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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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pH |
A measure of H+ ions |
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Normal pH of blood |
7.35-7.45 |
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PaCO2 |
Level of CO2 in the blood |
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Normal PaCO2 in the blood? |
35%-45% |
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SaO2 |
Oxygen saturation Percentage of hemoglobin that is carrying as much O2 as possible |
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What is a normal oxygen saturation? |
95%-99% |
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Base excess |
A measure of how well the blood buffers are managing metabolic acids |
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HCO3- |
The major buffer in the extracellular fluid A base Bicarbonate |
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Laboratory findings typical of respiratory acidosis |
PaCO2 >45mm hg pH <7.35 HCO3- normal |
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Symptoms of respiratory acidosis |
Headache, light headed, disorientation, dysrhythmias, hyperflexia/twitching, rapid shallow breathing |
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Laboratory findings typical of respiratory alkalosis |
pH >7.45 PaCO2 <35mm Hg HCO3- normal |
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Symptoms of respiratory alkalosis |
Light headed, numbness, tingling of fingers, toes, and circumoral region, increased respiration rate and depth, excitement and confusion possibly followed by decreased level of consciousness, tachycardia, dysrhythmias, tinnitus |
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Laboratory findings typical of metabolic acidosis |
pH <7.35 PaCO2 normal HCO3- <22mEq/L |
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Symptoms of metabolic acidosis |
Lowered LOC (confusion, drowsiness), abdominal pain, dysrhythmias, increased respiration rate and depth, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea |
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Laboratory findings typical of metabolic alkalosis |
pH >7.45 PaCO2 normal HCO3- >26mEq/L K+ <3.5mEq/L |
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Symptoms of metabolic alkalosis |
Light headed, numbness and tingling of fingers, toes, and circumoral region, muscle cramps, tremors, possible excitement and confusion followed by dizziness irritability and decreased LOC, dysrhythmias |
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What imbalance correlates with hypoventilation? |
Respiratory acidosis |
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What imbalance correlates with hyperventilation? |
Respiratory alkalosis |
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What imbalance correlates with renal failure, liver failure, pancreatitis, and dehydration? |
Metabolic acidosis |
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What imbalance correlates with vomiting and GI suction? |
Metabolic alkalosis |
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What imbalance is linked to hypokalemia? |
Metabolic alkalosis |
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What imbalance is caused by diarrhea? |
Metabolic acidosis |
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What imbalance can be caused by vomiting? |
Metabolic alkalosis |
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What imbalance can be caused by NG suctioning? |
Metabolic alkalosis |
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What imbalance can be caused by opioid overdose? How? |
Hypoventilation leading to respiratory acidosis |
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What imbalance can be caused by fasting and dieting? |
Metabolic acidosis |
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How is metabolic acidosis treated? |
Sodium bicarbonate |
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Normal pH of gastric juices |
1-2 |
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Normal pH of intestinal juices |
>7 |
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Normal pH of urine |
4.6-8.0 |
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Blood pH in alkalosis |
>7.45 |
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Blood pH in acidosis |
<7.35 |
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Mechanisms that maintain blood pH in order of action |
1. Chemical regulation (bicarbonate buffer system) 2. Respiratory regulation 3. Renal regulation |
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Normal ABG ranges |
pH: 7.35-7.45 PaCO2: 35-45mm Hg HCO3-: 22-26mm Hg |
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Causes of respiratory acidosis |
COPD, opioid/sedative overdose, post-op pain, obstructed airway |
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Causes of respiratory alkalosis |
Anxiety, fear, pulmonary embolism, increased metabolic demand due to fever |
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Causes of metabolic acidosis |
Renal failure, pancreatitis, diabetes, dieting, alcoholism, diarrhea, ileostomy |
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How is metabolic acidosis treated? |
Sodium bicarbonate If diabetic, rapid acting insulin |
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Causes of metabolic alkalosis |
Hypokalemia, long term use of steroids, severe vomiting, excessive GI suctioning |
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Treatment for metabolic alkalosis |
NS IV fluids with electrolytes, antiemetic drugs, removal of NG tube |
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How to determine between metabolic or respiratory imbalance? |
If PaCO2 goes in the opposite direction of pH, the issue is respiratory. If PaCO2 remains normal or moves in the same direction as pH, the issue is metabolic in nature. |
