Abnormal Psychology

Front 1

GAF
Threshold for crisis (suicidal ideation)

Back 1

<45

Front 2

Mental Retardation-IQ scores
1) mild
2) moderate
3) severe
4) profound

Back 2

1) 50-55 to 70
2) 35-40 to 50-55
3) 20-25 to 35-40
4) below 20-25

Front 3

Mental Retardation
Grade levels associated with:
1) mild
2) moderate

Back 3

1) 6th grade
2) 2nd grade

Front 4

Mental Retardation
3 diagnostic criteria

Back 4

1) significantly subaverage intellectual fx (below 70)
2) impairment in adaptive fx in at least TWO areas
3) onset prior to age 18

Front 5

Mental Retardation-Etiology
1) what percentage is due to heredity?
2) alterations in embryonic development (Down's)?
3) pregnancy or perinatal problems?
4) environmental factors?

Back 5

1) 5%
2) 30%
3) 5%
4) 15-20%

Front 6

Mental Retardation
1) 10-30% of all cases of moderate to severe is caused by ___
2) Phenylketonuria (PKU) can be prevented by?
3) if not prevented, causes what level of MR?

Back 6

1) Down's Syndrome
2) diet low in phenylalanine
3) moderate to profound

Front 7

Borderline Intellectual Fx
What is the IQ range?

Back 7

71-84

Front 8

Learning Disorders
Achievement "substantially below" IQ is defined as how much?

Back 8

2 or more SD

Front 9

LD
1) most frequent comorbid d/o
2) what % of children w/ LD also have this comorbid d/o?

Back 9

1) ADHD
2) 20-25%

Front 10

Dyslexia -- what kind?
1) substitution of similar menaing words
2) cluster of reading disorders (one MUST be ___)
3) unable to read words JUST written by individual

Back 10

1) semantic paralexia
2) deep dyslexia (one must be semantic paralexia)
3) alexia (pure alexia)

Front 11

Stuttering
1) begins between age __ & __
2) __x more common in boys
3) __% remit spontaneously, usually by age ___

Back 11

1) 2 & 7
2) 3
3) 60%, 16

Front 12

Stuttering -- tx
1) best tx for younger children
2) best tx for older children

Back 12

1) reduce psychological stress at home
2) regulated breathing method

Front 13

Autism
1) dx requires at least # sxs
2) from 3 categories
3) onset must be ___

Back 13

1) 6
2) social interaction (2 sxs), communication (1 sx), repetitive or stereotyped behaviors (1 sx)
3) before age 3

Front 14

Autism
1) __% remain mute
2) __x more common in males
3) prognosis is better or worse than schizophrenia?
4) __% achieve PARTIAL independence

Back 14

1) 50%
2) 4-5 times
3) worse
4) 33% (1/3)

Front 15

Autism
Best outcome is predicted by:
1) speaking by age ___
2) IQ > ___
3) onset?

Back 15

1) 5-6
2) 70
3) late onset

Front 16

Autism
Brain structure abnormalities
-Name 2 types

Back 16

1) reduced cerebellum
2) enlarged ventricles

Front 17

Autism
EEG findings?

Back 17

40-65% have abnormal EEGs
20-35% have epilepsy

Front 18

Autism
abnormal levels of which neurotransmitters?

Back 18

1) norephinephrine
2) serotonin (high)
3) dopamine (high)

Front 19

Autism
__x higher among siblings

Back 19

50-100 times

Front 20

Rett's
1) pattern of sxs following a period of normal development for __ months or more
2) females or males?

Back 20

1) 5
2) females only

Front 21

Childhood Disintegrative d/o
pattern of developmental regression in at least __ areas following at least __ years of normal development

Back 21

2, 2

Front 22

ADHD
1) onset
2) duration
3) # settings
4) # sxs

Back 22

1) prior to age 7
2) 6 mths
3) 2
4) 6 sxs of inattention OR hyperactivity-impulsivity

Front 23

ADHD - subtypes
Based on # of sxs, when are these subtypes dx?
1) pred. inattentive
2) pred. hyper-imp
3) combined

Back 23

1) 6 or more of inatt, less than 6 of h-i
2) 6 or more of h-i, less than 6 of inatt
3) 6 or more of inatt AND 6 or more of h-i

Front 24

ADHD
1) Academic problems are worst for which subtype(s)?
2) Peer rejection problems are worst for which?

Back 24

1) pred. inattentive or combined
2) pred. h-i or combined

Front 25

ADHD alone (pure ADHD) vs. ADHD + Conduct D/O
1) which has MORE cognitive problems?
2) which has MORE academic problems?

Back 25

1) and 2)
ADHD alone has more cognitive AND academic problems

Front 26

ADHD
1) __x more common in boys
2) more equal gender ration for which subtype

Back 26

1) 2-9 times
2) pred. inattentive

Front 27

ADHD
1) __% continue to have sxs as adults
2) prognosis is poorest for those with:
a) co-dx of ____
b) low/high? IQ
c) parents with ___

Back 27

1) 60%
2)
a) conduct d/o
b) low
c) severe mental d/o

Front 28

ADHD-brain abnormalities
1) lower activity in which two regions
2) malfx in which hemisphere
3) brain structure - smaller than normal ___(3 structures)

Back 28

1) frontal cortex AND basal ganglia
2) right
3) caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, prefrontal cortex

Front 29

ADHD
1) Barkley's hypothesis to explain core feature of ADHD
2) hypothesis states that core feature is an inability to regulate one's behavior to fit ______
3) person with ADHD has trouble decreasing/increasing? level of activity to appropriate levels

Back 29

1) behavioral disinhibition hypothesis (aka: regulatory hypothesis)
2) situtation demands
3) BOTH decreasing and increasing

Front 30

ADHD-medications
1) stimulants are effective in __% of cases
2) BUT low doses lead to ___, while high doses lead to ___
3) this difference means the effect of stimulants are ___
4) Are meds associated with long-term improvements?

Back 30

1) 75%
2) improved attention; decreased hyperactivity
3) dose dependent
4) no

Front 31

ADHD-meds
1) stimulants can increase likelihood of what complications (name 2)
2) therefore, stimulants are contraindicated for children with family history of ___

Back 31

1) tics and OCD sxs
2) Tic Disorder

Front 32

ADHD-meds
1) which stimulant is most likely to lead to OCD sxs?
2) besides stimulants, what other classes of meds are used to tx ADHD? (2 types)
3) which drug is sometimes combined with stimulants when not effective alone?

Back 32

1) dextroamphetamine (more than methylphenidate)
2) a) tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., imipramine, desiprmaine)
b) antihypertensives (e.g., clonidine)
3) clonidine

Front 33

Conduct Disorder
1) # sxs
2) duration
3) 2 subtypes - based on what criteria are they determined?

Back 33

1) at least 3 sxs
2) during past 12 months
3) childhood-onset (prior to age 10), adolescent-onset (age 10 or later)

Front 34

Conduct Disorder
1) Moffit describes 2 types
2) to what are each attributed

Back 34

a) "life-course-persistent" type (begins early) - attributed to neurological impairment, difficult temperament, adverse environment
b) "adolescence-limited" type - temporary form, "maturity gap"

Front 35

Oppositional Defiant Disorder
rates for males and females is complex -- describe

Back 35

before puberty, higher in males
after puberty, males and females are equal

Front 36

Pica
1) sxs must be present for how long?
2) onset usually when?
3) frequently associated with what other dx?

Back 36

1) one month
2) 12-24 mths
3) MR

Front 37

Tics
1) imitating someone's movements
2) repeating socially-undesirable words
3) repeating one's own sounds and words

Back 37

1) echokinesis
2) coprolalia
3) palilalia

Front 38

Tourette's-dx criteria
1) presence of # tics
2) duration
3) onset

Back 38

1) one vocal, multiple motor
2) at least one year
3) prior to age 18

Front 39

Tourette's
1) most common associated sxs (2)
2) common dx in biological relatives
3) what type of outside problem is common?

Back 39

1) Obsessions and compulsions(40-60%) and ADHD (50%)
2) OCD
3) school problems

Front 40

Tourette's - tx
1) what class of drugs
2) effective in __% of cases
3) hypothesis on what causes Tourette's (based on drug efficacy)

Back 40

1) antipsychotics (haloperidol, pimozide)
2) 80%
3) too much dopamine

Front 41

Enuresis - dx criteria
1) occurs how frequently
2) for how long
3) diagnosed only if child is what age (minimum)

Back 41

1) 2x/wk
2) 3 mths
3) age 5 or older

Front 42

Encopresis
1) minimum age

2) are enuresis and encopresis involuntary only?

Back 42

1) age 4

2) no, can be intentional

Front 43

enuresis - tx
1) most common tx (2 names)
2) effective in __% of cases
3) which drug is most commonly used to tx
4) effective for __% of cases
5) do these treatments have good long-term effects

Back 43

1) night alarm (bell&pad)
2) 80%
3) imipramine
4) 85%
5) no, 1/3 relapse afer night alarm, and most relapse after stopping drug

Front 44

Separation Anxiety Disorder
1) duration
2) onset
3) # behaviors

Back 44

1) 4 weeks
2) before age 18
3) 3 behaviors

Front 45

tx for school refusal

Back 45

intervention should include an immediate return to school

Front 46

Reactive Attachement Disorder
1) inappropriate social relatedness in ___ settings
2) onset
3) REQUIRES evidence of ___
4) 2 subtypes

Back 46

1) most
2) prior to age 5
3) pathogenic care (neglect or frequent caregiver change that prevented attachment)
4) inhibited type, disinhibited type

Front 47

Random questions:
1) most common cause of mental retardation
2) lead poisoning is most associated with which d/o
3) autism is current considered a (genetic, biogenic, or psychosocial) d/o
4) which has greater long-term effects for enuresis -- bell & pad or imipramine?

Back 47

1) prenatal factors (not perinatal)
2) pica
3) biogenic
4) bell & pad

Front 48

Delirium - tx
1) what class of drugs are often used
2) what class is contraindicated

Back 48

1) antipsychotics
2) sedatives - masks sxs

Front 49

Dementia
1) AD accounts for __% of cases
2) drug tx for AD - what does it do in the brain?

Back 49

1) 50-65%
2) prevents breakdown of ACh

Front 50

Dementia due to HIV
early signs

Back 50

forgetfulness, impaired attn, slowed mental processes, hand clumsiness

Front 51

Parkinson's
1) what is the name of the restlessness associated with it ("cruel restlessness")
2) what neurotransmitter is associated

Back 51

1) akathesia
2) low dopamine

Front 52

Huntington's
1) what sxs appear first
2) slow, writing movements
3) involuntary rapid, jerky movements
4) what neurotransmitter is involved
5) besides motor and affective sxs, what other type of sx is associated
3)

Back 52

1) affective
2) athetosis
3) chorea
4) degeneration of GABA cells
5) cognitive - starts with forgetfulness, progresses to dementia

Front 53

Substance-related d/o
1) which one is not associated with dependence
2) which is the only one associated with Persisting Perception d/o

Back 53

1) caffeine
2) hallucinogen

Front 54

Substance Dependence
1) # sxs
2) how long?
3) is tolerance and withdrawal required for dx

Back 54

1) at least 3
2) ANY TIME during 12 month period
3) NO

Front 55

Marlatt and Gordon
1) dependence is what type of pattern?
2) potential for future relapse is reduced if relapse is viewed as resulting from _, _, _ factors
3) relapse prevention focuses on what types of triggers (internal/external)

Back 55

1) overlearned habit pattern
2) specific, external, controllable
3) external

Front 56

Substance abuse
1) # sxs
2) how long
3) associated with all classes of substances except __ and __

Back 56

1) one
2) during 12 month period
3) nicotine and caffeine

Front 57

Steele & Joseph model of ETOH
1) what is it called
2) ETOH creates a ___ that restricts attn to most salient aspect of situation
3) a person who has used ETOH will be most anxious when ___

Back 57

1) attention-allocation model
2) myopia
3) when focusing on anxiety-producing task

Front 58

ETOH
1) long-term ETOH impairs what cognitive fx
2) __% of alcoholics develop Wernicke-Korsakoff's

Back 58

1) visual-spatial fx
2) 1%

Front 59

ETOH
1) signs of withdrawal
2) signs of ETHO withdrawal delirium

Back 59

1) sweating, tachycardia, tremor, insomnia, anxiety, seizure
2) DT - disturbance in consciousness, hallucination/delusions

Front 60

Amphetamine/Cocaine
1) signs of intoxication
2) signs of withdrawal

Back 60

1) dilated pupils, tachycardia, muscular weakness nausea/vomitting, weight loss, agitation, seizure
2) dysphoria, fatigue, bad dreams, sleep disturbance, increased appetite (also "crash" involves depression)

Front 61

Delusions
what is the difference btwn delusions in Schizophrenia vs. Delusional d/o

Back 61

in Schizophrenia, delusions are NOT limited
in Delusional D/O, delusions are limited, encapsulated, and non-bizarre

Front 62

Schizophrenia
1) duration (complex)
2) # active-phase sxs required
3) what else is required

Back 62

1) continuous disturbance of 6 months or more, including at least 1 months of 2 or more active-phase sxs
2) 2 (delusions, hallucination, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior, or negative sxs)
3) impairment in one or more areas of fx

Front 63

Negative sxs
1) poverty of thought and speech
2) restricted initiation of goal-directed behavior
3) loss of interest or pleasure

Back 63

1) alogia
2) avolition
3) anhedonia

Front 64

Schizophrenia
1) 5 subtypes
2) which has the most favorable prognosis
3) which has the strongest familial link

Back 64

paranoid
disorganized
catatonic
undifferentiated
residual (not currently exhibiting prominent positive sxs but has had such sxs in past and continues to show negative and/or attenuated positive sxs)
2) paranoid
3) paranoid

Front 65

Schizophrenia
1) common co-dx
2) is there evidence that they are more violent or aggressive?
3) onset? is it different for men and women?
4) is sx pattern different for men and women?
5) higher rate of dx in any racial/ethnic group?

Back 65

1) substance dependence
2) no
3) yes -- earlier for men
men (18-25), women (25-35)
4) yes
men - more negative sxs
women - more affective and positive sxs
5) yes, African-American

Front 66

Schizophrenia
1) incidence rate in general adult population
2) biological siblings
3) fraternal twins
4) identical twins
5) child (both parents schizophrenic)
6) risk for identical twins is __times greater than for fraternal twins
7) finding associated with what researcher?

Back 66

1) .5% - 1.5%
2) 10%
3) 17%
4) 48%
5) 46%
6) 2 1/2
7) Gottesman

Front 67

Schizophrenia
1) brain abnormalities (3)
2) which is more common in males

Back 67

1) a) enlarged ventricles
b) neocortical atrophy
c) smaller hippocampus, amygdala, and globus pallidus
2) enlarged ventricles

Front 68

Schizophrenia
1) associated with lower activity in which part of brain
2) this is associated with positive/negative? sxs

Back 68

1) prefrontal cortex (hypofrontality)
2) negative

Front 69

Schizophrenia
1) What is the dopamine hypothesis
(it has been modified due to findings of involvement of other neurotransmitters)

Back 69

1) too much dopamine leads to schizophrenia

Front 70

Schizophrenia
what other neurotransmitters are involved (besides dopamine)

Back 70

elevated norephinephrine and serotonin
low level of GABA and glutamate

Front 71

Schizophrenia
In the northern hemisphere, it is associated with births in which 2 seasons

Back 71

winter and spring

Front 72

Schizophrenia
1) relapse is associated with high/low? expressed emotion
2) this means emotional over/under? involvement
3) and high/low critical comments
4) mediated by what variable?
5) in what way?

Back 72

1) high
2) over
3) high
4) race/ethnicity
5) Mexican-Am families - LACK of emotional involvement leads to relapse; in Anglo families, critical comments leads

Front 73

Schizoaffective disorder
-mood sxs occur concurrently with psychotic sxs but...
there is a period of __ during which ___

Back 73

2 weeks
ONLY psychotic sxs are present
(for Mood D/O with psychotic features, there is NO period of only psychotic features)

Front 74

Schizophreniform
1) disturbance is present for ___
2) does it require impairment of fx?
3) what fraction of those with schizophreniform eventually go on to have dx of schizophrenia or schizoaffective

Back 74

1) at least 1 mth but less than 6 mths
2) no
3) 2/3

Front 75

Delusional D/O
1) presence of __ delusions for ____ (duration)
2) quality of delusions
4) is fx impaired?
3) 7 subtypes

Back 75

1) one or more; at least one month
2) non-bizarre, plausible
3)overall psychosocial fx NOT markedly impaired
4) erotomanic (believe someone is in love with individual), grandiose, jealous (unfaithful), persecutory, somatic, mixed, unspecified (event/person has special significance for individual)

Front 76

Brief psychotic disorder
1) duration
2) eventual return to full/partial? fx
3) does it require a precipitating event

Back 76

1) 1 day - < 1 month
2) full
3) often has a precipitating event but does not require one

Front 77

Differential - duration
1) brief psychotic d/o
2) schizophreniform
3) schizophrenia

Back 77

1) 1 day - < 1 mth
2) 1 mth - < 6 mths
3) > 6 mths

Front 78

Adjustment Disorders
1) onset within __ mths of stressor
2) sxs remit within __ mths after termination of stressor
3) but dx can be assigned when sxs persist longer when __

Back 78

1) 3 mths
2) 6 mths
3) the stressor is chronic or has enduring consequences

Front 79

Somatization Disorder
1) onset
2) duration
3) complaints must include __

Back 79

1) before age 30
2) several yrs
3) 4 pain sxs
2 GI sxs
1 sexual sx
1 pseudoneuro sx

Front 80

Conversion Disorder
1) why are sxs judged to be due to psych factors
2) what is a key factor in successful tx
3) what are the 2 mechanisms that explain
4) what is REQUIRED for the dx

Back 80

1) intiation or exacerbation of sxs preceded by stressor
2) suggestion
3) primary gain -- sx keeps internal conflict out of conscious awareness
secondary gain -- avoid unpleasant activity or obtain support
4) evidence that psychological factors are involved

Front 81

how is factitious disorder different from conversion disorder

Back 81

in factitious disorder, sxs are voluntarily produced or feigned

in conversion disorder, sxs may be related to primary or secondary gain, they are NOT produced intentionally

Front 82

Hypochondriasis
1) definition
2) what is it based on

Back 82

1) unrealistic preoccupation with serious illness
2) misinterpretation of bodily sxs

Front 83

Undifferentiated Somatoform Disorder
1) # sxs
2) duration
3) common sxs

Back 83

1) one or more physical complaint
2) at least 6 mths
3) fatigue, loss of appetite, stomach pains

Front 84

How is factitious disorder different from malingering

Back 84

factitious disorder -- sxs intentionally produced or feigned for purpose of fulfilling intrapsychic need to adopt sick role

malingering -- goal is to obtain external reward

Front 85

what is the assessment of choice for malingering

Back 85

forced-choice methodology

malingerer will do worse than chance alone

Front 86

bulimia
1) 2 MAJOR requirements
2) duration

Back 86

1) a) recurrent episodes of binge eating
b) inapprop compensatory beh

2) at least 2 times per week for 3 mths

Front 87

Major Depressive episode
1) duration

Manic episode
2) duration
3) requires __ and/or __ and/or __

Back 87

1) 2 wks

2) one week
3) sig imp in fx
and/or hospitalization
and/or psychotic sxs

Front 88

hypomanic episode
1) duration
2) does it cause fx impairment
3) does it require hospitalization
4) does it incl psychotic sxs

Back 88

1) 4 days
2-4) No (only required by manic or mixed episode)

Front 89

mixed episode
1) duration
2) what else is required

Back 89

1) one week
2) sig imp in fx
and/or hospitalization
and/or psychotic sxs
(like manic episode)

Front 90

Major Depressive Disorder
1) # episodes req for dx
2) % of cases who have more than one episode

3) what is double depression
4) what is masked depression

Back 90

1) one or more
2) 50%

3) MDD and Dysthymic D/O
4) physical sxs predominate

Front 91

1) % of women with baby blues
2) % with postpartum depression

Back 91

1) 70%
2) 10-20%

Front 92

what is:
1) catecholamine hypothesis
2) indolamine hypothesis
3) permissive theory
4) cortisol theory

Back 92

depression due to:
1) low norep
2) low serotonin
3) low serotonin PLUS others (norep, dop)
4) high levels of cortisol

Front 93

what is best tx for:
1) mild to moderate depression
2) severe depression

Back 93

combined tx (meds + thearpy) is effective
BUT
it may be no more effective than either alone
2) combined tx

Front 94

dysthymic disorder
1) duration for adults
2) duration for child/adol

Back 94

1) 2 yrs
2) 1 yr

NO period of over 2 mths without sxs

Front 95

Bipolar I disorder
1) regardless of subtype, ALL must include h/o __

Bipolar II
2) must have h/o __ with NO h/o __

Back 95

1) at least one FULL manic or mixed episode (1 week)

2) major depressive episode (2 wks) PLUS hypomanic episode (for 4 days)
NO h/o manic or mixed episode

Front 96

what is the gender ratio for:
1) bipolar I
2) bipolar II

Back 96

1) equally common in males and females

2) more common in females

Front 97

bipolar
1) first line of tx
2) effective in __% of cases
3) 2nd line of tx

Back 97

1) lithium
2) 60-90%
3) anti-seizure drugs (carbamazepine, divalproex sodium)

Front 98

cyclothymic disorder
1) duration for adults
2) duration for child/adol
3) characterized by presence of ___

Back 98

1) 2 yrs
2) 1 yr
3) fluctuating hypomanic sxs and numerous periods of depressive sxs (no h/o major depression)

Front 99

suicide
1) males commit __x more often than females
2) females attempt __x more often than males

3) about __% give warning of their intentions

Back 99

1) 4-5
2) 3

3) 80%

Front 100

Three psychological disorders most commonly associated with suicide in order

Back 100

1) depression
2) alcoholism
3) schizophrenia

Front 101

OCD
1) is it necc to have Ob AND comp
2) does it req recongition that beh is excessive or unreasonable
3) gender ratio in adults and child/adol
4) associated with what neurotransmitter
5) assoc w/ what brain part

Back 101

1) no
2) yes
3) adults - male and female are about equal
child/adol - male > female
4) low serotonin
5) OVERactive caudate nucleus

Front 102

PTSD
1) duration
2) best tx

Back 102

1) sxs must be present for at least one month
2) combine exposure (in vivo or imaginal) with stress inoculation or anxiety mgmt training

Front 103

acute stress disorder
1) onset
2) duration

Back 103

1) within 4 weeks of trauma
2) 2 days - <4 wks

Front 104

GAD
1) duration
2) best tx

Back 104

1) 6 mths
2) CBT