Abg: Module 1 Intro To Animal Breeding And Genetics

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What is the essential contribution of animal breeding and genetics in the animal industry?

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• Food security

• Control of genetic diseases

• Conservation of animal genetics

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• Study of inheritance/genes • How traits are passed through generation and to the next

• How genes interact, expressed

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Animal Genetics

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Three areas of genetics

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1. Mendelian/Classical

2. Population

3. Quantitative/Biometrical

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➢ Concepts presented by Sir Gregor Johann Mendel (1822- 1884), Austrian monk

➢ Studied the garden peas

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Mendelian/Classical Genetics

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Traits that can be studied under Mendelian or classical genetics

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• Coat color of Lipizzan or Lipizzaner

• Labrador retriever hair coat which are white, brown/chocolate, yellow/beige or black

• Presence and absence of horn in cattle

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➢ Application of Mendelian genetics in an animal population

➢ What happens to the genetic makeup of the population if there is something added to its population

➢ Tell the pattern of the genetic makeup of a population considering the initial genotype of the first generation

➢ Also shows the relation of the population to its environment

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Population genetics

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- It has different beak conformation because its genetic makeup adapt to its environment where they are thriving such as diet

▪ Same genes at the beginning but genes undergo mutation as seen in their beak conformation

▪ Evolutionary forces, artificial and natural selection, mutation

▪ What happens when there is drastic reduction in population

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Galapagos finches

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➢ Focus on inheritance of quantitative or multifactorial traits

➢ Principle: trait is influenced by many genes + environment

➢ Environment: climate/weather, topography (high/low altitude), nutrition provided, management (care takers)

➢ Mendelian traits such as horn, coat still manifest without the influence of environment

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Quantitative/ Biometrical genetics

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Qualitative Examples

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• Egg quality and quantity

• Milk yield

• Meat quantity/quality

• High performance pedigree horses; parents are champions

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• Application of the principles of genetics for the improvement of animals

• Selective breeding to improve desirable traits that are heritable: domestic animals

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Animal Breeding

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SYSTEM SCIENCE

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Animal Breeding

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understand the physiology involve in the reproduction of animals such as litter bearing in swine (3 and half months another set of piglets), 1 progeny in cattle in 1 pregnancy/gestation (9 month or more depends on breed). Genetic progress is faster in litter bearing and shorter interval between pregnancy unlike 1 progeny

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Reproductive Physiology

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measure/predict the possibility of improving a trait in the next generation

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Statistics

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• Computer science

• Animal husbandry – animal management is important especially in quantitative traits that can be influenced by the environment and genes

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• Any observable or measurable characteristics of an individual

➢ Observable: horn, coat, polledness

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Trait

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• an observe category or measured level of performance for a trait in an individual ➢ Measurable: black & white, black/beige/chocolate, horned/polled ➢ Milk yield: liters/pound/kg and continuous (e.g., 5.105 liters) ➢ Height: 5’1 ➢ Weight: 90 kg

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Phenotype

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• Genetic constitution of an individual • Written with two alleles (common) but can be more

• Each letter comes from each parent • Written: BB, Bb, or bb

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Genotype

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• Involves a few genes • Specific • Not influenced by environment, if there is only little • Appear in distinct classes or categories • Usually, mendelian and population genetics • Most traits are for adaptation (e.g., coat color to not be seen easily by prey, presence/absence of horn, eye color)

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Qualitative or monogenic traits

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• Involves several genes • Expression

• Traits are usually economically significant

- production

- fitness

- intelligence

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Quantitative or polygenic traits

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• Polygenic traits but expressed in categories (categorical phenotypes)

• Qualitative traits; more of a monogenic • Inherited quantitively but expressed qualitatively; yes/no • Based on trait liabilities

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Threshold traits

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It is the process of conversion of wild animals to domestic use; different between animal species

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Domestication

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Molecular Genetics

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1. Functional genomics

2. Bioinformatics

3. DNA tests

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knowing the function of each gene in animal species, in particular breed

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Functional genomics

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combine computer program, software to understand the genetic makeup of the animal

- Visualizes proteins of genes, mRNAs using software

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Bioinformatics

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screening of diseases, complement records such as milk yield and genetic component of animal

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DNA tests

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Quantitative genetics

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1. Breeding theory

2. Biometrics

3. Genetic analyses

4. Breeding value prediction

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measurements, milk yield, growth rate, weight, height, strength of egg shells (hatchability for chick production and reducing contaminants, pathogens in egg intended to consumption and producing chicks, etc. in relation to production performance

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Biometrics

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how much genetic material can be pass to the next generation to have an improved performance

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Breeding value prediction

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Breeding programs

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1. Production inheritance

2. Reproduction and functional traits

3. Genetic diversity

4. Genotype and Environment interaction

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Tunnel vent (controlled environment such as same temperature for the broilers

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GxE interaction

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Goals of ABG

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1. Continuous improvement of a breed or breed cross for human needs and sustainable animal breeding

2. Research and utilization of the genetic variation for various purposes and environments

3. Selection of superior parents for reproduction

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Impact/contributions of ABG: Positive

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1. Increased food production

2. Increased production performance especially in food-producing animals

3. Control genetic defects

4. Accumulation of genetic change with each generation

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Impact/contributions of ABG: Negative

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1. Risk of inbreeding and expression of undesirable traits – making progeny uniform

2. Affecting an animal’s welfare (health and wellbeing) – campaign about stop breeding dogs with short snout because they are prone to respiratory diseases

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Why are chromosomes important?

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• Carries the genetic information of an organism

• Necessary for genetic diversity

• Contains DNA