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149 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cognitive Therapy is based on the belief that_____________________
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that problematic emotions and behaviors can be changed by modifying problematic thoughts
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What is the correlation between Irrational - violence and psych disorders?
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Most patients are not violent and are not irrational
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Which type of disorder typically involves little or no emotional distress for the person with the disorder
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Personality Disorders
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Which definition of abnormality is considered to be the best
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significant impairment
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In the U.S., a man would be considered abnormal if he believes he is possessed by a spirit that causes him to shout and laugh uncontrollably, but in some cultures he would be considered abnormal. This example demonstrates:
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cultural relativism
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What percentage of Americans meet DSM criteria for a mental disorder at some time in their life
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48%
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The moral treatment movement began at what time, led by what person
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18th & 19th centuries, Pinel
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what is the biopsychosocial model?
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Both biology and psychology are involved in the manifestation and form of a disorder
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What is the mental health parity?
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the movement advocating that mental disorders should be covered by health insurance on par with physical disorders
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What part of the nervous system is responsible for the Flight or Fight Response?
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The Sympathetic Systom
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What are neurotransmitters?
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Chemicals that carry messages between neurons
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Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have what effect in the synaptic cleft
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Increased Seratonin
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What is the most common biological treatment for psychiatric disorders
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Psychotropic Medications
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_______ relates to the consistency of a classification system, and ______ refers to the system’s accuracy
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Reliability; validity
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Why is it harder to diagnose psych disorders compared to physical disorders such as Strep Throat
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No Biological Markers
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What approach to classification is used in the DSM system
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categorical
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Who was responsible for the Moral Treatment Movement
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Phillipe Pinel
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According to the DSM-IV-TR classification system, a complete diagnosis involves an evaluation of a person on how many different axes?
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5
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A diagnosis of narcissistic personality disorder would be made on what Axis
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AXIS II
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AXIS III Includes
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medical conditions that may be relevant to the diagnosis or treatment of their disorders.
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Which assessment method involves the clinician asking a brief series of questions in order to determine whether a client has major problems with cognitive functions and orientation to reality?
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mental status exam
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An individual nerve cell is called a __________.
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Neuron
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The different categories of psychopathology are known as ________.
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Diagnosis
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________ is the consistency of a test or category system or the raters using them
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Reliability
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_______ is the accuracy of a test or category system or the raters using them.
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Validity
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Define Exorcism
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A process in which an evil force believed to cause an abnormality was removed from the affected person thru prayer, starvation, punishment, or execution.
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Define General Paresis
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A comon symdrome of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that was caused by untreated syphilis and often treated inappropriately.
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Who was Hippocraties and what was role did he promote.
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Ancient Physician (c.460-377b.c) who prmoted the role of the four humors of blood, black, bile, yellow bile and phlegm in abnormality.
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What was the name of the condition caused by untreated syphilis
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General Paresis
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What are the four humors
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Blood
Black bile Yellow bile Phlegm |
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Who promoted the 4 humors
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Hippocraties
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Who was Plato
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Ancient Philosopher (c. 428-348 BCI) who argued that Abnormality resulted from conflicts between reason and emotions.
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Who argued that abnormality resulted from conflicts between reason and emotions?
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Plato
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Define the Organic Point of View
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The view that psych abnormalities are a result of disturbed physiological processes.
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Which view states abnormalties are the result of disturbed Physiological Processes?
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The Organic Point of View
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Define the religious and Supernatural point of view
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A pre-scientific view in which psych conditions were seen as Supernatural punishment for wrongdoing or the result of posession by an evil spirit.
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The religions point of view was also called?
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The Supernatural point of view
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Define Trephination
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early treatment mixing the organic and supernatural views of that involved using a stone or other tools to essentially drill holes into a person's head, perhaps to allow evil spirits to escape.
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An early treatment of using a stone or other tools to drill holes into a person's head was called
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Trephination
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What was Hysteria
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Multiple physical symptoms supposedly caused by a wandering Uteris. It was believed that the uterus of a virgin would detach itself and move about inside the body causing difficulties where it went.
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According to Plato c428 - 348bce - When a person had a loss of reasoning what occured?
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Emotions controlled behavior.
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Did Plato support the idea that psych pts should be allowed freedom in society.
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No.
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What did other Greek Physicians promote for treatment of mental illness in contrast to Plato
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Opposed punishment, torture, or negative treatments. Opted for supported and positive treatments such as music therapy.
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How were psych patients treated during the Middle Ages
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People turned away from the Greek Approach and back toward possition by evil spirits or involved in or victim of witchcraft.
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During ghe Middle Ages what was the Christian charities belief of treatment
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They promoted more humanitarian treatments, . More patients were chained in the back wards of asylums and/or forced to perform religious rituals intended to free them from demonic possition
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As recently as the Late Eighteenth Century, how were psych pts. treated
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Considered lunatics and were confined in unsanitary (often rat-infested) conditions. They were changed, caged and severely beaten.
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Symptoms of general paresis
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Delusions of grandur, iltellectual decline, behavioral abnormalities and death.
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What was General Paresis caused by?
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Untreated syphilis
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When was there a movement of more humane treatment to the mentally ill and treatments changed to more scientific treatment
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Early nineteenth century.
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Who spearheaded movements to unchain, release from prisons and give more appropriate care to mentally ill patients?
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Philippe Pinel (1745-1826 and
Vincenzo Chiarugi (In France and Italy) |
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Who promoted more scientific medical treatment in the US?
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Dorothea Dix (1802-87)
Benjamin Rush (1759-1820 |
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What were Dorothea Dix and Benjamin Rush known for?
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A movement to offer pts more humane treatment and promoted reform ideas based on scientific and humanitarian care.
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By the early twentieth century, what two psych illnesses were categorized?
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Schizophrenia
Manic-Depressive Illness |
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When did psychology and psychiatry differentiate mental disorders from one another.
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Through the rest of the 20th Century
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Define Reliability
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Consistency with which something is measured. A reliable measurement should reveal the same results time after time, in different circumstances when measured by different people
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Define Validity
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The extent to which a mreausrment technique produces informataion that corresponds to reality.
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Example between Reliability and Validity
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Patient is reliable when asked on paper how he/she is feeling, reliable when asked in person, but may give a different answer on paper because she doesn't want info. written in her chart.
Therefore, info is reliable, but not valid (does not correspond to relality). |
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What are the two types of basic research in abnorman psych?
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1. Descriptive
2. Experimental |
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What are the 3 types of Descriptive Research?
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Epidemiological
Case Studies Correlational studies |
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What is prevalence?
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Prevelence refers to the percentage of indiv. who have certain disorders during a certain period of time.
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What is Lifetime Prevalence
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the percentage who will have a specific disorder at some time during their lives.
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What is incidence?
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Number of new cases of disorders in a given period and is often examined when there appear to be changes in the numbers of individuals experiencing a particular disorder.
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What are case studies?
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Observation and documentation of specific details about one or more individuals who seek treatment. These studies are rich in clinical information.
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What is a drawback of case studies?
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One cannot draw cause-effect inferences from descriptions of specific circumstances or cases because multiple factors may interact to affect the course of a disorder. Also, specificic details of one's life may not be representative of all
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What are correlationall studies?
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Number of variables across many cases, reducing the problem of representativeness, or generalizability to others with disorder.
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What is a drawback to using correlational studies
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Cannot provide conclusions about cause of problems.
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What are experimental studies
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Look this up in another book
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What is the purpose of cross-validation
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Multiple researchers repeat the method of experimentation with other subject samples. Therefore, threats to the validity of the study i.e., other causes of the study's results) can be ruled out
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Explain experimenter bias. How do researchers use to reduce it's effects. What is meta-analyssis?
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Researchers can be biased based on personal beliefs, drive to succeed, occupational pressure, etc.
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Describe Milieu Therapy
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Developing a social structure, within a hospital, that resembles external reality. Pts. may be given work assignments, educatioin or recreational activities.
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What is the goal of Milieu Therapy?
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To teach the pts. better coping skills and social skills so they can function in society.
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Devine Schizophreniform Disorder.
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Schizophreniform disorder exibits same symptoms as schizophrenia, but had suddon onset/resolved in 1-6 months.
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How long does Schizophreniform Disorder last?
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Single episode only; others may have repeated episides saparated by varying durations of time.
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What is Schizoaffective Disorder?
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s/s of acute phase of schizophrenia, but is accompanied by manic or depressive s/s.
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Schizoaffective disorder is divided into 2 types.
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1. Bipolar (mania)
2. Unipolar (depression only) |
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What is the treatment for Schizoaffective disorder
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Medical and Psychosocial treatments (effective for schizophrenia and mood disorders.
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Define Delusional Disorders
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Prominent, well organized, non-bizzare delusions and absent of hellucinations, disorganized thought and behavior and abnormal affect.
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What type of disorder does not appear unless conversation touches on a certain subject?
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Delusional Disorders - The listener initially accepts the story, but then finds too many strange coincidences or unexplained phenomena.
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Delusional disorders are divided into 6 types:
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1. Persecutory
2. Grandiose 3. Erotomanic 4. Jealous 5. Somatic 6. Unspecified |
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How do Delusional disorders respond to medications or psychosocial treatments?
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Not very well.
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Describe Brief Psychotic Disorder:
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Pt. gets psychotic s/s after stressor. Abrupt onset, last no longer than 1 month.
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What is Shared Psychotic Disorder?
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When one''s delusion is accepted by a passive partner.
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Name 5 medical conditions that can cause psychosis
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Neurological conditions
Endocrine - thyroid/parathyroid Metobolic conditions - hypoglycemia Liver or Renal disease Autoimmune and Central Nervous system disfunction |
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Name the 5 types of Schizophrenia:
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Paranoid
Disorganized Catatonic Undifferentiated Residual |
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Meds used to treat Schizophrenia are called:
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Neuroleptics.
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Define Schizophrenia
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Brain disorder - disturbances in consciousness, thought and perception. These disturbances cause difficulties with emotions and understanding concepts and unusual behavior.
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The brain disorder Schizophrenia involves disturbances in......
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Consciousness
Thought Perception |
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What are Neologisms
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Invent words that hold meaning only to the patient.
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What are loose associations?
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Thoughts jump from one topic to another -
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Catonic
Paranoid Disorganized Residual Undifferentiated Catatonic are types of |
Schizophrenia
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In a Delusional Disorder - Delusions often revolve around?
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Persecution
Unrequited Love, Jealousy Bodily Dysfunction Grandiosity |
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What are the emotional or affective disturbances associated with Schizophrenia?
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Flat Affect
Inappropriate Affect Contradictory i.e., love/hate |
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Compare Acute and Chronic Schizophrenia
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Acute - rapid onset to overwhelming stressor.
Chronic - slow onset, no apparent external cause. |
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What is the destinction to Acute or Chronic Schizophrenia?
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Strength of genetic predisposition, which determines how much stress is required to induce an episode
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What is the difference between positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia
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Positive - Hallucinations, delusions and thought disorder. Can be reduced by meds.
Negative Flat affect/ u/able to care for oneself - do not respond to treatment |
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Concordance rate for identical/monozygotic twins?
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30% thus if one twin has schizophrenia, the other has a 30 percent chance of developing the disorder.
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Compared to identical twins, what is the concordance rate amond the general population
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1 percent
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What is double-bind communication
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Person is given command that has 2 contradictory elements to it, thus, whatever the person does can be viewed as wrong.
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What is hypothesided relationship to double bind communication to schizophrenia?
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may contribute to development in predisposed children because it adds to overall stress.
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Non-genetic family factors that may lead to develop. of schizophrenia
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Communication deviance - parent does not keep shared focus of attention with child during conversations. May be because child is already developing disorganized thinking.
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What is EE
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Expressed emotion - levels of critical, negative, hostile feelings expressed in a family
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How does EE affect development of Schizo
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Positively r/t development of accute schizophrena and to relapse following treatment
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Dopamine Hypothesis _______
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Schizophrenia is r/t surplus of dopamine at particular synapses in brain.
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Where does the dopamine hypothesis come from?
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Studies showing effects of anytipsychotic meds, which lower dopamine levels.
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How to antipsychotic meds for schizophrenia work?
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By lowering dopamine levels in the brain.
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Meds for schizophrenia are called?
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Neuroleptics
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What is the effect of Neuroleptics on schizo pts.
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calm, reduce hallunicinations, agitation, confusion, distortions and delusions - allowing pt. to make more rational decisions.
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What do antiphychotic drugs reduce?
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risk of ruture episodes in recovered patients.
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What are the side effects of neuroleptics?
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drowsiness, restlessness, muscle spasms or stiffness, tremor, dry mouth, wright gain, blurred vision, parkinson's like s/s and tardive dyskinesia.
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What is a dangerous side effect of Neuroleptics?
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Immune Deficiency
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What percent of patients who have been receiving ansipsychotic drugs for many years will get TD
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15-20%
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Can TD occur in patients who take antipsychotics for a short period of time.
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Yes
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Describe Mileau Therapy
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Develops a social structure in a hosp that closely resembles external reality.
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What may patients in Milieu therapy be given?
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Work assignments, education and recreation
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What is the goal of Milieu Therapy
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To teach pts. better coping and social skills so they can function in society.
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What types of therapy are used on schizophrenics
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Individual Psychotherapy
Family Group Self help, peer support and advocacy groups are also used. |
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What is Schizoaffective disorder?
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Schizo with prominent manic or depressive s/s.
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Schizoaffective disorder is further divided into
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Bipolar (History of Mania)
Unipolar (Depression OnlyO |
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What is the difference between schizopreniform and schizophrenia?
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Phreniform - sudden onset with resolution in 1-6 mos.
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What is dysthymia?
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low-level depressive symptoms that do not meet full criteria for major depression, but last for longer than 2 years and are present more days than not.
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1/3 to 1/2 of depression is r/t?
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Heredity
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Which Monoamine neurotransmitters are clearly involved in major depression?
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Norepinephrine, dopamine and seratonin
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What hormone is elevated in half of severely depressed pts.
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Cortisol
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What system produces Cortisol
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Hypothalmic-pituitary-adrenal system.
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Explain the biological factors in depression
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Severe episodes have stronger genetic (and biological) basis.
Major depression is 2-3 x more likely to occur amond 2st degree relatives. |
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Do separate card on biological factors of depression
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Monoamine Neurotransmitters:
Dopamine/norepinephrine/seratonin. Neuro-endocrine - Hypothelmic-pitituary-adrenal system/cortisol |
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Biological (cont)
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REM/sleep-wake cycles/Circadian rhythms
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What are the 2 biological clocks
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Strong - Hormones/REM/Temp
Weak - environmental factors such as light, noise regulates the sleep=wake cycle and rest activity cycle. |
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Describe Psycho-social factors of depression:
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Stress/disease/personalify factors such as Neuroticism and Low Extraversion/cognitive factors i.e., negative thoughts
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Name 3 Cognitive Distortions
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Overgeneralization
Selective Abstraction Dichotomous Reasoning |
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Describe Overgeneralization
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Taking a single negative situation and drawing broad, global conclusions from it
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Describe Selective Abstraction
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Focusing on 1 negative element rather than considering a whole situation
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Dichotomous reasoning
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Think in an all-or-none fashion
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Explain the biological and psychosocial treatments of depression
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MAO/Tricyclics/SSRI's/ECT/Therapy
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What are the 3 types of bipolar disorders
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Bipolar I disorder
Bipolar II disorder Cyclothymia |
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What is Cyclothymia
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Extended periods in which a persons moods are not severe enough to be considered either major depressive or manic
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What is a mild form of bipolar disorder called
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Cyclothymia
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How common is depression compared to other disorders?
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Called the common cold of jpsychopathology. Major depr 6-17% of the population at some point in life.
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_____ are twice as likely to suffer from major depression as ________
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Women (I wonder why????)
Men |
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Describe the emotional symptoms of depression
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sadness, irritability, emptiness, apathy, self-hate and guilt.
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Describe the cognitive symptoms of depression
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pessimism, indecisiveness, inattention, difficulty concentrating, hopelessness, obsessive worrying, thoughts of suicide, negative self image.
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Descrube Motivational s/s of depression
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Decreased interest or motivation for sex, food, work and pleasurable activities.
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Describe somatic s/s of depression
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fatigue, insomnia or hypersomnia, motor retardation and loss of energy.
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What is dysthymia?
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Persistent, lower level depression that is diagnosed when lasts more than 2 years.
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depression is _____ more times to co-occur among first degree relatives than among unmatched inviduals
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2-3
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What meds are used to treat depression and how do they work?
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MAO Inhibitors and tryclic antidepressents such as imipramine and elavil work by extending the period which norepinephrine functions at the synapse. SSRI's affect processing Serotonin
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What are the side effects of ECT
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Temporary or permanent memory loss and impaired speech
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How to Cognitive Clinicians treat depression?
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By encouraging patient to examine their cognitive patterns to address faulty thinking. They may give pts assignments to get them to consider the effects their thoughts have on their feelings and behavior. They encourage clients to challenge reflexive havits of destructive thinking.
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What are some of the hypothesized causes of bipolar disorders
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Inherited, r/t to 1 or 2 cromosomal markers identified 1980s. May have abnormal hypothalmic-pituitary-thyroid axis, as it is known that excess thyroid hormone can cause manic episode. Some believe mania is defense against depression.
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