Adaptations

Front 1

Adaptation

A heritable characteristic of an organism that has evolved over time by the process of _____ _____ and improves an individual organism’s chances of survival and reproduction in the prevailing environment.

Back 1

Natural selection

Front 2

Natural Selection

The differential _________ and __________success of individuals within a population.

Back 2

Survival and reproductive

Front 3

Evolution

A change in ______ frequencies within a ______ over time.

Back 3

Alleles, population

Front 4

Natural Selection

The differential _________ and __________success of individuals within a population.

Back 4

Survival and reproductive

Front 5

Fitness

Back 5

The fitness of an individual is measured by the proportionate contribution it makes to future generations

Front 6

Positive Assortative mating

Back 6

Tends to increase the frequency of homozygotes for that particular trait

Front 7

Negative Assortative mating

Back 7

Tends to increase the frequency of heterozygotes for that particular trait

Front 8

Negative Assortative mating

Back 8

Tends to increase the frequency of heterozygotes for that particular trait

Front 9

Inbreeding

Back 9

Increases homozygocity at all loci

Front 10

Genetic Differentiation

Back 10

When genetic variation occurs among subpopulations of the same species

Front 11

Cline

Back 11

•Gradual Change over a geographic area in average phenotypic character

Front 12

Ecotype

Back 12

Population adapted to its unique local environment

•Often a result of abrupt changes in habitat

Front 13

Geographic isolates

Back 13

•Subpopulations that are separated by some barrier that prevents the free flow of genes, resulting in subspecies

Front 14

Adaptive Radiation

Back 14

The process by which one species can give rise to multiple species that exploit different features of the environment through natural selection

Front 15

What is an estuary?

Back 15

Fresh water river meet a marine body of water

Front 16

Which of the following best describes an ecological community?

Back 16

c.The interaction of all of the living species within a particular geographic area.

Front 17

What 2 components of a region’s climate are primary in determining the amount and types of vegetation in a terrestrial ecosystem?

Back 17

Precipitation and temperature

Front 18

What 2 components of a region’s climate are primary in determining the amount and types of vegetation in a terrestrial ecosystem?

Back 18

Precipitation and temperature

Front 19

Climate

Back 19

characteristic of the physical environment that influences a particular terrestrial ecosystem.

Front 20

The amount of solar radiation striking a point on the earth’s surface changes with

Back 20

Season and latitude

Front 21

___________ _________________ is the initial energy source for life in most of the earth’s ecosystems.

Back 21

Solar Radiation

Front 22

Adiabatic cooling

Back 22

The process of reducing heat through a change in air pressure caused by volume expansion.

Front 23

The 2 most important regions (as far as climate) are the stratosphere and the troposphere. Why?

Back 23

That's where weather occurs and most life lives

Front 24

environmental stochasticity

Back 24

Ok

Front 25

Discuss the process of scientific methods

Back 25

On

Front 26

Environmentalism

Back 26

Ok

Front 27

ecology

Back 27

Ok

Front 28

environment

Back 28

Ok

Front 29

species

Back 29

Ok

Front 30

population

Back 30

Ok

Front 31

ecosystem

Back 31

Ok

Front 32

landscape

Back 32

Ok

Front 33

biome

Back 33

Ok

Front 34

biosphere

Back 34

Ok

Front 35

Abiotic

Back 35

Non-living, a parent material (rock)

Front 36

Biotic

Back 36

Plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria

Front 37

Where on earth is/are the tropics, the temperate zones, the artic zone, the Antarctic zone?

Back 37

Ok

Front 38

Climate vs Weather

Back 38

Ok

Front 39

Describe the greenhouse effect?

Back 39

Ok

Front 40

What part (wavelength range) of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum do plants use to conduct photosynthesis?

Back 40

Visible light

Front 41

Describe why the amount of solar radiation that hits the earth varies seasonally in the northern and southern hemispheres? (Essentially I want to know why it’s winter in the northern hemisphere when it’s summer in the southern hemisphere.)

Back 41

Ok

Front 42

Define atmospheric pressure. What happens to atmospheric pressure as altitude increases?

Back 42

Ok

Front 43

. Explain why the amount of solar energy that reaches a given area of the earth’s surface decreases with increasing latitude (going from the equator towards the poles). There are two reasons for this that you should be able to discuss.

Back 43

Ok

Front 44

Explain the concept of the environmental lapse rate and describe the two major factors that influence the environmental lapse rate. (Why does air generally get cooler with increasing altitude?)

Back 44

Ok

Front 45

Describe the Coriolis Effect and how it influences the movement of air masses and water currents in both the northern and southern hemispheres. And explain how this movement of air masses and water currents might affect climate in a particular region.

Back 45

Ok

Front 46

What effect does temperature have on the amount of water vapor that air can hold?

Back 46

Ok

Front 47

What effect does temperature have on the amount of water vapor that air can hold?

Back 47

Ok

Front 48

​evaporation

​

Back 48

Ok

Front 49

​condensation

Back 49

Ok

Front 50

​vapor pressure

Back 50

Ok

Front 51

​

​relative humidity

Back 51

Ok

Front 52

​dew point temperature

Back 52

Ok

Front 53

What is microclimate?

Back 53

A climate within a regions climate

Front 54

Describe the rain shadow effect? Define windward and leeward.

Back 54

Ok

Front 55

Hydrogen bond

Back 55

Ok

Front 56

Covalent chemical bond

Back 56

Ok

Front 57

Polar covalent chemical bond

Back 57

Ok

Front 58

Precipitation

Back 58

Ok

Front 59

​Transpiration

Back 59

Ok

Front 60

​Evaporation

Back 60

Ok

Front 61

​Evapotranspiration

​

Back 61

Ok

Front 62

​interception

Back 62

Ok

Front 63

​infiltration

Back 63

Ok

Front 64

​vapor transport

​

Back 64

Ok

Front 65

​reservoir

​

Back 65

Ok

Front 66

runoff

Back 66

Ok

Front 67

. Define specific heat and describe how the high specific heat of water can lead to more stable temperature in aquatic environments

Back 67

Ok

Front 68

Does water become more or less dense as it cools? There actually isn’t a simple answer to this question. Read page 38 of your text and review figure 3.4.

Back 68

The solid form of water is less dense than its liquid form, it takes a lot of energy or heat loss to acquire this change.

Front 69

Explain how cohesion results in surface tension of a body of water. Provide an example of how surface tension is important for some organisms.

Back 69

Acts as a barrier

Front 70

15. Explain how buoyancy has impacted the evolutionary adaptations of aquatic plants and animals; compare this to adaptations required of terrestrial plants and animals.

Back 70

Ok

Front 71

Define: metalimnion, thermocline, epilimnion, hypolimnion

Back 71

Epilimnion- closer to surface, abundant life and plants

Thermocline- drop in temperature

Hypo- lowest temperature and darkest region, organisms have adapted to environment

Front 72

What is the intertidal zone? Describe some of the extreme challenges to animals living in the intertidal zone.

Back 72

Ok

Front 73

The fall turnover does not occur in tropical waters, why not?

Back 73

The weather is constant and therefore all is constant

Front 74

Describe the process of fall turnover in lakes and ponds within the temperature zones of the earth.

Back 74

Ok

Front 75

Why does the thermocline function as an effective barrier that some aquatic organisms cannot penetrate?

Back 75

They are unable to regulate homeostasis due to the rapid change in colder temperatures

Front 76

Which is capable of holding more oxygen, cold water or warm water? Which typically has a higher level of dissolved oxygen, rapidly flowing water or still water?

Back 76

Ok

Front 77

Describe 2 physical and 2 chemical features of a terrestrial environment.

Back 77

Ok

Front 78

We discussed 4 unique challenges that organisms had to overcome in order to colonize terrestrial habitats. List these four unique challenges of terrestrial organisms.

Back 78

Ok

Front 79

Through which structures to plants exchange gases with the atmosphere?

Back 79

Ok

Front 80

. Describe adaptations of plants and animals that help them to remain upright against the force of gravity in terrestrial environments.

Back 80

Ok

Front 81

. Describe adaptations of plants and animals that help them to remain upright against the force of gravity in terrestrial environments.

Back 81

Ok

Front 82

Diurnal

Back 82

Ok

Front 83

Explain how variability in weather can present challenges to plants and animals diurnally, seasonally, and spatially.

Back 83

Ok

Front 84

Soil

Back 84

A combination of abiotic and biotic factors that layer an environment based on various parent materials

Front 85

regolith

Back 85

Ok

Front 86

What are the 5 factors that influence soil formation?

Back 86

Ok

Front 87

Contrast the processes of mechanical and chemical weathering in soil formation.

Back 87

Ok

Front 88

Why does the 5 factors of soil formation lead to the formation of different types of soil in various geographic regions

Back 88

The type of soil, along with climatic factors, influences the large-scale distribution of plants and animals in terrestrial ecosystems

Front 89

What is the biological unit that undergoes the process of evolution?

Back 89

Population

Front 90

In ecology, what defines an organism’s fitness?

Back 90

Ok

Front 91

n the process of natural selection, what is the target of selection? what is the selective agent?

Back 91

Ok

Front 92

What five conditions are required for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Back 92

Ok

Front 93

Describe phenotypic plasticity.

Back 93

Ok

Front 94

Contrast directional selection, stabilizing selection, disruptive selection.

Back 94

Ok