles, and Hutu pres of Burundi assas. -Peace negotiated by Pres of RW but he is shot down in his place. Not sure who did it, but Tutsis blamed. Some think Hutu did it because of compro |
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Disease impacts Africa history
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-Warm climate all year around. Chronic disease like Malaria, Yellow, Ebola
-AIDS is different because true pandemic. African more than others, even if gone today decades to recover -massive deaths, 2008-1.4 mill. 22.4 mil live with it. 80% of infection in AFrica, SA has highest rate |
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Genocide
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-Hutu moderates killed first, 50K. Then Army and urban poor youths for money drafted. "Cockroaches, vermin, filth". Neighbors kill neighbors (hatred for oneself). The world did nothing
-Moved from village to village just murdering everything, round them up and kill them -Ends when RPF takes the capital. 2 million Hutu flee to congo and destablize it. -Internal prosecution but very slow -Reluctance to testify and much fear of reprisal |
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Independent Rwanda 70s to genoc
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-Econ problems of 70s began, Burundi mass killings of Hutu by Tutsi drove more Hutu into Rwanda. 73, coup brought Habyarimana into power for 21 years. in 1990, RPF invade Rwanda from base in Uganda
-Civil war from 90-94. Fear of invasion, daily broadcasts of propaganda saying Tutsis are coming so kill them first. Rwanda was losing battles, and Hutu pres of Burundi assas. -Peace negotiated by Pres of RW but he is shot down in his place. Not sure who did it, but Tutsis blamed. Some think Hutu did it because of compro |
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Why rapid spread in Africa
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-Not recognized at first, no tracking systems, and AIDS presents as secondary infection after TB and pneumonia. Easy to deny and not change behavior
-Sex and drugs, hetero and child is bigger. Migrant labor patterns and poverty, and cultural expectations for women. Low status, sometimes sex for favors diff between life and death. Difficult to say no. |
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Disease impacts Africa history
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-Warm climate all year around. Chronic disease like Malaria, Yellow, Ebola
-AIDS is different because true pandemic. African more than others, even if gone today decades to recover -massive deaths, 2008-1.4 mill. 22.4 mil live with it. 80% of infection in AFrica, SA has highest rate |
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Genocide
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-Hutu moderates killed first, 50K. Then Army and urban poor youths for money drafted. "Cockroaches, vermin, filth". Neighbors kill neighbors (hatred for oneself). The world did nothing
-Moved from village to village just murdering everything, round them up and kill them -Ends when RPF takes the capital. 2 million Hutu flee to congo and destablize it. -Internal prosecution but very slow -Reluctance to testify and much fear of reprisal |
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Why rapid spread in Africa
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-Not recognized at first, no tracking systems, and AIDS presents as secondary infection after TB and pneumonia. Easy to deny and not change behavior
-Sex and drugs, hetero and child is bigger. Migrant labor patterns and poverty, and cultural expectations for women. Low status, sometimes sex for favors diff between life and death. Difficult to say no. |
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|
Disease impacts Africa history
|
-Warm climate all year around. Chronic disease like Malaria, Yellow, Ebola
-AIDS is different because true pandemic. African more than others, even if gone today decades to recover -massive deaths, 2008-1.4 mill. 22.4 mil live with it. 80% of infection in AFrica, SA has highest rate |
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Why rapid spread in Africa
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-Not recognized at first, no tracking systems, and AIDS presents as secondary infection after TB and pneumonia. Easy to deny and not change behavior
-Sex and drugs, hetero and child is bigger. Migrant labor patterns and poverty, and cultural expectations for women. Low status, sometimes sex for favors diff between life and death. Difficult to say no. |
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Independent Rwanda 70s to genoc
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-Econ problems of 70s began, Burundi mass killings of Hutu by Tutsi drove more Hutu into Rwanda. 73, coup brought Habyarimana into power for 21 years. in 1990, RPF invade Rwanda from base in Uganda
-Civil war from 90-94. Fear of invasion, daily broadcasts of propaganda saying Tutsis are coming so kill them first. Rwanda was losing battles, and Hutu pres of Burundi assas. -Peace negotiated by Pres of RW but he is shot down in his place. Not sure who did it, but Tutsis blamed. Some think Hutu did it because of compro |
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Genocide
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-Hutu moderates killed first, 50K. Then Army and urban poor youths for money drafted. "Cockroaches, vermin, filth". Neighbors kill neighbors (hatred for oneself). The world did nothing
-Moved from village to village just murdering everything, round them up and kill them -Ends when RPF takes the capital. 2 million Hutu flee to congo and destablize it. -Internal prosecution but very slow -Reluctance to testify and much fear of reprisal |
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Disease impacts Africa history
|
-Warm climate all year around. Chronic disease like Malaria, Yellow, Ebola
-AIDS is different because true pandemic. African more than others, even if gone today decades to recover -massive deaths, 2008-1.4 mill. 22.4 mil live with it. 80% of infection in AFrica, SA has highest rate |
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Why rapid spread in Africa
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-Not recognized at first, no tracking systems, and AIDS presents as secondary infection after TB and pneumonia. Easy to deny and not change behavior
-Sex and drugs, hetero and child is bigger. Migrant labor patterns and poverty, and cultural expectations for women. Low status, sometimes sex for favors diff between life and death. Difficult to say no. |
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Independent Rwanda 70s to genoc
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-Econ problems of 70s began, Burundi mass killings of Hutu by Tutsi drove more Hutu into Rwanda. 73, coup brought Habyarimana into power for 21 years. in 1990, RPF invade Rwanda from base in Uganda
-Civil war from 90-94. Fear of invasion, daily broadcasts of propaganda saying Tutsis are coming so kill them first. Rwanda was losing battles, and Hutu pres of Burundi assas. -Peace negotiated by Pres of RW but he is shot down in his place. Not sure who did it, but Tutsis blamed. Some think Hutu did it because of compro |
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Genocide
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-Hutu moderates killed first, 50K. Then Army and urban poor youths for money drafted. "Cockroaches, vermin, filth". Neighbors kill neighbors (hatred for oneself). The world did nothing
-Moved from village to village just murdering everything, round them up and kill them -Ends when RPF takes the capital. 2 million Hutu flee to congo and destablize it. -Internal prosecution but very slow -Reluctance to testify and much fear of reprisal |
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|
Disease impacts Africa history
|
-Warm climate all year around. Chronic disease like Malaria, Yellow, Ebola
-AIDS is different because true pandemic. African more than others, even if gone today decades to recover -massive deaths, 2008-1.4 mill. 22.4 mil live with it. 80% of infection in AFrica, SA has highest rate |
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Why rapid spread in Africa
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-Not recognized at first, no tracking systems, and AIDS presents as secondary infection after TB and pneumonia. Easy to deny and not change behavior
-Sex and drugs, hetero and child is bigger. Migrant labor patterns and poverty, and cultural expectations for women. Low status, sometimes sex for favors diff between life and death. Difficult to say no. |
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Impact of AIDS
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-Effects everyone, quiet withdrawal. Costs to health care and funerals for employers, loss of skilled people, fewer teachers, production costs up, consumer spending down. Food produc reduced and orphans
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Hope for AIDS
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-Anti-retro virals, education tach about causes and prevention.
-Address stigma and correct misinform. Leadership critical -Senegal and Uganda crushing it. Aggressive education, and Sengeal progressives legalize prostit with testing, and conserv muslims teach -Uganda says zero grazing, but ABCs (Abstin, Being faithful, condoms) -Asunta Wagura, women with aids. more awareness |
