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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the rule of thumb for accidental hypothermia |
Mild hypothermia requires passive rewarming.
Moderate to severe hypothermia requires active rewarming |
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What’s hypothermia? |
When core body temperature drops below 35 degrees Celsius |
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Swiss stages of hypothermia |
HT I 35°C to 32°C Mild Conscious, shivering HT II 32°C to 28°C Moderate Impaired consciousness, not shivering HT III 28°C to 24°C Severe Unconscious, not shivering, vital signs present HT IV Less than 24°C Cardiac arrest/Low flow state No or minimal vital signs |
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Why is temperature homeostasis so important |
Optimal body matters metabolism and function works better at core body temperature |
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How is heat generated? |
By metabolic processes that occur within the tissues of the body, such as fat and muscle |
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How is heat generated? |
By metabolic processes that occur within the tissues of the body, such as fat and muscle |
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Define metabolic rate in relation to heat |
Metabolic rate refers to the rate of heat liberated during these chemical reactions |
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How is heat generated? |
By metabolic processes that occur within the tissues of the body, such as fat and muscle |
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Define metabolic rate in relation to heat |
Metabolic rate refers to the rate of heat liberated during these chemical reactions |
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In a cold environment, involuntary contraction and expansion of muscle groups generates warmth. This process is known as shivering. |
True |
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How is heat generated? |
By metabolic processes that occur within the tissues of the body, such as fat and muscle |
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Define metabolic rate in relation to heat |
Metabolic rate refers to the rate of heat liberated during these chemical reactions |
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In a cold environment, involuntary contraction and expansion of muscle groups generates warmth. This process is known as shivering. |
True |
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How is heat lost from the body |
Radiation Conduction Convection Evaporation |
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How is heat generated? |
By metabolic processes that occur within the tissues of the body, such as fat and muscle |
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Define metabolic rate in relation to heat |
Metabolic rate refers to the rate of heat liberated during these chemical reactions |
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In a cold environment, involuntary contraction and expansion of muscle groups generates warmth. This process is known as shivering. |
True |
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How is heat lost from the body |
Radiation Conduction Convection Evaporation |
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Define loss of heat via radiation |
Loss of heat may occur in the form of infrared radiation. If the body temperature is greater than surrounding objects then heat is lost by radiation to these objects. For example, a person inside a room may lose heat to a cold wall. |
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How is heat generated? |
By metabolic processes that occur within the tissues of the body, such as fat and muscle |
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Define metabolic rate in relation to heat |
Metabolic rate refers to the rate of heat liberated during these chemical reactions |
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In a cold environment, involuntary contraction and expansion of muscle groups generates warmth. This process is known as shivering. |
True |
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How is heat lost from the body |
Radiation Conduction Convection Evaporation |
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Define loss of heat via radiation |
Loss of heat may occur in the form of infrared radiation. If the body temperature is greater than surrounding objects then heat is lost by radiation to these objects. For example, a person inside a room may lose heat to a cold wall. |
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Heat loss through conduction involves what |
Heat may be lost to objects close to the skin, such as a chair, a bed, or the floor. Heat may also be lost by conduction to the surrounding air.
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How is heat generated? |
By metabolic processes that occur within the tissues of the body, such as fat and muscle |
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Define metabolic rate in relation to heat |
Metabolic rate refers to the rate of heat liberated during these chemical reactions |
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In a cold environment, involuntary contraction and expansion of muscle groups generates warmth. This process is known as shivering. |
True |
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How is heat lost from the body |
Radiation Conduction Convection Evaporation |
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Define loss of heat via radiation |
Loss of heat may occur in the form of infrared radiation. If the body temperature is greater than surrounding objects then heat is lost by radiation to these objects. For example, a person inside a room may lose heat to a cold wall. |
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Heat loss through conduction involves what |
Heat may be lost to objects close to the skin, such as a chair, a bed, or the floor. Heat may also be lost by conduction to the surrounding air.
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What is heat loss through convection |
There is usually a thin layer of air that surrounds the skin. This air is warmed by conduction. However, the wind is able to remove this warm air and replace it with colder air. Convection refers to the removal of body heat by air currents.
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How is heat generated? |
By metabolic processes that occur within the tissues of the body, such as fat and muscle |
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Define metabolic rate in relation to heat |
Metabolic rate refers to the rate of heat liberated during these chemical reactions |
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|
In a cold environment, involuntary contraction and expansion of muscle groups generates warmth. This process is known as shivering. |
True |
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How is heat lost from the body |
Radiation Conduction Convection Evaporation |
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|
Define loss of heat via radiation |
Loss of heat may occur in the form of infrared radiation. If the body temperature is greater than surrounding objects then heat is lost by radiation to these objects. For example, a person inside a room may lose heat to a cold wall. |
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Heat loss through conduction involves what |
Heat may be lost to objects close to the skin, such as a chair, a bed, or the floor. Heat may also be lost by conduction to the surrounding air.
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What is heat loss through convection |
There is usually a thin layer of air that surrounds the skin. This air is warmed by conduction. However, the wind is able to remove this warm air and replace it with colder air. Convection refers to the removal of body heat by air currents.
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Evaporation of heat occurs via what |
Heat may be lost by evaporation of water from the body. |
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How is heat generated? |
By metabolic processes that occur within the tissues of the body, such as fat and muscle |
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Define metabolic rate in relation to heat |
Metabolic rate refers to the rate of heat liberated during these chemical reactions |
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In a cold environment, involuntary contraction and expansion of muscle groups generates warmth. This process is known as shivering. |
True |
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How is heat lost from the body |
Radiation Conduction Convection Evaporation |
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Define loss of heat via radiation |
Loss of heat may occur in the form of infrared radiation. If the body temperature is greater than surrounding objects then heat is lost by radiation to these objects. For example, a person inside a room may lose heat to a cold wall. |
|
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Heat loss through conduction involves what |
Heat may be lost to objects close to the skin, such as a chair, a bed, or the floor. Heat may also be lost by conduction to the surrounding air.
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What is heat loss through convection |
There is usually a thin layer of air that surrounds the skin. This air is warmed by conduction. However, the wind is able to remove this warm air and replace it with colder air. Convection refers to the removal of body heat by air currents.
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Evaporation of heat occurs via what |
Heat may be lost by evaporation of water from the body. |
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How Is core body temperature regulated |
Through Central and peripheral Thermo receptors |
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How is heat generated? |
By metabolic processes that occur within the tissues of the body, such as fat and muscle |
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Define metabolic rate in relation to heat |
Metabolic rate refers to the rate of heat liberated during these chemical reactions |
|
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In a cold environment, involuntary contraction and expansion of muscle groups generates warmth. This process is known as shivering. |
True |
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How is heat lost from the body |
Radiation Conduction Convection Evaporation |
|
|
Define loss of heat via radiation |
Loss of heat may occur in the form of infrared radiation. If the body temperature is greater than surrounding objects then heat is lost by radiation to these objects. For example, a person inside a room may lose heat to a cold wall. |
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Heat loss through conduction involves what |
Heat may be lost to objects close to the skin, such as a chair, a bed, or the floor. Heat may also be lost by conduction to the surrounding air.
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|
|
What is heat loss through convection |
There is usually a thin layer of air that surrounds the skin. This air is warmed by conduction. However, the wind is able to remove this warm air and replace it with colder air. Convection refers to the removal of body heat by air currents.
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Evaporation of heat occurs via what |
Heat may be lost by evaporation of water from the body. |
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How Is core body temperature regulated |
Through Central and peripheral Thermo receptors |
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How does peripheral Thermo receptors work and where are they located |
Located on the skin and in hot or cold environments sent impulses to the hypothalamus |
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Where is the central Thermo receptors located and how does it work |
Central thermoreceptors located in the pre-optic nucleus in the anterior hypothalamus are stimulated when the core body temperature changes |
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Where is the central Thermo receptors located and how does it work |
Central thermoreceptors located in the pre-optic nucleus in the anterior hypothalamus are stimulated when the core body temperature changes |
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How does the hypothalamus respond to temperature changes |
The hypothalamus responds to changes in body temperature with various effector mechanisms, such as shivering (to increase heat production) and vasoconstricting peripheral and cutaneous arterioles (to limit heat loss). Behavioural adaptations include wearing warm clothes and seeking shelter. |
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Where is the central Thermo receptors located and how does it work |
Central thermoreceptors located in the pre-optic nucleus in the anterior hypothalamus are stimulated when the core body temperature changes |
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How does the hypothalamus respond to temperature changes |
The hypothalamus responds to changes in body temperature with various effector mechanisms, such as shivering (to increase heat production) and vasoconstricting peripheral and cutaneous arterioles (to limit heat loss). Behavioural adaptations include wearing warm clothes and seeking shelter. |
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Older adults are at risk of hypothermia as a consequence of: |
A reduced ability to recognise and respond to lower ambient temperature, compared with younger adults [ 10 ] An impaired peripheral vasoconstrictor response to cold. [ 11 ] This process decreases blood flow to the periphery of the body and subsequently reduces heat loss A lower basal metabolic rate compared with younger adults. [ 2 ] [ 12 ] This lower basal metabolic rate in older people is probably due to the decrease in muscle mass associated with ageing Falls, which are common in older people and can result in prolonged periods lying on the floor, allowing heat loss by conduction. [ 13 ] |
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Where is the central Thermo receptors located and how does it work |
Central thermoreceptors located in the pre-optic nucleus in the anterior hypothalamus are stimulated when the core body temperature changes |
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How does the hypothalamus respond to temperature changes |
The hypothalamus responds to changes in body temperature with various effector mechanisms, such as shivering (to increase heat production) and vasoconstricting peripheral and cutaneous arterioles (to limit heat loss). Behavioural adaptations include wearing warm clothes and seeking shelter. |
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Older adults are at risk of hypothermia as a consequence of: |
A reduced ability to recognise and respond to lower ambient temperature, compared with younger adults [ 10 ] An impaired peripheral vasoconstrictor response to cold. [ 11 ] This process decreases blood flow to the periphery of the body and subsequently reduces heat loss A lower basal metabolic rate compared with younger adults. [ 2 ] [ 12 ] This lower basal metabolic rate in older people is probably due to the decrease in muscle mass associated with ageing Falls, which are common in older people and can result in prolonged periods lying on the floor, allowing heat loss by conduction. [ 13 ] |
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Older adults are at risk of hypothermia as a consequence of: |
Less responsive to temperature change versus younger people Impaired peripheral vasoconstriction Lower metabolic rate versus younger age Falls |
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What other factors contribute to hypothermia |
Chronic conditions Endocrine problems Substance abuse Environmental factors Social and economic factors Nutrition Neglect Infection Burns Drowning |
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What’s the assessment of hypothermia |
Vitals especially temperature- rectal more accurate than tympanic U&E - renal failure from decreased CO or rhabdo or hyperkalemia FBC - decreased platelet adhesion so ? thrombocytopenia from hepatosplene sequestration. HCT decreases Glucose - for low GCS Coagulation - coagulopathy but difficult in gp cause lab do test at 37 degrees ECG - J wave or AF or Sinus tachy ABG - metabolic acidosis + respiratory alkalosis Thyroid test - as hypothyroidism can cause hypothermia |
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What’s the acute management of hypothermia |
Stabilize Rewarm BSL ABC Fluid status |
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What’s the assessment of hypothermia |
Vitals especially temperature- rectal more accurate than tympanic U&E - renal failure from decreased CO or rhabdo or hyperkalemia FBC - decreased platelet adhesion so ? thrombocytopenia from hepatosplene sequestration. HCT decreases Glucose - for low GCS Coagulation - coagulopathy but difficult in gp cause lab do test at 37 degrees ECG - J wave or AF or Sinus tachy ABG - metabolic acidosis + respiratory alkalosis Thyroid test - as hypothyroidism can cause hypothermia |
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What’s the acute management of hypothermia |
Stabilize Rewarm BSL ABC Fluid status |
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I’m patients with hypothermia does intubation exacerbate VF |
No, current evidence refuted old practices |
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In patients that presents with mild hypothermia what should you do to manage them |
Passive rewarming |
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What’s the assessment of hypothermia |
Vitals especially temperature- rectal more accurate than tympanic U&E - renal failure from decreased CO or rhabdo or hyperkalemia FBC - decreased platelet adhesion so ? thrombocytopenia from hepatosplene sequestration. HCT decreases Glucose - for low GCS Coagulation - coagulopathy but difficult in gp cause lab do test at 37 degrees ECG - J wave or AF or Sinus tachy ABG - metabolic acidosis + respiratory alkalosis Thyroid test - as hypothyroidism can cause hypothermia |
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What’s the acute management of hypothermia |
Stabilize Rewarm BSL ABC Fluid status |
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I’m patients with hypothermia does intubation exacerbate VF |
No, current evidence refuted old practices |
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In patients that presents with mild hypothermia what should you do to manage them |
Passive rewarming |
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With patients that presents with moderate to severe hypothermia |
Active rewarming and IV fluids |
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What’s the assessment of hypothermia |
Vitals especially temperature- rectal more accurate than tympanic U&E - renal failure from decreased CO or rhabdo or hyperkalemia FBC - decreased platelet adhesion so ? thrombocytopenia from hepatosplene sequestration. HCT decreases Glucose - for low GCS Coagulation - coagulopathy but difficult in gp cause lab do test at 37 degrees ECG - J wave or AF or Sinus tachy ABG - metabolic acidosis + respiratory alkalosis Thyroid test - as hypothyroidism can cause hypothermia |
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What’s the acute management of hypothermia |
Stabilize Rewarm BSL ABC Fluid status |
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I’m patients with hypothermia does intubation exacerbate VF |
No, current evidence refuted old practices |
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In patients that presents with mild hypothermia what should you do to manage them |
Passive rewarming |
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With patients that presents with moderate to severe hypothermia |
Active rewarming and warm IV fluids |
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Giving adrenaline for a cardiac arrest is only recommended when core body temperature reaches what level |
30 degrees Celsius |
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What’s the assessment of hypothermia |
Vitals especially temperature- rectal more accurate than tympanic U&E - renal failure from decreased CO or rhabdo or hyperkalemia FBC - decreased platelet adhesion so ? thrombocytopenia from hepatosplene sequestration. HCT decreases Glucose - for low GCS Coagulation - coagulopathy but difficult in gp cause lab do test at 37 degrees ECG - J wave or AF or Sinus tachy ABG - metabolic acidosis + respiratory alkalosis Thyroid test - as hypothyroidism can cause hypothermia |
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What’s the acute management of hypothermia |
Stabilize Rewarm BSL ABC Fluid status |
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I’m patients with hypothermia does intubation exacerbate VF |
No, current evidence refuted old practices |
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In patients that presents with mild hypothermia what should you do to manage them |
Passive rewarming |
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With patients that presents with moderate to severe hypothermia |
Active rewarming and warm IV fluids |
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Giving adrenaline for a cardiac arrest is only recommended when core body temperature reaches what level |
30 degrees Celsius |
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When warming IV fluids for hypothermia what temperature should you aim for |
42 degrees Celsius |
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If a patient is unresponsive, is severely hypothermic and has had CPR unsuccessfully for 10 minutes should you stop resus |
No as still chance of recovery. Keep going with resuscitation, warm IV fluids and re warming until core body temperature has improved |
