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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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• Psychopathology
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abnormal behavior
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• Abnormal (word)
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– deviation from the norm
o This definition doesn’t work in psychology, abnormal for IQ is only the lower end, not the upper end |
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• Abnormal psychology
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- the scientific study whose objectives are to describe, explain, predict and control behaviors that are considered strange or unusual.
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• Mental Health Professionals
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o Psychology
o Psychiatry o Psychoanalysis o Counseling o Psychiatric Social Work |
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o Psychology
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• Clinical psychology
• Study, assessment, treatment and prevention of abnormal behavior in disturbed individuals • Must hold a Ph.D or a Psy.D (doctor of psychology) – can give some medicine • Have to complete a doctoral dissertation and a one=year internship • Counseling psychology • Similar to clinical psychologist but more concerned with the study of life problems in relatively normal people, more likely to be found in educational settings • School Psychology • Conerned with the processes of cognitive and emotional development of students in educational settings • Masters or a Doctoral degree |
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o Psychiatry
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• Must hold M.D. degrees
• Eductaion includes 4 years of medical school, plus three or four years of training in psychiatry • Only psychiatrists can prescribe drugs in the treatment of mental disorders |
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o Psychoanalysis
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• Founder: Sigmund Freud
• Most Psychoanalyst either hold an M.D. or a Ph.D degree • Receive intensive training in the theory and practice of psychoanalysis |
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o Counseling
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• Marriage and family counseling
• Training usually includes a master’s degree in counseling and many hours of supervised clinical experience • Mental Health Counseling • Training includes a master’s degree in counseling and must meet many hours of supervised clinical experience |
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o Psychiatric Social Work
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• Trained in a two year graduate program in the school of social work leading to a master’s degree
• One year internship in a social-service agency • Some social workers go on to earn the D.S.W (doctor of social work) degree |
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• Determining Abnormality
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o Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)
o 4 major means of judging abnormal behavior • Distress – mind if making self physically or mentally distressed • Deviance – bizarre, out there behavior • Dysfunction – Inability to perform daily activities • Dangerousness – can they be harmful to society? |
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• Prevalence
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the percentage of people in a population who suffer from a disorder at a give point in time
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Prehistoric beliefs
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o Abnormal behavior was attributed to evil spirits inhabited in the person
o Stone Age Cavemen treated behavior disorders with a surgical method called trephining – part of the skull was chipped away to provide an opening for the evil spirit to escape o Exorcism was also used in Greek and Hebrew cultures |
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o Hippocrates
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believed because brain was the central organ of intellectual activity deviant behavior was caused by brain pathology (disease in brain) – believed in biological viewpoint
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Roman Empire
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o After the collapse of the Roman Empire and increased influence of the church, supernatural belief flourished.
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Middle ages
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During the Middle ages (famine and wars) forms of mass hysteria affected groups of people—some were killed in church endorsed witch hunts
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o The Renaissance
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brought rational thought – more humanitarian methods of treating people with mental illness
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o Biological viewpoint
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the belief that mental disorders have a physical basis
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o Psychological viewpoint
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an emotional basis for mental illness
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o Psychological viewpoint (examples)
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• Friedrich Anton Mesmer – worked on the treatment of hysteria – the appearance of symptoms such as blindness, deafness, loss of bodily feeling and paralysis. His treatment called mesmerism put patients in a sleeplike, very suggestible state. (known as father of hypnotism)
• Believed all humans had animal magnetism (electrical fields) and he thought the bodies electrical field were out of line • The Nancy School – A number of researchers began to experiment with hypnosis. They were able to remove patients with hysteria’s symptoms of paralysis, deafness and blindness and also produce these symptoms in normal people through hypnosis. • Cathartic Method – Breuer’s accidental discovery -- a therapeutic use of verbal expression to release pent-up emotional conflicts |
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• Drug Revolution in Psychiatry
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o In the late 1950s many psychiatrists starting using more drugs for therapy.
o John Cade – reported successful experiments with lithium in calming manic patients o Delay and Deniker discovered chlorpromazine was effecting in treating schizophrenics o Within years many more medications came out such as antidepressants and anti anxiety |
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• Managed health care
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the industrialization of health care, whereby large organizations in the private sector control the delivery of services
o Make it tough to get sessions and hiring people with master’s degrees instead of doctoral degrees. |
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• Common Myths
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o Mental disorders are inherited, incurable, and are the result of a weak will
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• Contemporary Trends in abnormal psychology
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1. Drug revolution
2. Push for psychologists for prescription privileges 3. Development of managed health care 4. Increased appreciation for research in abnormal psychology 5. Influence of multicultural psychology |
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• Cultural Differences
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understanding if very important in treating abnormal behavior
o Multicultural psychology – an approach that stresses the importance of culture, race, ethnicity, gender, age, socioeconomic class and other factors to understand and treat abnormal behavior o Hispanic and Asians experiencing physical complaints is a common way of expressing psychological and emotional stress. They think once the physical problems go away, the emotional disturbance with go away o Black – highest mental illness • Thought to be more “paranoid” – could be a result of discrimination o Asian - Least mental illnesses • Asians believe mental illness is a disgrace, so they are reported less |
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o Multicultural psychology
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an approach that stresses the importance of culture, race, ethnicity, gender, age, socioeconomic class and other factors to understand and treat abnormal behavior
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• Etiology
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causes of disorders
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• Multipath model
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– a model of models that provides a framework for understanding the numerous causes of mental disorders, the complexity of their interacting components and the need to view disorders from a holistic framework
o Biological factors o Psychological Factors - o Social Factors o Sociocultural Factors |
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• Multipath model (explain factors)
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o Biological factors – genetics, brain anatomy, biochemical imbalances, central nervous system, autonomic nervous system etc…
o Psychological Factors - personality, cognition, emotions, learning, stress coping, self-esteem, values etc.. o Social Factors – family, relationships, social support, belonging, love, marital status, community etc… o Sociocultural Factors – race, gender, sexual orientation, religion, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, culture etc… |
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• Biological Factors (Brain general)
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Brain
• Composed of billions of neurons that transmit messages throughout the body • Separated into 2 hemispheres – (left side controls right side of body) o Right hemisphere – visual-spatial abilities and emotional behavior o Left hemisphere – language functions |
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• Biological Factors (Brain - Forebrain)
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• Forebrain – controls all the higher mental functions – learning, speech, thought and memory
• Thalamus – is a “relay station” transmitting nerve impulses throughout brain • Hypothalamus – regulates bodily drives (hunger, thirst, sex and body conditions – temperature and hormone balance) • Reticular activating system • Limbic System – involved in experiencing and expressing emotions and motivation – pleasure, fear, aggressiveness, sexual arousal and pain • Cerebrum – largest structure in brain o Cerebral cortex – covers midbrain and thalamus |
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• Biological Factors (Brain - Midbrain)
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• Midbrain – involved in vision and hearing
• People interested in role of manufacturing chemicals (serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine) |
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• Biological Factors (Brain - Hindbrain)
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• Hindbrain – in control of sleep, alertness and pain
• Also manufactures serotonin • Controls heart rate, sleep and respiration |
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• Biological Factors (Brain - How messages transmitted through brain)
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• Dendrites – short root like structures on the cell body whose function is to receive signals from other neurons
• Axon – extension on the cell body that sends signals to neurons – (axon terminal – the tube) • Synapse – the minute gap between the axon of the sending neuron to the dendrites of the receiving neuron • Neurotransmitters – chemical substance released by the axon of the sending neuron that goes to the dendrite of the receiving neuron |
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• Biological Factors
-Brain - Neurotransmitters |
o Serotonin – Works in opposition to norepinephrine, suppressing activity, causing sleep. Linked with anxiety disorders, mood disorders and eating disorders
o Acetylcholine – Occurs in systems that control the muscles related to attention and memory. Recution in levels associated with Alzheimer’s disease o Dopamine – Involved in the control of the muscles. In excess, can cause hallucinations. Associated with schizophrenia o Norepinephrine – Occurs in central nervous system. Regulates moods and may increase arousal and alertness. Often associated with mood disorders and eating disorders o Endorphins – found in the brain and spinal cord. Suppresses pain o GABA – Widely distributed in brain. Works against other neurotransmitters, particularly dopamine o Schizophrenia – may have too many synaptic dopamine receptors or their receptors may be supersensitive to dopamine o Anxiety – drugs affect receptor to GABA o Depression – drugs to treat alter norepinephrine and serotonin sensitivity and receptivity |
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Genotype
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Genotype – a person’s genetic makeup
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Phenotype
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• Phenotype – expression of an illness
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• Psychological Factors - general
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o Psychodynamic models – views disorders as the result of childhood trauma or anxieties
o Freud o Behavioral Models - Models – the role of learning in abnormal behavior o Classical Conditioning o Operant Conditioning o Observational Behavior • Cognitive Models – conscious thought mediates an individual’s emotional state in response to a stimulus (unobservable behavior – thoughts) o Schema o ABC theory of personality • Humanistic and Existential perspective |
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• Psychological Factors - Freud
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• Personality Structure
• Psychosexual stages • Psychoanalysis |
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• Psychological Factors - Psychodynamic Models - Freud
-Personality Structure -Psychosexual Stages -Psychoanalysis |
• Freud
• Personality Structure o Id – original component of the personality • Pleasure principle – the impulsive, pleasure seeking aspect of personality o Ego – Realistic, rational part of mind • Reality principle- an awareness of environment, and need to adjust behavior accordingly (realistic considerations rather than by moral judgements) o Superego – composed of the conscience, instills feelings of guilt • Psychosexual stages – In psychodynamic theory, the sequence of stages – oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital – through a human personality develops o Oral – first year of life o Anal - around second year of life o Phallic – third or fourth year of life o Latency - 6 to 12 o Genital - beginning in puberty -People can get stuck in psychosexual stages by a conflict occurring in that time • Psychoanalysis – form of therapy that: o Uncovers repressed material o Helps clients achieve insight into their inner motivations and desires o Resolves childhood conflicts that affect current relationship |
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• Psychological Factors - Behavioral Models - specific
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• Behavioral Models – the role of learning in abnormal behavior
o Classical conditioning ¬- Pavlov’s dogs – Meat is an Unconditioned stimulus (UCS – the stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response) which gives and unconditioned response (UCR) of salivating to the food. He took a neutral stimulus (bell). after ringing bell and serving food, the neutral stimulus became a conditioned stimulus (CS – previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the response of the UCS). The dogs salivated to the sound of the bell (conditioned response (CR) – a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus) o Operant Conditioning (skinner) • Operant behavior – a voluntary controllable behavior such as walking or thinking that “operates” on an individual’s environment • Related to voluntary behaviors and behaviors are controlled by reinforcers – consequences that influence the frequency or magnitude of the event they follow • Positive consequences increase the likelihood and frequency of a response but negative consequences decrease the likelihood of the behavior to be repeated • Intermittent reinforcement • Observational learning theory – suggests that an individual can acquire new behaviors by watching other people perform them |
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-Psychological Factors
• Cognitive Models |
• Cognitive Models – conscious thought mediates an individual’s emotional state in response to a stimulus (unobservable behavior – thoughts)
o Schema – underlying assumptions heavily influenced by a person’s experiences, values and perceived capabilities – your point of view and how you think about yourself o ABC theory of personality • A is an event, or individuals behavior or attitude • B is person’s belief about A which causes C • C is a person’s emotional or behavioral consequence o Need to modify irrational thoughts (B) to modify abnormal behavior (C) o Beck and Ellis – fathers of Cognitive therapy |
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-Psychological Factors
• Humanistic and Existential perspective |
• Humanistic and Existential perspective – The optimistic viewpoint that people are born with the ability to fulfill their potential and that abnormal behavior results from disharmony between the persons potential and his or self-concept
o Peoples realities are products of unique experiences and perceptions of the world – realities are subjective o People have the ability to make free choices and are responsible for their own decisions o People have to ability to fulfill their capacities and live the best lives suited for them |
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-Psychological Factors
-Social Factors |
• Social Factors
o Lack of emotional support and intimacy are correlated with depression and low self esteem o People with rich relationships seem to be more mentally healthy |
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-Psychological Factors
- Sociocultural Factors |
• Sociocultural Factors
o Gender factors • Women have greater stressors – more women depressed o Socioeconomic class – • Poverty has increased stressors / disadvantages o Race/ethnicity • Multicultural model – each culture has strengths and limitations and differences are inevitable. Depend on groups values and standards |
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• Assessment of Abnormal Behavior
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o Observations
o Interviews o Psychological Tests and inventories o Neurological test |
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• Assessment of Abnormal Behavior
o Observations |
o Observations
• Controlled observations (lab/clinic) • Naturalistic observations (natural setting) • SUBJECTIVE |
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• Assessment of Abnormal Behavior
o Interviews |
o Interviews
• Psychiatrists – biological or physical variables • Social workers – life history/ socio economic environment • Psychologists – behavior and mood |
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• Assessment of Abnormal Behavior
o Psychological Tests and inventories (List) |
• Projective personality tests - Given inkblots, pictures and asked to respond
• Self-report inventories – Answer questions • Intelligence test • Tests for cognitive impairment |
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• Assessment of Abnormal Behavior
o Psychological Tests and inventories (explain) |
• Projective personality tests - Given inkblots, pictures and asked to respond
• Rorschach technique – 10 inkblots • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) – Pictures and asked to tell story • SUBJECTIVE • Self-report inventories – Answer questions • Standardized - OBJECTIVE • MMPI test • Don’t allow people to elaborate • Intelligence test • OBJECTIVE • Wechsler scale (WAIS) • Stanford-Binet scale – good for kids • Controversial because some say intelligence tests are achievement tests (what you’ve learned in school so their is a socioeconomic bias—ppl of lower classes to worse) • Gamma test – intelligence test with all symbols, all cultures are much more clumped together • Tests for cognitive impairment • Determining brain damage • Memory, language, fine motor speed, visual special perception • Neuropsychological test • VALID AND RELIABLE |
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• Assessment of Abnormal Behavior
o Neurological test |
o Neurological test
• Can determine brain damage or abnormal brain functioning - see what is gong on in the brain/where in the brain • CT scan – brain deterioration, schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s • Pet scan – brain functioning • MRI – brain functioning • Tells you where but not performance • Can be subjective • Can be very expensive |
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• Anxiety vs Fear
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o Anxiety – anticipation - makes adrenaline)
o Fear – Being faced with threatening situation |
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• 4 major groups of anxiety disorders
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o Phobias
o panic disorder o generalized anxiety disorder o obsessive compulsive disorder |
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• Anxiety Disorders causes
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o Biological Dimension
• Brain • Amygdala – involved with formation of memory • Neurotransmitter abnormalities • Genetic • Short allele of gene show more activity of amygdala • Predisposition o Psychological dimension • Bad childhood experiences o Cultural dimension • Daily social stress factors – more daily stress, more likely |
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• Phobia
-examples -causes -treatment |
• Phobia – Strong unwarranted fear of something specific
o Social phobias – fear of being scrutinized in social or performance situations • Performance • Limited interactional • Generalized o Specific phobia – specific fear • Animal • Natural environmental • Blood/injections • Situational • Other o Causes of phobias • Biological – genes, neurological factors ---- locus cerealus (some ppl believe this part of brain causes) - • Psychodynamic view – unconscious conflicts displaced on external object • Behavioral – classical conditioning (aversive event and conditioned stimulus), observational learning o Treatment of phobias • Biochemical treatment • Antidepressants/ antianxiety • Behavioral treatments • Exposure therapy/ flooding – gradually introducing • Systematic desensitization – same as exposure but with an additional response (relaxation_ • Cognitive restructuring – identifying irrational thoughts then changing them • Modeling therapy – demonstration of person’s successful interactions with the fear |
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• Panic Disorder
-causes -treatment |
• Panic Disorder – recurrent unexpected panic attacks
o Often exists with agoraphobia o Causes of Panic disorder • Biological – genetic, brain, neurotransmitters • Psychological – • Psychodynamic – internal sexual and aggressive impulses • Cognitive behavioral view – catastrophic thoughts regarding bodily sensations • Social Factors – disturbed childhood environment, gender related issues o Treatment of panic disorders • Biochemcial treatment – antidepressants • Behavioral treatment – changing way of thinking, teaching to calm down, identifying other stress |
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• Generalized anxiety disorder
-causes -treatment |
• Generalized anxiety disorder - persistent, high levels of anxiety
o Causes of GAD • Biological - Less genetic --- less serotonin more epherepadin • Psychological – • Psychodynamic - internal conflicts in the unconscious • Cognitive behavioral – irrational beliefs regarding worries • Cultural – stressors (discrimination/ poverty) o Can cause physical responses |
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• OCD
-common obsessions -treatment |
• OCD – having obsession (intrusive thoughts) or compulsions (need to do things)
o Increased activity in frontal cortex o Most common obsessions • Harm-related • Symmetry obsessions • Contamination obsessions • Hoarding obsession o Treatment of anxiety disorders • Medication treatment– less effective than with other anxiety disorders • Behavioral treatment – • Flooding – continued actual or imagined exposure to fear-arousing situation ---- have less receptor sites of seratonin |
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Most effective way to assess a patient?
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psychological testing
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